Background: Foods rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are susceptible to oxidation through heating or storage. Oxidized lipids are known to act as ligands for a transcription factor (PPAR-gamma) that affects adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the amounts of oxidation products of a variety of PUFA containing foods over time, and to determine whether extracted fats from these foods act as ligands for PPAR-gamma. Method: To study the effect of room-temperature storage on oxidation, 5 foods (walnuts, sunflower seeds, ground flax, fish oil capsules, and infant formula) were purchased and stored at room temperature for 1, 2, and 3 months. To determine oxidation levels in fried foods, French fries and chicken nuggets were used. Fat was extracted from each food and the levels of oxidation products were analyzed by spectrophotometry and kits designed to measure oxidation products. Using a fluorescence polarization-based ligand screening assay kit, fat extracted from foods was analyzed for its binding affinity for PPAR-gamma. Results: Among foods stored at room temperature, the levels of oxidation products did not change significantly with time. Most foods exhibited the highest levels of oxidation at the purchase date. Infant formula and ground flax demonstrated higher levels of oxidation products than did other foods. In preliminary ligand binding assays, extracted fat from French fries showed the greatest binding affinity for PPAR-gamma; a select few other oils showed slight affinity. Discussion: Surprisingly, storage time did not affect oxidation levels. The greatest amount of oxidation may occur during pre-purchase storage conditions. The processing of formula and ground flax may be the cause of the relatively higher oxidation levels in those foods. The binding affinity for PPAR-gamma demonstrated by French fries needs further investigation. Conclusion: Certain oxidized lipids from foods may act as ligands for PPAR-gamma. Further research is required not only to determine which component of these PUFA-containing foods activates PPAR-gamma but also to determine whether that component acts as an agonist or antagonist for PPAR-gamma.

1,1-Bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-substitutedphenyl)methanes containing ptrifluoromethyl (DIM-C-pPhCF3), p-t-butyl (DIM-C-pPhtBu), and phenyl (DIM-CpPhC6H5) substituents have been identified as a new class of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists that exhibit antitumorigenic activity. In this study, the PPARγ-active compounds decreased HT-29, HCT-15, RKO, HCT116 and SW480 colon cancer cell survival and KU7 and 253JB-V33 bladder cancer cell survival. In HT- 29, HCT-15, SW480 and KU7 cells, the PPARγ agonists induced caveolin-1 expression and this induction was significantly downregulated after cotreatment with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. Since overexpression of caveolin-1 is known to suppress cancer cell and tumor growth, the growth inhibitory effects of the DIM compounds in these cell lines are associated with PPARγ-dependent induction of caveolins. These PPARγ-active compounds did not induce caveolin-1 in HCT-116 cells. However, these compounds induced NSAID-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) and apoptosis in this cell line. This represents a novel receptor-independent pathway for C-DIM-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. In SW480 colon cancer cells 2.5-7.5 μM C-DIMs induced caveolin-1 whereas high concentrations (10 μM) induced pro-apoptotic NAG-1 expression. In athymic nude mice bearing SW480 cell xenografts DIM-C-pPhC6H5 inhibited tumor growth and immunohistochemical staining of the tumors show induction of apoptosis and NAG-1 expression. Thus, the PPARγ-active compounds induce both receptor-dependent and-independent responses in SW480 cells which are separable over a narrow range of concentrations and this dual mechanism of action enhances their antiproliferative and anticancer activities. Similar results were obtained for another structural class of PPARγ agonists namely 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and the corresponding methyl (CDDO-Me) and imidazole (CDDO-Im) esters. Structure-activity studies show that 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(psubstitutedphenyl) methanes containing p-trifluoromethyl (DIM-C-pPhCF3), hydrogen (DIM-C-pPh) and p-methoxy (DIM-C-pPhOCH3) substituents activate Nur77 and induce apoptosis in pancreatic, prostate, and breast cancer cell lines. Nur77 agonists activate the nuclear receptor, and downstream responses include decreased cell survival, induction of cell death pathways including tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and PARP cleavage. Nur77 agonists also inhibit tumor growth in vivo in athymic nude mice bearing Panc-28 cell xenografts.

Dietary vitamin E, highly expressed in palm oil, exists as either tocopherols or tocotrienols. Evidence indicates that vitamin Es maybe potent cancer preventive agents. In this study, the y- and O- isoforms of vitamin E were found to he the most effective at cancer cell growth inhibition, with the tocotrienols being more effective than the tocopherols in androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells. To assure that these compounds were selective toward cancer cells, the growth arrest of PrEC normal prostate cells was compared to PC-3 cells. At concentrations of -30 iM dietary, y-vitamin Es showed no signficant growth arrest on PrEC cell growth, hut selectively inhibited growth in the PC-3 cancer cells. Moreover y-Tocotrienol demonstrated a greater potential to inhibit growth in cancer cells at these lower concentrations than did y-Tocopherol. Two independent pathways important in carcinogenesis were tested: PPAR y and NFicB. The PPAR y was up regulated by both dietary y-vitamin Es by the modulation of the endogenous ligand 15-S-HETE, while NFicB was only regulated by y-Tocotrienol. The modulation of NFicB was confirmed by the down regulation of the pro-Apoptotic proteins clAP, xIAP, and BcL-2 which potentiate apoptosis and are down stream effectors of NFicB.

Certains antagonistes du récepteur AT1 (« angiotensin II type 1 receptors ») utilisés dans le traitement de l'hypertension artérielle ont par la suite également montré une activité au niveau de PPAR[gamma] (« Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor [gamma] »), un récepteur impliqué dans la régulation du métabolisme du glucose. Cela constitue une nouvelle approche thérapeutique vers un traitement concomitant de l'hypertension artérielle et du diabète de type II, qui sont souvent associés. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes dirigés vers la conception rationnelle de molécules capables d'interagir à la fois sur les deux récepteurs impliqués dans ces affections. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé le concept de « designed multiple ligand » tel qu'il a été défini par certains chercheurs de l'Industrie pharmaceutique. Nous l'avons appliqué en combinant les pharmacophores propres aux antagonistes du récepteur AT1 et aux agonistes de PPAR[gamma], afin de générer une série diversifiée de composés. Afin de diriger la conception de ces molécules, nous avons par ailleurs réalisé des expérimentations de modélisation moléculaire (« docking ») sur PPAR[gamma]. Cela nous a conduits à développer une nouvelle méthode dans le but de prédire le caractère agoniste des composés étudiés. Enfin les molécules ont été évaluées pour leurs propriétés antagonistes AT1 et agoniste PPAR[gamma]. D'intéressantes relations structures activités ont été dégagées / Some angiotensin II-type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonists, used for blood pressure control, exhibit also an activity on peroxisome proliferator activated receptor [gamma] (PPAR[gamma]), which is involved in the control of glucose metabolism. Such compounds could be promising drugs for the treatment of both hypertension and type II diabetes, which are often concomitant. Therefore, we have rationally designed molecules potentially able to interact with both receptors involved in these diseases. We used the "design multiple ligands" concept, as previously developed by industrial pharmacists, to build up a diversified molecule set via combination of both pharmacophores of AT1 and PPAR[gamma] receptor antagonists and agonists, respectively. Molecular modeling experiments (docking) on PPAR[gamma] were conducted to rationalise the synthesis and allow us to predict in some extent the agonistic activity of the studied compounds

Les ligands des récepteurs nucléaires PPAR[gamma] (15-deoxy-[delta]12,14-Prostaglandine J2 (15d-PGJ2) et les thiazolidinediones (TZDs) : troglitazone (TGZ), ciglitazone (CGZ)) exercent un effet antiprolifératif sur les lignées cancéreuses mammaires. Plusieurs études suggèrent que les effets anticancéreux sont liés à des effets PPAR[gamma]-indépendants. Notre travail s?inscrit dans la compréhension de tels mécanismes d?action. Notre étude a montré une induction du facteur de transcription EGR1 (Early Growth Response gene 1) par certains ligands de PPAR[gamma] (TGZ, CGZ, 15d-PGJ2 et [delta]2-TGZ (agoniste inactif de PPAR[gamma])) dans les cellules cancéreuses mammaires hormono-dépendantes MCF7. Cet effet est précoce et PPAR[gamma]-indépendant. Il est lié à une libération quasi immédiate de calcium intracellulaire suivie de l?activation des ERK1/2. L?induction d?EGR1 a aussi lieu dans les cellules hormono-indépendantes MDA-MB-231 exposées à la [delta]2-TGZ. Cependant, l?induction d?EGR1 ne joue qu?un rôle partiel dans l?effet antiprolifératif. Les données d?une analyse par puce à ADN ont suggéré l?induction d?un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) dans les cellules MCF7 exposées à la [delta]2-TGZ. Des analyses complémentaires ont confirmé que la [delta]2-TGZ induit un tel stress dans les cellules MCF7 et MDA-MB-231. Cependant, le rôle du stress du RE dans l?effet antiprolifératif de la [delta]2-TGZ reste à déterminer. Nous avons enfin testé l?hypothèse d?un lien entre EGR1 et stress du RE. En effet, EGR1 est aussi induit précocement par d?autres inducteurs de stress du RE. Les diverses situations où l?induction d?EGR1 est inhibée suggèrent une régulation possible de l?expression du facteur de transcription ATF3 par EGR1 / The ligands of PPAR[gamma] nuclear receptors (15-deoxy-[delta]12,14-Prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) : troglitazone (TGZ), ciglitazone (CGZ)) show antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cell lines. Several studies suggest that the anti-cancer effects are PPAR[gamma]-independent. Our work is focused on the comprehension of such mechanisms of action. Our study has shown the induction of the transcription factor EGR1 (Early Growth Response gene 1) by some PPAR[gamma] ligands (TGZ, CGZ, 15d-PGJ2, and [delta]2-TGZ (PPAR[gamma] inactive agonist)) in the hormone-dependent breast cancer cells MCF7. This early effect is PPAR[gamma]-independent. It is associated with the almost immediate release of intracellular calcium followed by the activation of ERK1/2. EGR1 induction also occurs in the hormone-independent breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 treated with [delta]2-TGZ. However, EGR1 induction plays only a partial role in the antiproliferative effect. Data analysis of DNA array has suggested the induction of an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) in MCF7 cells treated with [delta]2-TGZ. Complementary data have confirmed this result in MCF7 cells and in MDA-MB-231 cells. However, the role of ER stress in the antiproliferative effect is still to be determined. Finally, we have tested the hypothesis of a link between EGR1 and ER stress. Indeed, EGR1 is also early induced by other ER stress inductors. Diverse conditions where EGR1 is inhibited suggest a possible regulation of ATF3 expression by EGR1

Le Système Rénine Angiotensine tient une place prépondérante au sein de la circulation cérébrale. Les Antagonistes des Récepteurs AT1 à l'Angiotensine II (ARAII) ont prouvé leur efficacité dans la prévention de l'Accident Vasculaire Cérébral (AVC), indépendamment de leur effet anti-hypertenseur. Plusieurs mécanismes pourraient être impliqués dans cette cérébroprotection. D'une part, en bloquant les récepteurs AT1, les ARAII favorisent la stimulation des récepteurs AT2 à l'angiotensine II. Le caractère bénéfique lié à la stimulation des récepteurs AT2 s'oppose au caractère délétère lié à la stimulation des récepteurs AT1. Nous avons montré que cet équilibre AT1 - AT2 est modifié au niveau cérébrovasculaire suite à un régime hypersodé. En effet, la vasodilatation des artérioles cérébrales médiée par les récepteurs AT2 est abolie, ce qui pourrait constituer un élément délétère lors de la survenue d'un évènement ischémique. D'autre part, certains ARAII présentent une affinité pour les récepteurs PPAR-gamma. Cette activité, démontrée comme protectrice à différents niveaux vasculaires, pourrait également être bénéfique pour la circulation cérébrale. Nous avons en particulier montré que l'activation PPAR-gamma améliore les effets des ARAII au niveau de la circulation cérébrale (diamètre artériolaire, réactivité à l'angiotensine II). Les mécanismes en jeu semblent impliquer des modifications de la fonction des récepteurs AT1-AT2, indépendamment de leur expression. La stimulation des récepteurs AT2 et l'activation PPAR-gamma constituent donc deux propriétés particulières des ARAII. Ces propriétés pourraient participer au caractère cérébroprotecteur des ARAII, au-delà du seul blocage des récepteurs AT1. Le développement de molécules duales regroupant les activités antagoniste AT1 - agoniste PPAR-gamma pourrait constituer un avenir thérapeutique intéressant dans le traitement de l'hypertension en apportant une protection cérébrovasculaire supérieure aux traitements actuels / The Renin Angiotensin System plays a major role in cerebral circulation. AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) afford protection against cerebrovascular complications that go beyond that to be expected from their blood pressure lowering action. Several mechanisms could explain such beneficial effects. Firstly, by blocking AT1 receptors, ARBs promote AT2 receptor stimulation by angiotensin II. The beneficial effect related to stimulation of AT2 receptors (vasodilation) counterbalances the deleterious actions of AT1 receptors stimulation. Changes in this ratio may then alter cerebral circulation. We demonstrated that the AT1- AT2 ratio is modified at the cerebrovascular level during high salt intake, which is a risk factor for stroke. The AT2-mediated vasodilation of pial arterioles is abolished. Secondly, some ARBs act as partial agonists of PPAR-gamma. Such an activity, which has been demonstrated to protect extracerebral vessels, could also be beneficial for cerebral circulation. Our results showed that PPAR-gamma activation improves ARB effects on cerebral circulation (arteriolar diameter, angiotensin II reactivity). The underlying mechanisms could imply functional regulation of AT1-AT2 receptors without any change in expression status. AT2 receptor stimulation and PPAR-gamma activity are two special properties of ARBs. These properties could contribute to the cerebroprotection induced by ARBs, beyond the AT1-receptor blockade. Development of new molecules with AT1-receptor blockade and PPAR-gamma activity could take part into the future therapeutic management of hypertension, providing a better cerebrovascular protection

Angiogenese, die Bildung neuer Blutgefäße aus bereits bestehender Vaskulatur, ist ein Prozeß, der sowohl unter physiologischen Bedingungen abläuft, wie bei der Embryonalentwicklung und der Wundheilung, als auch unter pathologischen Bedingungen, wie der diabetischen Retinopathie und dem Wachstum und der Metastasierung solider Tumoren. Chronische Entzündungen wie die Atherosklerose und die Rheumatoide Arthritis gehen ebenfalls mit angiogenetischen Prozessen einher. Die Angiogenese ist ein stark regulierter Vorgang, der Migration, Proliferation und Differenzierung der Endothelzellen erfordert. Die Fähigkeit zur Migration ist eine wichtige biologische Funktion der Endothelzellen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand daher in der Untersuchung der Einflüsse verschiedener Zytokine auf die Endothelzellmigration und in der Charakterisierung daran beteiligter Mechanismen der Signaltransduktion. Dabei erwies sch Leptin als ein potenter Stimulus der Endothelzellmigration. Die Migration endothelialer Zellen nach Stimulation mit chemotaktischen Faktoren wie Leptin und VEGF wird durch die Aktivierung der Proteinkinasen ERK-MAPK und Akt vermittelt, deren pharmakologische Inhibition eine signifikante Hemmung der Migration bewirkte. Die antidiabetischen Thiazolidinedione Troglitazone und Ciglitazone hemmten die Leptin-induzierte Endothelzellmigration durch die Inhibition der Proteinkinase Akt, hatten aber keinen Einfluß auf die Aktivierung der ERK-MAP-Kinase. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass die ERK-MAP-Kinase und die Proteinkinase Akt zwei voneinander unabängige Wege der Signaltransduktion darstellen, deren jeweilige Aktivierung für die Migration von Endothelzellen erforderlich, aber nicht ausreichend ist. Die proinflammatorischen Mediatoren TNF alpha und CD40L hemmten die VEGF-induzierte Migration humaner Endothelzellen bei Inkubation der untersuchten Zellen über 24 h signifikant. Auch bei kurzzeitiger Stimulation über 5 h steigerte TNF alpha die Rate migrierter Endothelzellen nicht. Diese Beobachtung steht im Widerspruch zur angenommen Assoziation entzündlicher und angiogenetischer Prozesse. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass Antidiabetika aus der Gruppe der PPAR gamma-Liganden die Endothelzellmigration direkt hemmen. Dies weist auf eine mögliche Erweiterung des therapeutischen Einsatzes der Thiazilodinedione bei Patienten mit NIDDM und sekundären Symptomen wie der diabetischen Retinopathie hin. / Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the preexisting vasculature, is a process involved in physiologic conditions, such as embryonic development and woundhealing, as well as in pathologic conditions, such as diabetic retinopathy and growth and spreading of solid tumors. Chronic inflammation such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis is also associated with angiogenic processes. Angiogenesis is a tightly regulated process that requires migration, proliferation and differentiation of endothelial cells. Cell migration is a very important biologic function of the endothelial cell. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the impact of various cytokines on endothelial cell migration and to characterize the chemotactic signal transduction pathways involved in this process. Leptin, the product of the ob-gene, proved to be a potent stimulus of endothelial cell migration. The actvation of the protein kinases ERK-MAPK and Akt is critical for endothelial cell migration, and their pharmacological inhibition caused a significant down-regulation of the migratory response towards migration factors such as Leptin and VEGF. The antidiabetic thiazolidinediones Troglitazone and Ciglitazone inhibited the leptin-induced endothelial cell migration by interfering with the cytosolic protein kinase Akt. They did not exert any influence on the activation of the ERK-MAPK. These findings prove the existence of two different, independent ways of signal transduction involved in endothelial cell migration: The ERK-MAPK and the protein kinase Akt. The activation of either kinase is necessary, but not sufficient to induce a migratory response in human endothelial cells. The proinflammatory mediators TNF alpha and CD40L caused a significant inhibition of endothelial cell migration in response to VEGF, when they were added to the culture medium for 24 h. TNF alpha did not stimulate the migration of endothelial cells, even when administered during a comparable short period of 5 h. This observation is in contrast with the postulated association of inflammatory and angiogenic proceses. In conclusion, the results of this study show for the first time a direct inhibition of leptin-induced endothelial cell migration by antidiabetic drugs belonging to the PPAR gamma-ligand-family through their inhibitory effect on Akt. This possibly broadens the spectrum of therapeutic applications of the antidiabetic thiazolidinediones in patients suffering from NIDDM and secondary complications such as diabetic retinopathy.

Diagnostiqué par la présence d'une hyperandrogénie et d'une dysfonction ovarienne, le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques (SOPK) est le désordre endocrinien le plus fréquent chez les jeunes femmes affectant 6 à 10% d'entre elles. Ces dernières présentent fréquemment divers défauts métaboliques. Par ailleurs, le SOPK semble avoir une composante génétique importante. L'hypothèse principale soutenue dans ce mémoire est que les acides gras non-estérifiés (AGNE) sont impliqués dans la physiopathologie du SOPK, tout comme ils sont impliqués dans le risque accru de diabète de type 2. Le premier objectif est de mieux comprendre le métabolisme des AGNE chez les femmes ayant un SOPK en comparaison à des femmes saines et ceci, en lien avec leur sensibilité hépatique et musculaire à l'insuline, leur sécrétion d'insuline et leur hyperandrogénie. Ce premier volet de l'étude a aussi pour objectif de quantifier l'amélioration du métabolisme des AGNE et de la sensibilité à l'insuline chez les femmes avec SOPK, après la prise d'une médication qui permet spécifiquement d'améliorer le métabolisme des AGNE, soit un agoniste des récepteurs activés par les proliférateurs des peroxysomes gamma (PPARy) en comparaison avec des médications qui ne font que diminuer les niveaux d'insuline, soit l'acarbose ou le diazoxide. Pour ce faire, les femmes SOPK devaient effectuer quatre ou cinq visites composées d'une hyperglycémie provoquée orale (HGPO) ou d'un clamp euglycémique-hyperinsulinémique avec utilisation de traceurs. Nos résultats préliminaires montrent que les femmes SOPK ont des niveaux d'AGNE ainsi qu'un rythme d'apparition des AGNE plus élevés que les témoins. Puisque le recrutement des participantes randomisées sur les bras de traitement n'a pas encore été atteint, il n'est pas possible pour le moment d'établir une corrélation entre l'amélioration du métabolisme des AGNE et la diminution de l'hyperandrogénie. Comme ce ne sont pas toutes les femmes obèses ou résistantes à l'insuline qui présentent un SOPK, le deuxième objectif est de déterminer s'il y a un facteur primaire, possiblement héréditaire, pourrait caractériser les femmes ayant un SOPK et expliquer sa prépondérance héréditaire. Ces travaux font l'objet d'un article original qui est incorporé dans ce mémoire. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié 9 filles dont la mère ou une soeur avait un SOPK (SOM) et 10 filles témoins sans lien familial de SOPK et âgées entre 8 et 14 ans. Les jeunes filles devaient effectuer une HGPO ainsi qu'une hyperglycémie par voie intraveineuse pour mesurer la sensibilité à l'insuline ainsi que différents androgènes et les AGNE. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré une augmentation de l'hyperandrogénie, une résistance à l'insuline et surtout, une réduction de la suppression de la lipolyse induite par l'insuline chez les jeunes filles prédisposées au SOPK comparativement aux contrôles le tout indépendamment de l'adiposité. En conclusion, les résultats obtenus par nos deux études portent à croire qu'une altération du métabolisme des AGNE pourrait être impliquée dans le développement du SOPK et que l'apparition du SOPK pourrait être liée à une dysfonction adipocytaire. // Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frquent endrocrine disorder in young women in North America. Diagnosed by the presence of hyperandrogenism and ovarian dysfunction, women with PCOS frquently have an adverse metabolic profile. Furthermore, PCOS seems to have a strong genetic component because the prevalence of this syndrome rises to 20 to 40% in PCOS relatives. The main hypothesis supported in this thesis is that non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS, similar to their putative role in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a condition that is frquently observed in women with PCOS. The first objective is to better understand the metabolism of NEFA in women with PCOS compared to lean normal women and this, the association with insulin sensitivity (hepatic and muscles), with insulin secretion, and with hyperandrogenism. One of our goal included measurement of NEFA metabolism and insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS, after taking a medication that acts specifically on NEFA metabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARy) agonist) in comparison to a medication that only reduce insulin levels (acarbose or diazoxide). In order to accomplish this goal, participants had to perform four to five visits, depending of their group, consisting of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Our preliminary results show that PCOS women tend to have lower levels of NEFA and a rate of appearance of NEFA higher than controls. Since the recruitment of participants randomized to treatment arms is incomplete, it is not possible at this moment to correlate improvement of NEFA metabolism with decreased hyperandrogenism. As mentioned above, SOPK has an hereditary component. The second objective is to determine whether there is a primary factor, maybe inherited, that characterize women with PCOS. This work is the subject of an original article that is embedded in this thesis. We studied 9 girls whose mother or sister had PCOS (PCOSr) and 10 controls girls without family history of PCOS. All were aged between 8 and 14 years old and both groups were matched for age. The girls had to perform an OGTT and an intravenous glucose tolerance test to establish their levels of glucose tolerance and to measure androgens and NEFA levels. The results of this study showed an increase of adrenal hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and especially, a reduction in the suppression of lipolysis induced insulin resistance in girls predisposed to PCOS compared to controls, all independently of adiposity. In conclusion, the results of our two objectives suggest that altered NEFA metabolism may be involved in the development of PCOS and the onset of PCOS may be related to adipocyte dysfunction.

L’ostéoporose liée à l’âge se caractérise par une perte osseuse et une augmentation de l’adiposité médullaire tout en s’accompagnant d’un stress oxydant général. L’ostéoblaste et l’adipocyte ont un précurseur commun, la cellule souche mésenchymateuse (CSM), dont la capacité à se renouveler et à se différencier est influencée par le statut redox cellulaire. Le Strontium (Sr) est un élément possédant un effet antifracturaire significatif in vivo cependant, il n’affecte que peu les marqueurs d’activités des cellules osseuses différenciées. Partant de ce constat, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les CSMs pouvaient être une cible cellulaire du Sr, et notamment que l’inhibition de leur différenciation adipocytaire pouvait diminuer la lipotoxicité médullaire néfaste à la survie des ostéoblastes au cours du vieillissement. Nous montrons chez des souris traitées 3 semaines au Sr une diminution de l’adiposité médullaire et une augmentation du volume osseux trabéculaire par rapport aux animaux témoins. Nos résultats démontrent que le Sr inhibe rapidement l’adipogenèse des cellules multipotentes mésenchymateuses (CMMs) C3H10T1/2 en réprimant PPARγ2 et l’accumulation des gouttelettes lipidiques de façon partiellement dépendante de la voie ERK. Ce mécanisme serait dépendant de son effet proliférateur puisque que nous observons qu’en présence de Sr plus la Cycline D1 est exprimée, plus PPARγ2 est réprimé. De plus, le Sr prévient la mise en place de processus impliqués dans le statut redox cellulaire et nécessaires à la maturation d’un adipocyte comme la biogenèse mitochondriale, l’accumulation de Rac1 (une sous unité régulatrice de l’activité de la Nadph oxydase) et l’augmentation de l’expression des enzymes antioxydantes. Nous montrons aussi que le Sr diminue la production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO) de façon précoce ce qui pourrait expliquer son action anti-adipogénique. En effet, les ERO sont indispensables à l’engagement des CSMs vers l’adipogenèse et elles oxydent des lipides qui sont alors activateurs de PPARγ. L’ensemble de ces données nous montre que le Sr, en modifiant la production d’ERO intracellulaire, maintiendrait un statut redox favorable à la prolifération des CMMs et défavorable à leur différenciation adipocytaire. Ainsi la capacité antioxydante et antiadipogénique de futures molécules pourraient définir de nouvelles approches dans le traitement de l’ostéoporose / Age-related osteoporosis is associated with both an increased marrow adiposity while bone mass decreased and an increased oxidative stress. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into osteoblasts or adipocytes and their capacity of self-renewal and differentiation is influenced by cell redox status. Strontium (Sr) have an anti-fracture effect in vivo however, it doesn’t clearly modulate markers of mature bone cell activities. Starting from this observation, we hypothesized that MSCs could be a cellular target of Sr, and particularly the inhibition of their adipocyte differentiation could reduce the marrow lipotoxicity which is deleterious for the osteoblast survival during aging. Our study showed that Sr-treated mice presented a lower medullary adiposity and a higher trabecular bone volume as compared to control animals. It was demonstrated that Sr rapidly inhibited adipogenesis of multipotent mesenchymal cells (MMCs) C3H10T1/2 by repressing PPARγ2 and droplet lipid formation in a partially ERK-dependant pathway. This mechanism was linked to its proliferative effect since in presence of Sr the higher Cyclin D1 gene expression; the lower was that of PPARγ2. Moreover, Sr prevented the establishment of processes involved in the cell redox status and necessary for the adipocyte maturation such as mitochondrial biogenesis, Rac1 protein accumulation (a NADPH oxidase regulatory subunit) and increase of the antioxidant enzyme expression. Sr also induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) decrease that could explain its anti-adipogenic action. Indeed, ROS are essential for the CSM commitment toward adipogenesis and they oxidize lipids which could in turn activate PPAR. Taken together, these data showed that Sr by modulating the intracellular ROS production maintained a redox status supporting the MMCs proliferation and preventing adipocyte differentiation. Thus, the antioxidant and anti-adipogenic capacities of future molecules could define new therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis treatment

Acredita-se que a diminuição progressiva da massa de células observada durante a evolução do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) ocorra por apoptose deste tipo celular. As tiazolidinedionas (TZDs), uma classe de medicamentos utilizada no tratamento do DM 2, atuam como ligantes dos receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissomos (PPAR) e e promovem diminuição da resistência periférica à insulina. Embora existam estudos controversos, tem se especulado que as TZDs possam exercer efeitos diretos sobre as células pancreáticas, prevenindo a perda por apoptose e melhorando a sua viabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos diretos da Pioglitazona (PIO) na concentração de 10 M sobre a viabilidade funcional e o índice de apoptose de ilhotas pancreáticas isoladas de ratos Wistar expostas a concentrações fisiológica (5,6 mM) e suprafisiológica (23 mM) de glicose durante 24, 48 e 72 horas. A viabilidade funcional foi avaliada pela análise da secreção de insulina estimulada por glicose e do conteúdo total de insulina nas ilhotas. O índice de apoptose foi avaliado pela medida da fragmentação do DNA, da expressão do RNAm dos genes Bcl2 (anti-apoptótico) e Bax (pró-apoptótico) e da atividade proteolítica da caspase-3 em ilhotas tratadas e não tratadas com a PIO. Em 5,6 mM de glicose, não se observou efeito significativo sobre a secreção de insulina, mas a avaliação do conteúdo total de insulina evidenciou uma diminuição transitória nas ilhotas tratadas com PIO por 24 horas, seguida por um aumento no conteúdo de insulina quando as ilhotas foram cultivadas por 48 e 72 horas em presença da droga. Em relação à avaliação da apoptose, observou-se uma diminuição na expressão do RNAm do gene Bax nas ilhotas tratadas com PIO por 24 horas, entretanto, após 48 e 72 horas, houve um aumento da expressão do RNAm deste gene nas ilhotas tratadas com a droga. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na expressão do RNAm do gene Bcl2 em nenhum dos tempos estudados e a avaliação da apoptose determinada pela medida da fragmentação do DNA somente demonstrou uma diminuição do índice de apoptose após 48 horas de tratamento com a PIO. Em 23 mM de glicose, a PIO promoveu um aumento transitório na secreção de insulina estimulada por glicose e no conteúdo total de insulina (após 48 horas), no entanto, após 72 horas, observou-se diminuição significativa no conteúdo total de insulina. Em relação à apoptose, o tratamento com PIO determinou um aumento do índice de apoptose medido pela fragmentação do DNA e da atividade proteolítica da caspase-3 após 48 e 72 horas e uma diminuição da expressão do RNAm do gene Bcl2 nos tempos 24 e 48 horas. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que os efeitos diretos da PIO sobre as ilhotas pancreáticas murídeas em cultura variam de acordo com a concentração de glicose a qual as ilhotas estão expostas: em concentração fisiológica de glicose, a PIO parece exercer efeitos diretos benéficos, enquanto em concentração suprafisiológica de glicose, ela exerce efeitos diretos deletérios sobre a viabilidade funcional e o índice de apoptose de ilhotas pancreáticas murídeas em cultura. / The progressive decrease in -cell mass observed during the evolution of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is believed to occur due to cell apoptosis. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of agents used for the treatment T2DM, act as ligands of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and and decrease peripheral insulin resistance. Although still controversial, some studies have shown a direct effect of TZDs on pancreatic -cell, preventing cell loss due to apoptosis and improving their viability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct effects of 10 M Pioglitazone (PIO) on functional viability and apoptosis rate of islets isolated from Wistar rats exposed to physiological (5.6 mM) and supraphysiological (23 mM) glucose concentrations during 24, 48 and 72 hours. The functional viability was evaluated by the analysis of insulin secretion after glucose challenge and of islet total insulin content. Apoptosis rate was evaluated by measurement of DNA fragmentation, of Bcl2 (antiapoptotic) and Bax (proapoptotic) mRNA expression and of proteolytic activity of caspase-3 in pancreatic islets treated or not with PIO. At 5.6 mM glucose concentration, no significant effects in insulin secretion were observed, while a transitory decrease (after 24 hours) followed by an increase in total insulin content was observed in islets treated with PIO for 48 and 72 hours. Regarding apoptosis, a lower expression of Bax mRNA was detected in islets treated with PIO for 24 hours, followed, however, by an increase in the expression of this gene after 48 and 72 hours of drug exposition. PIO treatment did not promote significant changes in Bcl2 mRNA expression, while decreased the apoptosis rate measured by DNA fragmentation only after 48 hours of exposition. At 23 mM glucose concentration, PIO treatment elicited a transitory increase in insulin secretion after glucose challenge and in islet total insulin content after 48 hours followed by a decrease in the islet total insulin content after 72 hours. Concerning apoptosis, PIO treatment determined an increase in the apoptose rate measured by DNA fragmentation and by proteolytic activity of caspase-3 after 48 and 72 hours and a decrease in Bcl2 mRNA expression after 24 and 48 hours. These findings suggest that the direct effects of PIO on pancreatic islets depend on glucose concentration to which they are exposed: while under physiological glucose concentration the direct effects seem to be beneficial, under supraphysiological glucose concentration, PIO exerts direct deleterious effects on the functional viability and on the apoptosis rate of murine pancreatic islets.