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<p>Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation threaten the World’s ecosystems and species. These, and other threats, will likely be exacerbated by climate change. Due to a limited budget for conservation, we are forced to prioritize a few areas over others. These places are selected based on their uniqueness and vulnerability. One of the most famous examples is the biodiversity hotspots: areas where large quantities of endemic species meet alarming rates of habitat loss. Most of these places are in the tropics, where species have smaller ranges, diversity is higher, and ecosystems are most threatened.</p><p> Species distributions are useful to understand ecological theory and evaluate extinction risk. Small-ranged species, or those endemic to one place, are more vulnerable to extinction than widely distributed species. However, current range maps often overestimate the distribution of species, including areas that are not within the suitable elevation or habitat for a species. Consequently, assessment of extinction risk using these maps could underestimate vulnerability.</p><p>In order to be effective in our quest to conserve the World’s most important places we must: 1) Translate global and national priorities into practical local actions, 2) Find synergies between biodiversity conservation and human welfare, 3) Evaluate the different dimensions of threats, in order to design effective conservation measures and prepare for future threats, and 4) Improve the methods used to evaluate species’ extinction risk and prioritize areas for conservation. The purpose of this dissertation is to address these points in Colombia and other global biodiversity hotspots.</p><p>In Chapter 2, I identified the global, strategic conservation priorities and then downscaled to practical local actions within the selected priorities in Colombia. I used existing range maps of 171 bird species to identify priority conservation areas that would protect the greatest number of species at risk in Colombia (endemic and small-ranged species). The Western Andes had the highest concentrations of such species—100 in total—but the lowest densities of national parks. I then adjusted the priorities for this region by refining these species ranges by selecting only areas of suitable elevation and remaining habitat. The estimated ranges of these species shrank by 18–100% after accounting for habitat and suitable elevation. Setting conservation priorities on the basis of currently available range maps excluded priority areas in the Western Andes and, by extension, likely elsewhere and for other taxa. By incorporating detailed maps of remaining natural habitats, I made practical recommendations for conservation actions. One recommendation was to restore forest connections to a patch of cloud forest about to become isolated from the main Andes.</p><p>For Chapter 3, I identified areas where bird conservation met ecosystem service protection in the Central Andes of Colombia. Inspired by the November 11th (2011) landslide event near Manizales, and the current poor results of Colombia’s Article 111 of Law 99 of 1993 as a conservation measure in this country, I set out to prioritize conservation and restoration areas where landslide prevention would complement bird conservation in the Central Andes. This area is one of the most biodiverse places on Earth, but also one of the most threatened. Using the case of the Rio Blanco Reserve, near Manizales, I identified areas for conservation where endemic and small-range bird diversity was high, and where landslide risk was also high. I further prioritized restoration areas by overlapping these conservation priorities with a forest cover map. Restoring forests in bare areas of high landslide risk and important bird diversity yields benefits for both biodiversity and people. I developed a simple landslide susceptibility model using slope, forest cover, aspect, and stream proximity. Using publicly available bird range maps, refined by elevation, I mapped concentrations of endemic and small-range bird species. I identified 1.54 km2 of potential restoration areas in the Rio Blanco Reserve, and 886 km2 in the Central Andes region. By prioritizing these areas, I facilitate the application of Article 111 which requires local and regional governments to invest in land purchases for the conservation of watersheds.</p><p>Chapter 4 dealt with elevational ranges of montane birds and the impact of lowland deforestation on their ranges in the Western Andes of Colombia, an important biodiversity hotspot. Using point counts and mist-nets, I surveyed six altitudinal transects spanning 2200 to 2800m. Three transects were forested from 2200 to 2800m, and three were partially deforested with forest cover only above 2400m. I compared abundance-weighted mean elevation, minimum elevation, and elevational range width. In addition to analyzing the effect of deforestation on 134 species, I tested its impact within trophic guilds and habitat preference groups. Abundance-weighted mean and minimum elevations were not significantly different between forested and partially deforested transects. Range width was marginally different: as expected, ranges were larger in forested transects. Species in different trophic guilds and habitat preference categories showed different trends. These results suggest that deforestation may affect species’ elevational ranges, even within the forest that remains. Climate change will likely exacerbate harmful impacts of deforestation on species’ elevational distributions. Future conservation strategies need to account for this by protecting connected forest tracts across a wide range of elevations.</p><p> In Chapter 5, I refine the ranges of 726 species from six biodiversity hotspots by suitable elevation and habitat. This set of 172 bird species for the Atlantic Forest, 138 for Central America, 100 for the Western Andes of Colombia, 57 for Madagascar, 102 for Sumatra, and 157 for Southeast Asia met the criteria for range size, endemism, threat, and forest use. Of these 586 species, the Red List deems 108 to be threatened: 15 critically endangered, 29 endangered, and 64 vulnerable. When ranges are refined by elevational limits and remaining forest cover, 10 of those critically endangered species have ranges < 100km2, but then so do 2 endangered species, seven vulnerable, and eight non-threatened ones. Similarly, 4 critically endangered species, 20 endangered, and 12 vulnerable species have refined ranges < 5000km2, but so do 66 non-threatened species. A striking 89% of these species I have classified in higher threat categories have <50% of their refined ranges inside protected areas. I find that for 43% of the species I assessed, refined range sizes fall within thresholds that typically have higher threat categories than their current assignments. I recommend these species for closer inspection by those who assess risk. These assessments are not only important on a species-by-species basis, but by combining distributions of threatened species, I create maps of conservation priorities. They differ significantly from those created from unrefined ranges.</p> / Dissertation

Master of Arts / Department of Geography / Lisa M.B. Harrington / While environmental concerns have played a secondary role in dam removal rationales thus far, the Condit and Elwha removal projects could signal a change in governmental and public priorities in dam management in the United States (Born et al. 1998; Bednarek 2002). For this research, I compared two dam removal projects designed to restore native salmon runs in two rivers in Washington State: the Condit Dam on the White Salmon River and the Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams on the Elwha River. This thesis asks: given choices of preserving dams that produce clean electricity and the well-established lake-based habitats created by their reservoirs or re-establishing a free-flowing river to reestablish fish and wildlife populations, how are decisions made, and what does the process and outcome mean to local communities? Research interview data was used in combination with policy documents to answer three research questions: 1) What factors affect decision-makers’ and other stakeholders’ support for (or rejection of) dam removal? 2) How did stakeholders’ perceptions and opinions play a role in the decision-making process? and 3) What can we learn from problems and successes evident from the dam removal decision processes? The main factors influencing both the Condit Project and the Elwha Project were environmental (salmon restoration), political (meeting legislative requirements for fish passage), and economic (finding the least cost fish passage alternative). The primary motivation for both projects was salmon restoration via the provision of federally mandated fish passage. The possibility of regaining a valuable resource spurred Tribal, federal, and state agencies to advocate for the removal alternative. Dam owners in both cases desired the least cost option, resulting either in their consent to removal (Condit Project) or selling the dams and relinquishing responsibility to the federal government (Elwha Project). Both took over two decades to complete and were removed in 2011. Perceptions of the relative importance of removal/retention options and dissatisfaction with the decision-making process led to polarization of the communities affected by the dam removals and contributed to the 20+ year project timelines. In order to promote good will and understanding between decision makers and stakeholders, two lessons can be learned from the Condit and Elwha Projects: 1) actively seek to include both proponents and opponents in decision-making and 2) establish robust communication among stakeholders and decision makers. Additionally, preliminary evidence indicates that dam removal does result in movement of salmonids to river reaches that had been blocked by dams, and dam removal may also lead to unintended consequences related to local environmental quality and resource access, such as short term air quality concerns and longer term effects on groundwater availability.

Student Number : 0310496H - MPH research report - Faculty of Health Sciences / This study compares pharmaceutical company research on new medicines in South Africa with the country’s burden of disease and describes the process and criteria that companies use to set their research priorities. A quantitative survey of pharmaceutical companies shows that company research conducted from 2000 to 2003 is moderately associated with the country’s burden of disease estimates for 2000. The degree of association is dependent on which measures of company research and burden of disease are compared, and which comparative statistic is used. A qualitative analysis of company interviews reveals that feasibility of clinical trials, market forces, and environmental factors are core criteria for company research priority setting. The burden of disease, although important, is not a sole criterion, and has considerable limitations. Furthermore, this study reveals the complex nature of health priority setting by pharmaceutical companies and thus can assist policy decision makers in identifying practical strategies to encourage research in diseases of need by pharmaceutical companies.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal investigar as estratégias competitivas em empresas de móveis para uso residencial, situadas no pólo industrial da região de Votuporanga – SP. Como objetivo secundário busca-se aferir a integração da estratégia competitiva com a de produção e, conseqüentemente, apontar os fatores estruturais e infra-estruturais de processo produtivo que dão suporte a essa integração. Para isso, realizou-se revisão bibliográfica dos conceitos de estratégias competitivas e de produção, além de um estudo da história e características da indústria moveleira no Brasil e da região de Votuporanga - SP. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa de campo em onze empresas que consistiu de um levantamento descritivo exploratório. Os resultados da pesquisa revelaram que a maioria das empresas é considerada pequena, as quais mantêm linhas variadas de móveis retilíneos com estilo tradicional. A comercialização ocorre em um mercado amplo com pouca ou nenhuma diferenciação do produto, caracterizando a atuação da estratégia competitiva de menor custo. Os objetivos de desempenho de produção mais praticados pelas empresas são a qualidade do produto final e o custo. Contudo, os dados analisados indicaram a ausência de sistemas de medidas e a utilização de programas de treinamento voltados para a gerência da qualidade, que sustentam a esta prioridade competitiva. Além disso, encontraram-se diversos fatores que poderiam impedir o alinhamento da estratégia competitiva de menor custo com a prioridade competitiva custo. Não obstante, verificou-se que algumas decisões de produção tenderam a influenciar a redução do custo de fabricação. Concluiu-se que essas decisões são planejadas visando o curto prazo, inexistindo, assim, técnicas e práticas precisas para alcançar vantagens competitivas de menor custo no médio e longo prazos. / This work aims at investigating the existence of competitive strategies within the Home Wooden Furniture Industry at the industrial cluster in the city of Votuporanga (SP). As a secondary objective, the integration of competitive strategies with the production strategy were assessed, so that structural and infra structural factors of the productive process for this integration could be pointed out. To this end, a survey on the concepts of competitiveness and production strategies was presented as well as an overview on the Brazilian furniture companies history and characteristics, especially that of Votuporanga area. A case study was carried out on 11 furniture factories at Votuporanga area, which consisted of a descriptive-exploratory methods. The results have shown that the majority of the factory is considered small industry, which produce a varied number of straight line-like furniture of traditional style. The trading occurs in a broad market with little (or none) product differentiation, which is a clear indication of the ‘least cost’ competitive strategy. The production performance objectives pointed out by the companies were the quality and the lowest cost. However, the data analysis has shown the lack of both measurement systems and employment of training programmes towards quality management which could support competitive priority of quality. Moreover, there have been found some impeding factors for the alignment of the least cost competitive strategy with the production performance objective of lowest cost. Nonetheless, it has been noticed that some decisions adopted in the production line seemed to have influenced the reduction on manufacturing costs. Then, it can be inferred that such decisions are only envisaged for the short run, where neither precise techniques nor practices take place. This prevents competitive advantages of lowest cost from being achieved on either a medium or a long run.

Orientador: Fernando Bernardes Rosa / Banca: Fernando César Almada Santos / Banca: Manoel Henrique Salgado / Resumo: No mercado atual, a competitividade vem se acirrando cada vez mais, fazendo com que as empresas busquem meios de sobrevivência. Nessa busca, torna-se fator estratégio a procura pro vantagens competitivas na função produção e a manufatura enxuta aparece como abordagem de gestão que tem proporcionado aumento de competitividade às organizações que dela fazem uso. O objetivo deste trabalho, é identificar nas empresas da região de Bauru, localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo, quantas possuem práticas e ferramentas de manufatura enxuta implementada, ainda que parcialmente, e verificar se as prioridades competitivas da produção destas empresas influenciam na adoção dessas práticas e ferramentas de manufatura enxuta. A pesquisa de cunho quantitativo desenvolveu-se a partir da realização de uma pesquisa survey junto às empresas da regiãode Bauru associadas ao CIESP (Centro das Indústria do Estado de São Paulo) regional Bauru, com a utilização de um questionário de múltipla escolha, com escalas Likert, aplicado aos gestores da produção dessas empresas. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre manufatura enxuta e sobre as prioridades competitivas e, posteriormente, foram enviados os questionários para a obtenção de dados para as análises e conclusões deste trabalho. Técnicas estatísticas foram empregadas para a análise do relacionamento entre as empresas que adotam práticas de manufatura enxuta e as prioridades competitivas. Dentre os principais resultados encontrados, destacam-se: (a) as empresas pesquisadas da região de Bauru possuem um baixo nível de implementação de ferramentas e práticas de manufatura enxuta implementadas; (b) as empresas pesquisadas da região de Bauru não possuem definição estratégia de prioridades competitivas para a criação de vantagens competitivas; (c) há uma tendência de que as empresas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the current market, competition has been intensifying more and more, causing companies to seek means of survival. In this quest, it becomes a strategic factor demand function for competitive advantages in production ans lean manufacturing appears as a management approach that has brought increased competition to the organizations that employ them. The objective is to identify companies in the region of Bauru, in the interior of São Paulo, many have practices and lean manufacturing tools implemented even partianlly, and verify that the competitive priorities of production of these companies influence the adoption of these practices and tools of lean manufacturing. The research focused on quantity evolved from the realization of a survey among firms in the region of Bauru associated CIESP (Center of Industries of São Paulo) regional Bauru, using a multiple choice questionnaire, with Likert scales, applied to the production managers of these companies. Initially, we performed a literature review of lean manufacturing and on competitive priorities and then were sent questionnaires to obtain data for the analysis and conclusions of this work. Statistical techniques were employed to analyze the relantionship between companies that adopt lean manufacturing practices and competitive priorities. Among the main finding are highlighted: (a) companies surveyed in the region of Bauru have a low level of implementation of tools and practices implemented lean manufacturing: (b) the companies surveyed in the region of Bauru not have a Strategic of competitive priorities for creating competitive advantage; (c) seems to be a trend that companies that were seen as companies "lean" value over competing priorities as a whole in relation to companies "do not lean" (d) there is a tendency to lean more about the company is considered, the lower the priority of the criterion competitive cost... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p>In this project we illustrate how queueing simulation may be used to find the optimal interval for checkpointing problems and compare results with theoretical computations for simple systems that may be treated analytically.</p><p>We consider a relatively simple model for an internet banking facility. From time to time, the application server breaks down. The information at the time of the breakdown has to be passed onto the back up server before service may be resumed. To make the change over as efficient as possible, information of the state of user’s accounts is saved at regular intervals. This is known as checkpointing.</p><p>Firstly, we use GPSS (a queueing simulation tool) to find, by simulation, an optimal checkpointing interval, which maximises the efficiency of the server. Two measures of efficiency are considered; the availability of the server and the average time a customer spends in the system. Secondly, we investigate how far the queueing theory can go to providing an analytic solution to the problem and see whether or not this is in line with the results obtained through simulation.</p><p>The analysis shows that checkpointing is not necessary if breakdowns occur frequently and log reading after failure does not take much time. Otherwise, checkpointing is necessary and the analysis shows how GPSS may be used to obtain the optimal checkpointing interval. Relatively complicated systems may be simulated, where there are no analytic tools available. In simple cases, where theoretical methods may be used, the results from our simulations correspond with the theoretical calculations.</p>

In this project we illustrate how queueing simulation may be used to find the optimal interval for checkpointing problems and compare results with theoretical computations for simple systems that may be treated analytically. We consider a relatively simple model for an internet banking facility. From time to time, the application server breaks down. The information at the time of the breakdown has to be passed onto the back up server before service may be resumed. To make the change over as efficient as possible, information of the state of user’s accounts is saved at regular intervals. This is known as checkpointing. Firstly, we use GPSS (a queueing simulation tool) to find, by simulation, an optimal checkpointing interval, which maximises the efficiency of the server. Two measures of efficiency are considered; the availability of the server and the average time a customer spends in the system. Secondly, we investigate how far the queueing theory can go to providing an analytic solution to the problem and see whether or not this is in line with the results obtained through simulation. The analysis shows that checkpointing is not necessary if breakdowns occur frequently and log reading after failure does not take much time. Otherwise, checkpointing is necessary and the analysis shows how GPSS may be used to obtain the optimal checkpointing interval. Relatively complicated systems may be simulated, where there are no analytic tools available. In simple cases, where theoretical methods may be used, the results from our simulations correspond with the theoretical calculations.

Answer Set Programming (ASP) emerged in the late 1990s as a new logic programming paradigm, having its roots in nonmonotonic reasoning, deductive databases, and logic programming with negation as failure. The basic idea of ASP is to represent a computational problem as a logic program whose answer sets correspond to solutions, and then to use an answer set solver for finding answer sets of the program. ASP is particularly suited for solving NP-complete search problems. Among these, we find applications to product configuration, diagnosis, and graph-theoretical problems, e.g. finding Hamiltonian cycles. On different lines of ASP research, many extensions of the basic formalism have been proposed. The most intensively studied one is the modelling of preferences in ASP. They constitute a natural and effective way of selecting preferred solutions among a plethora of solutions for a problem. For example, preferences have been successfully used for timetabling, auctioning, and product configuration. In this thesis, we concentrate on preferences within answer set programming. Among several formalisms and semantics for preference handling in ASP, we concentrate on ordered logic programs with the underlying D-, W-, and B-semantics. In this setting, preferences are defined among rules of a logic program. They select preferred answer sets among (standard) answer sets of the underlying logic program. Up to now, those preferred answer sets have been computed either via a compilation method or by meta-interpretation. Hence, the question comes up, whether and how preferences can be integrated into an existing ASP solver. To solve this question, we develop an operational graph-based framework for the computation of answer sets of logic programs. Then, we integrate preferences into this operational approach. We empirically observe that our integrative approach performs in most cases better than the compilation method or meta-interpretation. Another research issue in ASP are optimization methods that remove redundancies, as also found in database query optimizers. For these purposes, the rather recently suggested notion of strong equivalence for ASP can be used. If a program is strongly equivalent to a subprogram of itself, then one can always use the subprogram instead of the original program, a technique which serves as an effective optimization method. Up to now, strong equivalence has not been considered for logic programs with preferences. In this thesis, we tackle this issue and generalize the notion of strong equivalence to ordered logic programs. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the strong equivalence of two ordered logic programs. Furthermore, we provide program transformations for ordered logic programs and show in how far preferences can be simplified. Finally, we present two new applications for preferences within answer set programming. First, we define new procedures for group decision making, which we apply to the problem of scheduling a group meeting. As a second new application, we reconstruct a linguistic problem appearing in German dialects within ASP. Regarding linguistic studies, there is an ongoing debate about how unique the rule systems of language are in human cognition. The reconstruction of grammatical regularities with tools from computer science has consequences for this debate: if grammars can be modelled this way, then they share core properties with other non-linguistic rule systems. / Die Antwortmengenprogrammierung entwickelte sich in den späten 90er Jahren als neues Paradigma der logischen Programmierung und ist in den Gebieten des nicht-monotonen Schließens und der deduktiven Datenbanken verwurzelt. Dabei wird eine Problemstellung als logisches Programm repräsentiert, dessen Lösungen, die so genannten Antwortmengen, genau den Lösungen des ursprünglichen Problems entsprechen. Die Antwortmengenprogrammierung bildet ein geeignetes Fundament zur Repräsentation und zum Lösen von Entscheidungs- und Suchproblemen in der Komplexitätsklasse NP. Anwendungen finden wir unter anderem in der Produktkonfiguration, Diagnose und bei graphen-theoretischen Problemen, z.B. der Suche nach Hamiltonschen Kreisen. In den letzten Jahren wurden viele Erweiterungen der Antwortmengenprogrammierung betrachtet. Die am meisten untersuchte Erweiterung ist die Modellierung von Präferenzen. Diese bilden eine natürliche und effektive Möglichkeit, unter einer Vielzahl von Lösungen eines Problems bevorzugte Lösungen zu selektieren. Präferenzen finden beispielsweise in der Stundenplanung, bei Auktionen und bei Produktkonfigurationen ihre Anwendung. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt in der Modellierung, Implementierung und Anwendung von Präferenzen in der Antwortmengenprogrammierung. Da es verschiedene Ansätze gibt, um Präferenzen darzustellen, konzentrieren wir uns auf geordnete logische Programme, wobei Präferenzen als partielle Ordnung der Regeln eines logischen Programms ausgedrückt werden. Dabei betrachten wir drei verschiedene Semantiken zur Interpretation dieser Präferenzen. Im Vorfeld wurden für diese Semantiken die bevorzugten Antwortmengen durch einen Compiler oder durch Meta-Interpretation berechnet. Da Präferenzen Lösungen selektieren, stellt sich die Frage, ob es möglich ist, diese direkt in den Berechnungsprozeß von präferenzierten Antwortmengen zu integrieren, so dass die bevorzugten Antwortmengen ohne Zwischenschritte berechnet werden können. Dazu entwickeln wir zuerst ein auf Graphen basierendes Gerüst zur Berechnung von Antwortmengen. Anschließend werden wir darin Präferenzen integrieren, so dass bevorzugte Antwortmengen ohne Compiler oder Meta-Interpretation berechnet werden. Es stellt sich heraus, dass die integrative Methode auf den meisten betrachteten Problemklassen wesentlich leistungsfähiger ist als der Compiler oder Meta-Interpretation. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt in der Frage, inwieweit sich geordnete logische Programme vereinfachen lassen. Dazu steht die Methodik der strengen Äquivalenz von logischen Programmen zur Verfügung. Wenn ein logisches Programm streng äquivalent zu einem seiner Teilprogramme ist, so kann man dieses durch das entsprechende Teilprogramm ersetzen, ohne dass sich die zugrunde liegende Semantik ändert. Bisher wurden strenge Äquivalenzen nicht für logische Programme mit Präferenzen untersucht. In dieser Arbeit definieren wir erstmalig strenge Äquivalenzen für geordnete logische Programme. Wir geben notwendige und hinreichende Bedingungen für die strenge Äquivalenz zweier geordneter logischer Programme an. Des Weiteren werden wir auch die Frage beantworten, inwieweit geordnete logische Programme und deren Präferenzstrukturen vereinfacht werden können. Abschließend präsentieren wir zwei neue Anwendungsbereiche von Präferenzen in der Antwortmengenprogrammierung. Zuerst definieren wir neue Prozeduren zur Entscheidungsfindung innerhalb von Gruppenprozessen. Diese integrieren wir anschließend in das Problem der Planung eines Treffens für eine Gruppe. Als zweite neue Anwendung rekonstruieren wir mit Hilfe der Antwortmengenprogrammierung eine linguistische Problemstellung, die in deutschen Dialekten auftritt. Momentan wird im Bereich der Linguistik darüber diskutiert, ob Regelsysteme von (menschlichen) Sprachen einzigartig sind oder nicht. Die Rekonstruktion von grammatikalischen Regularitäten mit Werkzeugen aus der Informatik erlaubt die Unterstützung der These, dass linguistische Regelsysteme Gemeinsamkeiten zu anderen nicht-linguistischen Regelsystemen besitzen.

Abstract   The purpose of the study was to ascertain the school leaders knowledge and priorities of the national goals for their school system respectively and how they declare that they and other operators within the local school system, give priority to the goals. In order to answer this question at issue, a web-based questionnaire was performed among school leaders in a fairly large municipality in Sweden.   My result shows that the school leaders have good knowledge of the national goals for the school system where they operate, but they experience that other actors have less knowledge of these goals. Furthermore, the school leaders declare that they give priority to the national goals to a high degree, but not more than other goals, while they experience that other operators do not prioritize the national goals to the same extent. The other actors in this context are school staff, school heads, responsible local politicians and municipal principal organisers. Those who prioritize the national goals the least are the local politicians, according to the school leaders. The result indicates that local goals sometimes are more prioritized than the national goals, instead of using the national goals as a criterion and subordinate the local goals. / Sammanfattning Syftet med min undersökning var att ta reda på skolledares kännedom om och prioriteringar av de statliga målen för sina respektive verksamheter och hur de uppger att de och andra aktörer prioriterar dessa mål. För att undersöka detta genomfördes en webbaserad enkätundersökning bland skolledare i en medelstor kommun i västra Sverige.   Mitt resultat visar att skolledarna uppger sig själva ha god kännedom om de statliga målen för sina respektive verksamheter men att de uppger sig uppleva att andra aktörer har sämre kännedom om dessa. På samma sätt uppger sig skolledarna i hög grad, om än inte lika hög grad, prioritera de statliga målen framför andra mål samtidigt som de upplever att andra aktörer inte prioriterar de statliga målen i lika hög grad. Dessa andra aktörer är skolans personal, förvaltning, ansvariga lokala politiker och huvudman. Lägst värden vad gäller prioriteringar av de statliga målen uppger skolledarna att de upplever att lokala politiker har. Resultatet indikerar att lokala mål ibland kan prioriteras framför statliga, istället för att utgå från och underordnas dessa.