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One of the most important issues in the study of Urban-Service Distribution is the choice of the unit of analysis. Because of the ready availability of various data at the level of residence units, census tracts have been the spatial units most commonly selected. In some cases, municipally defined service districts have also been selected, and they are, in fact, only the aggregates of several neighboring census tracts. The problem encountered in the current study is the fact that Census-based Neighborhoods such as census tracts and the aggregations of census tracts frequently do not correspond with commonly recognized neighborhoods experienced informally in daily life, and they do not match local residents' perceptions of their neighborhoods as social areas. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Resident-perceived Neighborhood Boundaries (as the alternative unit of analysis to conventionally-used Census-based Neighborhood Units) on the accessibility to public parks based on equity consideration and its relationship to park utilization. The study also addressed whether the neighborhood boundaries perceived by the actual residents may exhibit more actual neighborhood construct than Census-based Neighborhood Units when the relationship between park accessibility and utilization is considered. First, the results indicate that when Resident-perceived Neighborhood Boundaries are adopted, there is no significant change, either in accessibility measures or in the equity of public park distribution among neighborhoods of different social strata. Second, there was no significant relationship between parks accessibility and utilization, which means that even though a park may be closest to a household, it is not always true that the household will choose to use that park. Third, it was confirmed that the relationship between park accessibility and utilization was significantly affected by some utilization factors. That is, travel distances to the parks were significantly affected by different types of utilization factors and, according to the classification of park type, the affecting utilization factors were different. Lastly, as the spatial unit of analysis, Resident-perceived Neighborhood Boundaries do not significantly enhance the strength of the relationship between public services accessibility and utilization compared to using Census-based Neighborhood Units.

Esta pesquisa aborda o uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), em especial a Internet, e dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a participação pública no planejamento urbano. Mais especificamente, investiga-se a Participação Pública com Sistema de Informação Geográfica (PPSIG), uma alternativa através da qual o público participa produzindo mapas e/ou dados espaciais que representam a sua percepção do espaço urbano em questão. O trabalho parte do pressuposto de que novas abordagens metodológicas, que façam uso das TIC e dos SIG, tais como a PPSIG, podem aperfeiçoar os processos participativos, pois permitem a criação de técnicas mais interativas, emancipatórias e colaborativas, que encurtam os laços entre o público e os técnicos, bem como entre a sociedade e o governo. A pesquisa se justifica, pois apesar de legislações terem ampliado os canais de participação, as críticas permanecem, evidenciando que existe uma demanda por novas abordagens metodológicas. Ao mesmo tempo, trata-se de entender que novas ferramentas estão disponíveis e precisam ser assimiladas, e, principalmente, de como fazê-lo de maneira adequada. Ainda, faz-se necessário avaliar se a expectativa de que a PPSIG pode ampliar o envolvimento do público no planejamento urbano procede no contexto brasileiro. Assim, com o objetivo de expandir o conhecimento empírico sobre o método PPSIG, ele foi aplicado em dois casos, numa situação prática em Jaguarão (RS), e numa situação simulada sobre a Orla do Guaíba em Porto Alegre (RS), e avaliado do ponto de vista de três grupos de atores: população, técnicos/especialistas, e gestores públicos. Para tal, utilizou-se três diferentes métodos de coleta de dados: a ferramenta PPSIG propriamente dita, questionários e entrevistas. Os resultados sugerem, por exemplo, que há uma boa aceitação ao uso de ferramentas digitais, tais como a PPSIG, por parte da população, técnico/especialistas e gestores públicos. Mais, que o método PPSIG se distingue de outros métodos participativos, pois a percepção da população é coletada de forma automatizada e georreferenciada, o que possibilita que estes dados sejam analisados em conjunto com as demais camadas de informação necessárias ao planejamento urbano, facilitando, assim, a incorporação do conhecimento local no planejamento urbano já na fase propositiva. / This research addresses the use of Information Technology and Communication (ICT), especially the Internet, and of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for public participation in urban planning. More specifically, it investigates the Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS), an alternative through which the public participates by producing maps and/or spatial data that represents their perception of the urban space. It assumes that new methodological approaches, that make use of ICT and of GIS, such as PPGIS can improve participatory processes, enabling to create more interactive, collaborative and emancipatory techniques that shorten the ties between the public and technicians as well as between the society and the government. The research is justified, because although laws have expanded the channels of participation, criticism remains, showing that there is a demand for new methodological approaches. At the same time, it is about to understand that new tools are available and need to be assimilated, and especially of how to do it properly. Also, it is necessary to evaluate whether the expectation that PPGIS can broaden public involvement in urban planning is confirmed in the Brazilian context. Thus, in order to expand the empirical knowledge about the PPGIS method, it was applied in two cases, a practical situation in Jaguarão (RS), and a simulated situation on the Guaíba waterfront in Porto Alegre (RS), and evaluated from the point of view of three groups of actors: the public, technicians/specialists, and public managers. To do this, three different methods of data collection were applied: the PPGIS tool itself, questionnaires and interviews. The results show, for instance, that there is a good acceptance of digital tools usage, such as the PPGIS, by the population, technician/specialist and public managers. Moreover, that the GIS method distinguishes itself from other participatory methods, because it collects the population's perception in an automated and georeferenced way, which enables these data to be analyzed together with other layers of information necessary for urban planning, thereby facilitating local knowledge incorporation in urban planning since the propositional phase.

Esta pesquisa aborda o uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), em especial a Internet, e dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a participação pública no planejamento urbano. Mais especificamente, investiga-se a Participação Pública com Sistema de Informação Geográfica (PPSIG), uma alternativa através da qual o público participa produzindo mapas e/ou dados espaciais que representam a sua percepção do espaço urbano em questão. O trabalho parte do pressuposto de que novas abordagens metodológicas, que façam uso das TIC e dos SIG, tais como a PPSIG, podem aperfeiçoar os processos participativos, pois permitem a criação de técnicas mais interativas, emancipatórias e colaborativas, que encurtam os laços entre o público e os técnicos, bem como entre a sociedade e o governo. A pesquisa se justifica, pois apesar de legislações terem ampliado os canais de participação, as críticas permanecem, evidenciando que existe uma demanda por novas abordagens metodológicas. Ao mesmo tempo, trata-se de entender que novas ferramentas estão disponíveis e precisam ser assimiladas, e, principalmente, de como fazê-lo de maneira adequada. Ainda, faz-se necessário avaliar se a expectativa de que a PPSIG pode ampliar o envolvimento do público no planejamento urbano procede no contexto brasileiro. Assim, com o objetivo de expandir o conhecimento empírico sobre o método PPSIG, ele foi aplicado em dois casos, numa situação prática em Jaguarão (RS), e numa situação simulada sobre a Orla do Guaíba em Porto Alegre (RS), e avaliado do ponto de vista de três grupos de atores: população, técnicos/especialistas, e gestores públicos. Para tal, utilizou-se três diferentes métodos de coleta de dados: a ferramenta PPSIG propriamente dita, questionários e entrevistas. Os resultados sugerem, por exemplo, que há uma boa aceitação ao uso de ferramentas digitais, tais como a PPSIG, por parte da população, técnico/especialistas e gestores públicos. Mais, que o método PPSIG se distingue de outros métodos participativos, pois a percepção da população é coletada de forma automatizada e georreferenciada, o que possibilita que estes dados sejam analisados em conjunto com as demais camadas de informação necessárias ao planejamento urbano, facilitando, assim, a incorporação do conhecimento local no planejamento urbano já na fase propositiva. / This research addresses the use of Information Technology and Communication (ICT), especially the Internet, and of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for public participation in urban planning. More specifically, it investigates the Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS), an alternative through which the public participates by producing maps and/or spatial data that represents their perception of the urban space. It assumes that new methodological approaches, that make use of ICT and of GIS, such as PPGIS can improve participatory processes, enabling to create more interactive, collaborative and emancipatory techniques that shorten the ties between the public and technicians as well as between the society and the government. The research is justified, because although laws have expanded the channels of participation, criticism remains, showing that there is a demand for new methodological approaches. At the same time, it is about to understand that new tools are available and need to be assimilated, and especially of how to do it properly. Also, it is necessary to evaluate whether the expectation that PPGIS can broaden public involvement in urban planning is confirmed in the Brazilian context. Thus, in order to expand the empirical knowledge about the PPGIS method, it was applied in two cases, a practical situation in Jaguarão (RS), and a simulated situation on the Guaíba waterfront in Porto Alegre (RS), and evaluated from the point of view of three groups of actors: the public, technicians/specialists, and public managers. To do this, three different methods of data collection were applied: the PPGIS tool itself, questionnaires and interviews. The results show, for instance, that there is a good acceptance of digital tools usage, such as the PPGIS, by the population, technician/specialist and public managers. Moreover, that the GIS method distinguishes itself from other participatory methods, because it collects the population's perception in an automated and georeferenced way, which enables these data to be analyzed together with other layers of information necessary for urban planning, thereby facilitating local knowledge incorporation in urban planning since the propositional phase.

Esta pesquisa aborda o uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), em especial a Internet, e dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a participação pública no planejamento urbano. Mais especificamente, investiga-se a Participação Pública com Sistema de Informação Geográfica (PPSIG), uma alternativa através da qual o público participa produzindo mapas e/ou dados espaciais que representam a sua percepção do espaço urbano em questão. O trabalho parte do pressuposto de que novas abordagens metodológicas, que façam uso das TIC e dos SIG, tais como a PPSIG, podem aperfeiçoar os processos participativos, pois permitem a criação de técnicas mais interativas, emancipatórias e colaborativas, que encurtam os laços entre o público e os técnicos, bem como entre a sociedade e o governo. A pesquisa se justifica, pois apesar de legislações terem ampliado os canais de participação, as críticas permanecem, evidenciando que existe uma demanda por novas abordagens metodológicas. Ao mesmo tempo, trata-se de entender que novas ferramentas estão disponíveis e precisam ser assimiladas, e, principalmente, de como fazê-lo de maneira adequada. Ainda, faz-se necessário avaliar se a expectativa de que a PPSIG pode ampliar o envolvimento do público no planejamento urbano procede no contexto brasileiro. Assim, com o objetivo de expandir o conhecimento empírico sobre o método PPSIG, ele foi aplicado em dois casos, numa situação prática em Jaguarão (RS), e numa situação simulada sobre a Orla do Guaíba em Porto Alegre (RS), e avaliado do ponto de vista de três grupos de atores: população, técnicos/especialistas, e gestores públicos. Para tal, utilizou-se três diferentes métodos de coleta de dados: a ferramenta PPSIG propriamente dita, questionários e entrevistas. Os resultados sugerem, por exemplo, que há uma boa aceitação ao uso de ferramentas digitais, tais como a PPSIG, por parte da população, técnico/especialistas e gestores públicos. Mais, que o método PPSIG se distingue de outros métodos participativos, pois a percepção da população é coletada de forma automatizada e georreferenciada, o que possibilita que estes dados sejam analisados em conjunto com as demais camadas de informação necessárias ao planejamento urbano, facilitando, assim, a incorporação do conhecimento local no planejamento urbano já na fase propositiva. / This research addresses the use of Information Technology and Communication (ICT), especially the Internet, and of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for public participation in urban planning. More specifically, it investigates the Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS), an alternative through which the public participates by producing maps and/or spatial data that represents their perception of the urban space. It assumes that new methodological approaches, that make use of ICT and of GIS, such as PPGIS can improve participatory processes, enabling to create more interactive, collaborative and emancipatory techniques that shorten the ties between the public and technicians as well as between the society and the government. The research is justified, because although laws have expanded the channels of participation, criticism remains, showing that there is a demand for new methodological approaches. At the same time, it is about to understand that new tools are available and need to be assimilated, and especially of how to do it properly. Also, it is necessary to evaluate whether the expectation that PPGIS can broaden public involvement in urban planning is confirmed in the Brazilian context. Thus, in order to expand the empirical knowledge about the PPGIS method, it was applied in two cases, a practical situation in Jaguarão (RS), and a simulated situation on the Guaíba waterfront in Porto Alegre (RS), and evaluated from the point of view of three groups of actors: the public, technicians/specialists, and public managers. To do this, three different methods of data collection were applied: the PPGIS tool itself, questionnaires and interviews. The results show, for instance, that there is a good acceptance of digital tools usage, such as the PPGIS, by the population, technician/specialist and public managers. Moreover, that the GIS method distinguishes itself from other participatory methods, because it collects the population's perception in an automated and georeferenced way, which enables these data to be analyzed together with other layers of information necessary for urban planning, thereby facilitating local knowledge incorporation in urban planning since the propositional phase.

Limiting cities’ negative impact for global sustainability suggests compact city development. However, extensive and accessible urban nature is important for urban dwellers’ wellbeing. Aligning efforts to make cities locally and globally sustainable means resolving this conflict. This thesis applies spatial analysis of urban dwellers’ regularly occurring experiences, as these are important wellbeing indicators, looking specifically at Stockholm, Sweden. The aim is to contribute to a nuanced understanding of urban environments’ influence on urban dwellers’ experiences. Paper I investigates how accessibility to various environment features impact the probability that people have positive or negative experiences. Paper II applies resilience principles to investigate what experiences exist together in neighbourhoods. The environment have considerable influence on people’s experiences. Some common indicators in urban planning display weak relationships with experiential outcome, while other less common ones have larger effects. Neighbourhood compositions of experiences display consistent patterns, both spatially across Stockholm and with respect to resilience principles. Many neighbourhoods harbour diverse positive experiences, while a few are dominated by negative ones. The results suggest that human-environment relations should be given more consideration in urban discourse and urban planning. A relational approach could improve urban dweller’s experiences, and positively influence their wellbeing. For urban planning to be able to handle the complexity of such an approach, I suggest that resilience principles can be heuristics for an urban development that does not compromise people’s experiences. The methodological framework developed here can be applied in other cities, as it can identify specific places for transformation, but also increase knowledge of the interplay between urban environments and people’s experiences across different contexts. / För att begränsa städers negativa påverkan på global hållbarhet förordas ofta kompakta stadsmiljöer. För att säkra stadsbors välbefinnande krävs emellertid stora och tillgängliga naturområden. Denna konflikt måste lösas för att nå en stadsutveckling som bidrar till både lokal och global hållbarhet. Denna avhandling består av två studier av Stockholm som tillämpar rumslig analys av människors upplevelser, då dessa är viktiga indikatorer för välbefinnande. Den undersöker hur tillgänglighet till olika miljöfaktorer är relaterade till positiva och negativa upplevelser. Vidare tillämpar den resiliensprinciper för att undersöka vilka upplevelser som samexisterar på områdesskala. Stadsmiljön har betydande påverkan på människors upplevelser. Vissa vanliga indikatorer inom stadsplanering visar svaga samband med upplevelser, medan andra mindre vanliga har större effekter. Sammansättningar av upplevelser på områdesskala uppvisar genomgående mönster, både rumsligt och i förhållande till resiliensprinciper. Många områden innehåller en mångfald av positiva upplevelser, medan ett fåtal domineras av negativa upplevelser. Resultaten visar att relationer mellan människa och miljö bör ta en mer central plats i stadsplaneringen, då detta erbjuder möjligheter att förbättra stadsbors upplevelser. Resiliensprinciper kan fungera som tumregler inom stadsplaneringen för en stadsutveckling som inte äventyrar människors upplevelser. Metoden som utvecklats här kan appliceras i andra städer, då den kan identifiera specifika platser för omvandling, men också leda till djupare förståelse för samspelet mellan stadsmiljöer och människors upplevelser i olika sammanhang.