The purpose of this thesis was to explore the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as an access channel by establishing reliable signal detection to verify the existence of signal differences associated with changes in activity. This thesis focused on using NIRS to measure brain activity from the prefrontal cortex during an auditory Go-No-Go task. A singular spectrum analysis change-point detection algorithm was applied to identify transition points where the NIRS signal properties varied from previous data points in the signal, indicating a change in brain activity. With this algorithm, latency values for change-points detected ranged from 6.44 s to 9.34 s. The averaged positive predictive values over all runs were modest (from 49.41% to 67.73%), with the corresponding negative predictive values being generally higher (48.66% to 78.80%). However, positive and negative predictive values up to 97.22% and 95.14%, respectively, were achieved for individual runs. No hemispheric differences were found.

Affective disorders represent one of the greatest global burdens of disease. Work in patients with affective disorders demonstrates that serotonin (5-HT) signaling within the prefrontal cortex, particularly at the level of the 5-HT receptors, plays an integral role in both the pathology and treatment of these diseases. Surprisingly, the characterization of the prefrontal 5-HT receptors under both healthy and pathological conditions remains incomplete. The technique of whole cell electrophysiological recording provides an unparalleled tool for investigating the functional effects of these 5-HT receptors on neurons in acute prefrontal cortical slices. The objectives of my thesis were to delve deeper into the 5-HT receptor subtypes that modulate the prefrontal cortex in the healthy control rodents and to examine how this modulation was disrupted in a rodent model of affective disorders. In work from healthy control rodents, I examined two prefrontal 5-HT receptor-mediated currents. I show for the first time the presence of the 5-HT1A receptor during the early postnatal period, a critical developmental window during which this receptor programs adult anxiety behaviors. In adulthood, I characterized an inhibitory current mediated by the 5-ht5A receptor; findings that will permit the classification of this receptor within the 5-HT receptor family. Collectively, this investigation of functional early 5-HT1A receptors and adult 5-ht5A receptors offers a novel conceptual framework for understanding 5-HT receptor modulation of the healthy prefrontal cortex. To model vulnerability to affective disorder in the rodent, I used the early stress of maternal separation. In early stress rodents, I observed a marked increase in 5-HT1A receptor currents during the early postnatal period, the critical time window for the programming of anxiety. By comparison, in adulthood I found that rodents exposed to early stress displayed increased 5-HT2A receptor currents. These findings provide novel insight into the developmental and long-lasting pathology underlying early stress, indicating that the early prefrontal 5-HT1A receptor and adult prefrontal 5-HT2A receptors as a potential therapeutic target in treatment of affective disorders At a fundamental level, the findings provided herein offer critical insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying affective disorders, one of the most debilitating and costly diseases worldwide.

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-23T19:35:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNSC.pdf: 1757369 bytes, checksum: 8c5c3122b8536a2aa61fd673039785e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-23T19:35:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNSC.pdf: 1757369 bytes, checksum: 8c5c3122b8536a2aa61fd673039785e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-23T19:36:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNSC.pdf: 1757369 bytes, checksum: 8c5c3122b8536a2aa61fd673039785e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T19:36:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNSC.pdf: 1757369 bytes, checksum: 8c5c3122b8536a2aa61fd673039785e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Stressful situations are risk factors to the development of neuropsychiatric diseases, as anxiety disorders. However, not everyone who experiences stressful events develops stress-related illness. That is due to the existence of differences in the ability to adapt to stress, that is, the manifestation of susceptibility or resilience phenotypes. The search for understanding neural systems involved to these differences has evidenced an important role of the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC), and, recently, its functional lateralization has been highlighted. In this sense, the right mPFC (RmPFC) seems to modulate anxiogenic-like responses, while the left mPFC (LmPFC) would attenuate such responses, thereby facilitating animals to cope with threatening situations. If so, LmPFC inhibition would intensify ansiogenic-like behavior front to aversive stimuli. Under this hypothesis, one of the goals of the present study was to investigate whether the inhibition of the LmPFC could modulate the effect of two types of stress (the restraint and the social defeat) on anxiety. Yet, we also aimed to investigate whether NMDA-glutamate receptor would be involved to the anxiogenic-like effect induced by nitrergic activation of the RmPFC, given the anxiogenic potential of glutamate and the interaction already known between these neurotransmissions. To reach that, experiments were carried out (1) to characterize the effects of social defeat and restraint stress on animals exposed to elevated plus maze (EPM) 5 minutes or 24 hours later; (2) to evaluate the effects of restraint or social defeat combined to the synaptic inactivation (through nonspecific inhibitor, CoCl2) of the LmPFC on the defensive behavior of mice exposed to EPM 24 h after stress; (3) to investigate the effects of NMDA receptor antagonism and (4) the effect of that antagonism on anxiogenic-like effects induced by NO donor. The results showed that both restraint and defeat stress are anxiogenic at 5 minutes, but defeated mice do not display anxiety 24 h after stress. Furthermore, the synaptic inhibition produced a clear anxiogenic-like effect in defeated (but not restrained) mice. In addition, the blockade of NMDA receptors produced anxiolytic-like effects and reversed the anxiogenic effect induced by NO injection into the RmPFC. Taken together, these results corroborate previous studies demonstrating the functional lateralization of the mPFC, in which the right and left hemispheres seem to have distinct roles in the modulation of aversive events. / O estresse, que pode ser definido como uma condição que perturba o equilíbrio fisiológico e psicológico de um indivíduo, é fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças neuropsiquiáticas, como transtornos de ansiedade. No entanto, nem todos os indivíduos que vivenciam um evento estressor desenvolvem doenças relacionadas a ele. Isto se deve à existência de diferenças na habilidade de se adaptar ao estresse, ou seja, a manifestação dos fenótipos de susceptibilidade ou resiliência. A busca pelo entendimento dos sistemas neurais envolvidos nessas diferenças tem evidenciado um papel importante do Córtex Pré-Frontal medial (CPFm) e, mais recentemente, a sua lateralização funcional vem ganhando especial destaque. Neste sentido, o CPFm Direito (D) parece modular respostas ansiogênicas, enquanto o CPFm Esquerdo (E) atenuaria essas respostas, ajudando o animal a lidar com eventos aversivos. Neste caso, a inibição do CPFmE intensificaria as respostas geradas por situações ameaçadoras. Sob essa hipótese, um dos objetivos do presente trabalho foi investigar se a inibição do CPFmE poderia modular o efeito de dois tipos de estresse (a contenção e a derrota social) sobre a ansiedade. Ainda, esse estudo também investigou se os receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA (N-metil-D-aspartato) estariam envolvidos no efeito ansiogênico provocado pela ativação nitrérgica [com injeção local do doador de óxido nítrico (NO), o NOC-9] no CPFmD, haja vista o potencial ansiogênico do glutamato e as interações já conhecidas entre essas neurotransmissões. Para tanto, foram feitos experimentos para (1) caracterizar os efeitos imediatos (após 5 minutos) ou tardios (após 24 horas) do estresse de derrota social e de contenção sobre o comportamento de animais expostos ao labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE); (2) avaliar os efeitos da combinação do estresse de contenção ou de derrota social com a inativação sináptica (através do inibidor inespecífico, CoCl2) do CPFm E no comportamento defensivo de camundongos expostos ao LCE 24h após o evento estressor; (3) investigar os efeitos do antagonismo per se de receptores NMDA e (4) o efeito desse antagonismo sobre a ansiogênese provocada pelo doador de NO sobre o comportamento de animais expostos ao LCE. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que ambos os estressores são ansiogênicos aos 5 minutos, mas a derrota social não provoca aumento de ansiedade 24 h após o estresse. Ainda, a inbição sináptica do CPFmE produz efeito ansiogênico 24 h depois quando associada ao estresse de derrota social (mas não à contenção). Além disso, o bloqueio de receptores NMDA por si provoca efeito ansiolítico e reverte o efeito ansiogênico provocado pelo NO em animais expostos ao LCE. Tomados em conjunto, esses resultados substanciam as evidências sobre a lateralização funcional do CPFm, em que os hemisférios direito e esquerdo parecem possuir diferentes participações na modulação de eventos aversivos.

Après un évènement potentiellement traumatique, si pour la plupart des individus les symptômes associés disparaissent rapidement, pour d’autres ils persistent. On parle alors d’état de stress post-traumatique. L’une des prises en charge les plus efficaces, basée sur le modèle de l’extinction de la peur conditionnée, est l’exposition répétée au souvenir traumatique. Cependant, tout comme pour la peur conditionnée qui peut réapparaître après son extinction, les symptômes psychotraumatiques peuvent également resurgir quelques temps après leur réduction ou leur élimination. L’objectif de cette thèse, à l’interface entre recherche fondamentale et clinique, est d’établir des liens entre le fonctionnement du cortex préfrontal ventromédian et la prédiction et la prévention du retour de la peur éteinte.Nos études chez le rat ont ainsi montré un rôle protecteur de la stimulation à haute fréquence du cortex préfrontal ventromédian sur le retour de la peur. Nos travaux chez l’humain, avec ou sans symptôme, ont permis d’identifier un certain nombre de prédicteurs physiologiques, cognitifs, cliniques et sociodémographiques de ce retour de la peur.Nous avons également pu déterminer des différences interindividuelles et ainsi caractériser des profils psychologiques plus qualitatifs. Sur le plan fondamental, nous avons pu mettre en évidence différentes conditions d’implication du cortex préfrontal ventromédian dans le rappel de la mémoire de l’extinction de la peur. Du point de vue clinique, nous proposons une base pour le développement d’outils visant à détecter les individus prédisposés à un déficit de rappel de cette mémoire, autrement dit, à la rechute psychotraumatique. / Consequences of a potentially traumatic event may be different depending on the person affected. While most of the people will recover after the event, others will develop a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exposure therapy is one of the best treatments of this disorder and is based on fear extinction training. However, both conditioned fear response and psychotraumatic symptoms may appear again some time after the end of the therapy. Combining fundamental and clinical research, this thesis is aimed at investigating how activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex may be related to indicators of prediction and prevention of the return of fear. A consequent objective is to highlight some new possibilities to prevent relapse.Our rat experiments showed that high frequency stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex reduces the likelihood of return of fear responses. Our experiments with human, with or without post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, revealed several physiological, cognitive, clinical and socio-demographic predictors.Moreover, we found interpersonal differences that allowed us to characterize qualitative profiles.To sum up, our work demonstrates that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved in multiple ways in the recall of fear extinction. From a clinical perspective, our findings provide suggestions for an innovative development of tools capable to detect individual tendencies to have some deficit in fear extinction recall. This study has, thus, important implications in improving prevention of relapse in post-traumatic stress disorder.

La sérotonine est impliquée dans de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques comme la régulation de l’appétit, du sommeil, de la douleur, de l’humeur et de la cognition. Elle agit par l’intermédiaire de différents récepteurs dont la plupart sont couplés aux protéines G. Parmi ceux-ci, les récepteurs 5-HT2A et 5-HT6 suscitent un intérêt particulier car ils sont la cible de nombreux agents thérapeutiques, comme les antidépresseurs et les antipsychotiques de dernière génération. Ces molécules administrées pour traiter la schizophrénie ont des effets bénéfiques sur les symptômes positifs (hallucinations, délires) et négatifs (manque de motivation). Cependant, ils n’ont que peu d’effets sur les déficits cognitifs (troubles de la mémoire de travail, de l’attention, asociabilité) qui compromettent l'intégration sociale et professionnelle des patients ainsi que leur qualité de vie. Ces déficits sont en grande partie retrouvés chez les consommateurs chroniques de cannabis durant l’adolescence suggérant des mécanismes pathologiques communs. La découverte de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour traiter ces déficits cognitifs constitue donc un enjeu de santé publique majeur.Au cours de mon travail de thèse, j’ai étudié le rôle des récepteurs de la sérotonine, en me focalisant sur les récepteurs 5-HT2A et 5-HT6, dans la modulation de la transmission et la plasticité synaptique au niveau du cortex préfrontal. En combinant des approches biochimiques à des analyses électrophysiologiques et comportementales, j’ai dans un premier temps démontré l'implication des récepteurs 5-HT2A exprimés au niveau des synapses thalamocorticales dans l’induction de la plasticité synaptique et dans la mémoire associative. Dans un deuxième temps, j’ai déterminé les bénéfices du blocage précoce des récepteurs 5-HT6 sur les déficits cognitifs induits dans un modèle neurodéveloppemental de schizophrénie et un modèle de consommation chronique de cannabis durant l’adolescence. Cette étude permet ainsi d’envisager de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour prévenir l’apparition des déficits cognitifs observés dans les maladies psychiatriques, notamment chez les sujets à risque. / Serotonin is involved in many physiological functions, such as the control of appetite, sleep, pain, mood and cognition. This major neuromodulator acts via different receptors, which are, for the most part, coupled to G-proteins. Among these, 5-HT2A and 5-HT6 receptors are of particular interest since they are the target of many therapeutic drugs, such as antidepressants and last-generation antipsychotics. These are administered to treat schizophrenia and have beneficial effects on positive (hallucinations, delusions) and negative (lack of motivation) symptoms. Nevertheless, they poorly control cognitive deficits (impaired working memory, decreased attention, alteration in social cognition) which severely compromise the social integration of patients and their quality of life. These deficits are also found in chronic cannabis users during adolescence, suggesting common pathological mechanisms. Therefore, the discovery of new therapeutic strategies to treat these cognitive deficits is a major public health issue.During my thesis work, I studied the role of serotonin receptors, focusing on 5-HT2A and 5-HT6 receptors, in the modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. By combining biochemical approaches with electrophysiological and behavioral analyses, I initially demonstrated that 5-HT2A receptors expressed at thalamocortical synapses play a crucial role in the induction of synaptic plasticity and in associative memory. Secondly, I demonstrated the benefits of early blockade of 5-HT6 receptors for preventing cognitive deficits induced in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia and a model of chronic cannabis abuse during adolescence. These studies offer new therapeutic strategies to prevent the emergence of cognitive deficits and conversion to schizophrenia in at-risk subjects.

O sistema serotoninérgico há muito tempo vem sendo relacionado ao comportamento agressivo e particularmente o subtipo de receptor 5-HT1A está envolvido na modulação da agressividade. Estudos prévios utilizando agonistas que atuam seletivamente sobre estes receptores demonstraram tanto redução como aumento da agressão. Sabe-se que estes receptores são encontrados em diversas regiões encefálicas onde atuam como auto e heteroreceptores, apresentando diferentes funções, dependendo de sua localização. Heteroreceptores 5-HT1A, além de outras regiões, são encontrados no córtex pré-frontal, uma região encefálica particularmente importante no controle inibitório de comportamentos agressivos e impulsivos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os possíveis efeitos antiagressivos da microinjeção do agonista seletivo dos receptores 5-HT1A, F15599, na região ventro-orbital do córtex pré-frontal de camundongos machos da linhagem CF-1, previamente submetidos ao protocolo de provocação social, caracterizado por elevar os níveis de agressividade a padrões considerados violentos. Nossos resultados mostraram que a microinjeção das menores doses de F15599 (0,03 e 0,1 μg) reduziu significativamente a frequência de mordidas além de ocorrer uma tendência à redução da frequência de ataques laterais para o grupo de animais que recebeu a dose de 0,03 μg. Estes efeitos anti-agressivos não foram acompanhados por alterações nos demais elementos comportamentais relacionados à agressividade: perseguir o intruso, cheirar o intruso e sacudir a cauda. Também não foram observadas alterações na duração dos elementos comportamentais não agressivos caminhar e rearing. Ocorreu aumento apenas na duração do comportamento de grooming para o grupo de animais que recebeu a dose de 0,03 μg do agonista. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmaram o envolvimento da região VO do CPF e do sistema serotoninérgico, mais precisamente do subtipo de receptor 5-HT1A na modulação da agressividade exacerbada. / The serotonergic system has long been linked to aggressive behavior and particularly 5-HT1A receptor subtype is involved in modulation of aggressiveness. Previous studies using agonists that act selectively on these receptors showed both reduction and increased aggression. It is known that these receptors are found in several brain regions where they act as auto and heteroreceptors, with different functions, depending on their location. 5-HT1A heteroreceptors, as well as other regions, are found in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region particularly important in the inhibitory control of aggressive and impulsive behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible anti-aggressive effects of microinjections of F15599, a selective 5-HT1A agonist, in the ventral orbital prefrontal cortex (VO PFC) of CF-1 male mice, previously submitted to social instigation, characterized by increasing aggression to high levels. Our results showed that the microinjection of the lower doses of F15599 (0.03 and 0.1 μg) significantly reduced attack bite frequency. Furthermore, there was a tendency to reduce sideway threats for the group that received 0.03 μg agonist microinjection. These anti-aggressive effects were not accompanied by changes in other elements of the behavioral repertoire related to aggression: pursuit the intruder, sniff the intruder and tail rattle. There were also no changes observed in the duration of nonaggressive behavioral repertoire elements, walking and rearing. Only for grooming behavior was an increased duration observed for the group that received 0.03 μg agonist dose. The results of this study confirmed the involvement of VO PFC and serotonergic system, specifically de 5- HT1A receptor subtype, in the modulation of escalated aggressive behavior.

A avaliação química das folhas de Psychotria umbellata levou a identificação de quatro alcalóides pertencente ao grupo dos indol monoterpenos glicosilados, sendo psicolatina a substância majoritária. Em estudos subseqüentes, psicolatina apresentou importantes efeitos farmacológicos provavelmente relacionados com a modulação de receptores opióides, serotonérgicos 5-HT2A/C e glutamatérgicos NMDA. Assim, considerando-se a relevância das atividades biológicas descritas para psicolatina e a necessidade do estabelecimento inequívoco das características estruturais e conformacionais de compostos farmacologicamente ativos, os objetivos principais deste trabalho foram a caracterização conformacional de psicolatina e a avaliação do efeito de tratamento agudo e sub-crônico com este composto sobre os níveis de aminoácidos excitatórios e inibitórios e regiões cerebrais de roedores. A avaliação conformacional de psicolatina permitiu a caracterização de quatro confôrmeros caracterizados como mínimos de energia: 1EaCc, 1EaCd, 1EbCc e 1EbCd. As constantes de acoplamento teóricas (3JH,H) calculadas para esses confôrmeros apresentaram boa correlação com os dados experimentais de RMN, sendo que os melhores resultados foram observados para as conformações obtidas por RM1. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas nos níveis de aminoácidos excitatórios e inibitórios em hipocampos de camundongos e ratos submetidos a tratamento agudo com psicolatina 7,5 mg/kg. No entanto, nos córtices pré-frontais dos roedores submetidos a tratamento agudo foram verificados aumentos estatisticamente significativos nos níveis dos aminoácidos excitatórios e de glutamina. Os camundongos submetidos ao tratamento agudo apresentaram elevações de 42,46 %, 50,93 % e 35,18 % nos níveis de aspartato, glutamato e glutamina, respectivamente. Os ratos submetidos ao mesmo esquema de tratamento, por sua vez, apresentaram aumentos de 43,36 % e de 57,11% nas concentrações de glutamato e glutamina. Assim como observado para o tratamento agudo, o tratamento sub-crônico com psicolatina por um período de 18 dias não provocou alterações significativas nos níveis de aminoácidos excitatórios e inibitórios em hipocampos de camundongos. Em córtices préfrontais, porém, os animais tratados com psicolatina apresentaram diminuição de 28,86 % nos níveis de glutamina. O presente estudo, corroborando dados anteriores sugere que psicolatina administrada por via intraperitoneal apresenta ação sobre o sistema nervoso central, uma vez que provocou alterações no perfil de aminoácidos excitatórios em córtex pré-frontal. / Phytochemical analyses of Psychotria umbellata leaves identified the presence of four monoterpene indole alkaloids, being psychollatine the main compound. In subsequent pharmacological investigations, psychollatine showed some important biological activities, including analgesic, anxiolytic, antidepressive and amnesic effects in mice models. These data indicate that this compound is able to modulate different neurotransmitter systems, including opioid, 5-HT2A/C and NMDA receptors. This way, considering the relevance of the pharmacological activities showed by psychollatine and the necessity of the unequivocally determination of the conformational and structural features of biologically actives compounds, the goals of this work were the conformational characterization of psychollatine and the evaluation of acute and chronic treatment with this compound on the excitatory and inhibitory amino acids levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rodents. From the conformational analyses, four minimum energy conformations were evaluates for psychollatine: 1EaCc, 1EaCd, 1EbCc e 1EbCd. The theoretical coupling constants calculated for all these conformers (3JH,H) presented a good agreement with the experimental data, mainly for the conformations obtained by RM1. No significant differences were observed on the excitatory and inhibitory amino acids levels in hippocampus of mice and rats submitted to acute treatment with psychollatine 7.5 mg/kg. Nevertheless, in prefrontal cortex of rodents submitted to acute treatment with this compound were observed increases on the excitatory amino acids and glutamine levels. Mice submitted to acute treatment with these alkaloid presented increases of 42.46 %, 50.93 % and 35.18 % on the aspartate, glutamate and glutamine levels, respectively, and rats submitted to acute treatment presented increases of 43.36 % and 57.11% on the glutamate and glutamine levels, respectively. Such as verified for the acute treatment, the chronic treatment with psychollatine 7.5 mg/kg, during 18 days, did not cause significant alterations on the excitatory and inhibitory amino acids levels in mice hippocampus. However, significant decrease on the glutamine levels (28.86 %) was observed in the prefrontal cortex of mice treated with this alkaloid during 18 days. The present work, supporting previous data, suggests that psychollatine presents effects on the central nervous system (CNS), since this compound caused alterations on the amino acids levels on prefrontal cortex.

A tentativa de compreender as consequências do tratamento precoce crônico com metilfenidato é muito importante uma vez que este psicoestimulante tem sido amplamente utilizado em crianças de idade pré-escolar. Além disso, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos envolvidos nas alterações persistentes no comportamento e no funcionamento neuronal associada à sua utilização. Neste estudo, nós inicialmente investigamos o efeito do tratamento precoce crônico com metilfenidato sobre o perfil de aminoácidos no líquido cefalorraquidiano. Além disso, foram também avaliados a homeostase glutamatérgica, a Na+,K+-ATPase e o equilíbrio redox no córtex pré-frontal de ratos jovens. Ratos Wistar receberam injeções intraperitoneais de metilfenidato (2,0 mg/kg) ou um volume equivalente de solução salina 0,9% (controles), uma vez por dia, do 15º ao 45º dia de vida. Vinte e quatro horas após a última administração de metilfenidato, os animais foram decapitados e o líquido cefalorraquidiano e o córtex pré-frontal foram obtidos e processados conforme o protocolo para cada uma das análises. Os resultados mostraram que o metilfenidato alterou o perfil de aminoácidos no líquido cefalorraquidiano, aumentando os níveis de glutamato. A captação de glutamato foi diminuída pelo tratamento crônico com metilfenidato, mas o conteúdo dos transportadores, GLAST e GLT-1, não foram alterados por esse tratamento. A atividade e o imunoconteúdo das subunidades catalíticas (α1, α2 e α3) da Na+,K+-ATPase foram diminuídos em córtex pré-frontal de ratos submetidos ao metilfenidato. Alterações na expressão gênica das subunidades α1 e α2 da Na+,K+-ATPase também foram observadas. O conteúdo de sulfidrilas, um marcador inversamente correlacionado com dano proteíco, foi diminuído. A atividade da CAT foi aumentada e a razão SOD/CAT foi diminuída em córtex pré-frontal de ratos. Os demais parâmetros avaliados não apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparado aos controles. Os nossos resultados, tomados em conjunto, sugerem que o tratamento precoce crônico com metilfenidato promove excitotoxicidade devido, pelo menos em parte, à inibição da captação de glutamato provavelmente causada por perturbações na função da Na+,K+-ATPase e/ou pelo dano à proteína observados no córtex pré-frontal. Esses achados podem contribuir, pelo menos em parte, para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos nas alterações bioquímicas e comportamentais associadas ao uso crônico de metilfenidato durante o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central. / Understanding the consequences of chronic treatment with methylphenidate is very important since this psychostimulant is extensively in preschool age children. Additionaly to this, little is known about the mechanisms involved in persistent changes in behavior and neuronal function related with use of methylphenidate. In this study, we initially investigate the effect of chronic treatment with methylphenidate in juvenile rats on the amino acids profile in cerebrospinal fluid, as well as on glutamatergic homeostasis, Na+,K+-ATPase function and redox balance in prefrontal cortex. Wistar rats at early age received intraperitoneal injections of methylphenidate (2.0 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 45th day of life. Twenty-four hours after the last administration of methylphenidate, the animals were decapitated and the cerebrospinal fluid and the prefrontal cortex were obtained and processed according to the protocol for each analysis. Our results showed that methylphenidate altered amino acid profile in cerebrospinal fluid, increasing the levels of glutamate. In the prefrontal cortex, methylphenidate administration was able to decrease the glutamate uptake, with no changes in GLAST and GLT-1; and the activity and immunocontent of catalytic subunits (α1, α2 and α3) of Na+,K+-ATPase. We also observe changes in α1 and α2 gene expression of catalytic α subunits of Na+,K+-ATPase, decrease in sulfhydryl content, CAT activity and SOD/CAT ratio in juvenile rat prefrontal cortex treated with methylphenidate. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic treatment with methylphenidate at early age induces excitotoxicity, at least in part, due to inhibition of glutamate uptake probably caused by disturbances in the Na+,K+-ATPase function and/or protein damage observed in the prefrontal cortex. These findings may contribute, at least in part, to a better understanding of mechanisms involved in the biochemical and behavioral changes associated with chronic use of methylphenidate during the development of the central nervous system.

As vias amiloidogênica e não-amiloidogênica, representadas pelas enzimas secretases como a enzima clivadora do sítio beta da APP (BACE) e a enzima conversora do fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TACE) respectivamente, são responsáveis pela clivagem da proteína precursora amiloide (APP). Alterações no processamento da APP associadas ao acúmulo do peptídeo β-amiloide (Aβ) parecem estar relacionadas aos déficits cognitivos observados na doença de Alzheimer (DA), no entanto, estudos avaliando a maquinaria de processamento da APP durante o envelhecimento fisiológico são raros. O Aβ é formado através da clivagem da proteína precursora amiloide (APP) pela enzima BACE. Por outro lado, a APP pode ser clivada por secretases como a TACE gerando APPα, o qual é considerado neuroprotetor. Alguns estudos têm sugerido um envolvimento de vesículas denominadas exossomos no transporte de proteínas como o peptídeo Aβ além de um papel dos exossomos durante o estresse oxidativo e no processo de envelhecimento. No entanto, estudos avaliando a relação entre exossomos e marcadores oxidativos no envelhecimento ainda não foram realizados. Além disso, apesar de diversas evidências demonstrarem os efeitos benéficos do exercício físico, os efeitos exercidos sobre a modulação da atividade das secretases, especificamente TACE e BACE, e sobre o perfil dos exossomos durante o envelhecimento fisiológico têm sido pouco investigados. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do exercício físico sobre a atividade das secretases e sobre o perfil de exossomos circulantes em ratos durante o envelhecimento. Ratos Wistar de 3, 21 e 26 meses de idade foram divididos em sedentários e exercitados, o protocolo de exercício consistiu em 20 min/ dia durante 14 dias e após a última a sessão de exercício todos os animais foram submetidos ao teste da esquiva inibitória. As estruturas cerebrais e o sangue troncular foram coletados 1h (período da tarde) e 18 h (período da manhã) após a última sessão de exercício com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos transitórios e tardios do protocolo de exercício. O hipocampo e o córtex pré-frontal foram dissecados e utilizados para quantificar o conteúdo de APP e avaliar a atividade das enzimas TACE e BACE. Os exossomos foram isolados do soro e utilizados para quantificar CD63, atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), conteúdo de espécies reativas, atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e conteúdo de Aβ. / The amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways, represented by secretases named β-site APP cleaving enzyme(BACE) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), respectively, are responsible for amyloid protein precursor (APP) processing. APP cleavage modifications leading to increased β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide levels seem to be related to cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer disease (AD), however, works evaluating the APP processing machinery in the normal aging process are rarely studied. The Aβ is formed through APP cleavage by BACE enzyme, named amyloidogenic pathway. On the other hand, APP can be cleaved by a non-amyloidogenic pathway through secretase enzymes such as TACE producing APPα, which is a neuroprotective product. Some evidences suggested that extracellular vesicles named exosomes could carry proteins including the Aβ peptide between different cells. Yet, exosomes appear to be linked to oxidative stress and aging process. However, studies evaluating the relationship between exosomes and oxidative stress marks in the aging were not yet performed. The beneficial exercise impact in the aging process are widely described, nevertheless, its effects on secretase activities, specifically BACE and TACE, and exosome profile during normal aging remains understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the exercise effects on secretase activities and circulating exosomes profile in the aging process. Wistar rats (3-, 21- and 26-month-old) were divided into sedentary and exercised groups; the exercise protocol consisted in a daily moderate treadmill exercise (20 min each day during 2 weeks). After the last exercise sessions, all animals were subjected to inhibitory avoidance task. To identify transitory and delayed exercise effects, specifically 1 and 18 hours after the last exercise training session, hippocampi and prefrontal cortices as well as blood were obtained at different times of day, respectively, in the afternoon and early morning. The brain areas were used to quantify the APP content and BACE and TACE activities. The circulating exosomes were isolated from serum and used to quantify CD63, reactive species and Aβ content, besides AChE and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities.

A avaliação química das folhas de Psychotria umbellata levou a identificação de quatro alcalóides pertencente ao grupo dos indol monoterpenos glicosilados, sendo psicolatina a substância majoritária. Em estudos subseqüentes, psicolatina apresentou importantes efeitos farmacológicos provavelmente relacionados com a modulação de receptores opióides, serotonérgicos 5-HT2A/C e glutamatérgicos NMDA. Assim, considerando-se a relevância das atividades biológicas descritas para psicolatina e a necessidade do estabelecimento inequívoco das características estruturais e conformacionais de compostos farmacologicamente ativos, os objetivos principais deste trabalho foram a caracterização conformacional de psicolatina e a avaliação do efeito de tratamento agudo e sub-crônico com este composto sobre os níveis de aminoácidos excitatórios e inibitórios e regiões cerebrais de roedores. A avaliação conformacional de psicolatina permitiu a caracterização de quatro confôrmeros caracterizados como mínimos de energia: 1EaCc, 1EaCd, 1EbCc e 1EbCd. As constantes de acoplamento teóricas (3JH,H) calculadas para esses confôrmeros apresentaram boa correlação com os dados experimentais de RMN, sendo que os melhores resultados foram observados para as conformações obtidas por RM1. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas nos níveis de aminoácidos excitatórios e inibitórios em hipocampos de camundongos e ratos submetidos a tratamento agudo com psicolatina 7,5 mg/kg. No entanto, nos córtices pré-frontais dos roedores submetidos a tratamento agudo foram verificados aumentos estatisticamente significativos nos níveis dos aminoácidos excitatórios e de glutamina. Os camundongos submetidos ao tratamento agudo apresentaram elevações de 42,46 %, 50,93 % e 35,18 % nos níveis de aspartato, glutamato e glutamina, respectivamente. Os ratos submetidos ao mesmo esquema de tratamento, por sua vez, apresentaram aumentos de 43,36 % e de 57,11% nas concentrações de glutamato e glutamina. Assim como observado para o tratamento agudo, o tratamento sub-crônico com psicolatina por um período de 18 dias não provocou alterações significativas nos níveis de aminoácidos excitatórios e inibitórios em hipocampos de camundongos. Em córtices préfrontais, porém, os animais tratados com psicolatina apresentaram diminuição de 28,86 % nos níveis de glutamina. O presente estudo, corroborando dados anteriores sugere que psicolatina administrada por via intraperitoneal apresenta ação sobre o sistema nervoso central, uma vez que provocou alterações no perfil de aminoácidos excitatórios em córtex pré-frontal. / Phytochemical analyses of Psychotria umbellata leaves identified the presence of four monoterpene indole alkaloids, being psychollatine the main compound. In subsequent pharmacological investigations, psychollatine showed some important biological activities, including analgesic, anxiolytic, antidepressive and amnesic effects in mice models. These data indicate that this compound is able to modulate different neurotransmitter systems, including opioid, 5-HT2A/C and NMDA receptors. This way, considering the relevance of the pharmacological activities showed by psychollatine and the necessity of the unequivocally determination of the conformational and structural features of biologically actives compounds, the goals of this work were the conformational characterization of psychollatine and the evaluation of acute and chronic treatment with this compound on the excitatory and inhibitory amino acids levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rodents. From the conformational analyses, four minimum energy conformations were evaluates for psychollatine: 1EaCc, 1EaCd, 1EbCc e 1EbCd. The theoretical coupling constants calculated for all these conformers (3JH,H) presented a good agreement with the experimental data, mainly for the conformations obtained by RM1. No significant differences were observed on the excitatory and inhibitory amino acids levels in hippocampus of mice and rats submitted to acute treatment with psychollatine 7.5 mg/kg. Nevertheless, in prefrontal cortex of rodents submitted to acute treatment with this compound were observed increases on the excitatory amino acids and glutamine levels. Mice submitted to acute treatment with these alkaloid presented increases of 42.46 %, 50.93 % and 35.18 % on the aspartate, glutamate and glutamine levels, respectively, and rats submitted to acute treatment presented increases of 43.36 % and 57.11% on the glutamate and glutamine levels, respectively. Such as verified for the acute treatment, the chronic treatment with psychollatine 7.5 mg/kg, during 18 days, did not cause significant alterations on the excitatory and inhibitory amino acids levels in mice hippocampus. However, significant decrease on the glutamine levels (28.86 %) was observed in the prefrontal cortex of mice treated with this alkaloid during 18 days. The present work, supporting previous data, suggests that psychollatine presents effects on the central nervous system (CNS), since this compound caused alterations on the amino acids levels on prefrontal cortex.