Le cinéma français de l’après-guerre, largement apolitique, laisse pourtant surgir des questionnements autour de la remise en place de l’État de droit dans ses représentations de la justice pénale. Point de rencontre entre l’individu et l’État qui doit rétablir sa légitimité après les abus et les exactions du régime de Vichy, la justice représente un thème épineux pour les cinéastes, d’autant plus que le cinéma est à cette époque un moyen d’expression hautement surveillé, censuré et toujours associé à la propagande des régimes totalitaires. À partir d’un corpus de quarante longs métrages de fiction, l’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser les représentations des tribunaux, des forces de l’ordre, des prisons, du crime et du châtiment par le média de masse le plus important de l’époque, avant que la Nouvelle Vague n’entraîne une transformation de l’industrie et de l’esthétique cinématographiques et que la télévision atteigne un public plus nombreux encore. Les critiques dans la presse, les archives de la censure publique ou encore les bandes d’actualités qui abordent ces mêmes thèmes font partie des sources utilisées dans cette étude pour replacer dans leur contexte historique les images de la justice dans le cinéma de fiction. Souvent dépolitisés, parfois propagandistes, en quelques cas subversifs, ces films permettent de délimiter le périmètre d’expression possible autour de ce thème intrinsèquement politique dans la France des années 1940 et 1950. Ils fournissent un aperçu de la morale, des idéaux, des tabous, des espoirs et des peurs d’une société qui a rétabli la démocratie, mais qui commence à interroger la violence de ses propres pratiques de maintien de l’ordre. / Although French cinema from the period following World War Two is known for being largely apolitical, its images of criminal justice allow for a glimpse of the difficult questions that the postwar society was forced to ask itself about its return to the rule of law. As a point of conflict between the individual and the state—in a state attempting to reestablish its legitimacy—criminal justice was a delicate subject for filmmakers to address, especially since the cinematic medium, still seen as a means of propaganda and associated with totalitarian regimes, was strictly monitored and censored by public authorities. Using a corpus of 40 feature-length fiction films, this study attempts to analyze the representations of law enforcement, courts, prisons, crime, and punishment in the most important mass media of the era, before the transformation of the film industry by the New Wave and the spread of television to a substantial audience. A range of primary sources, from film reviews in the press to public censorship archives and newsreels dealing with similar themes, help to place the feature films’ images of criminal justice in their historical context. Often depoliticized, sometimes propagandistic, occasionally subversive, the films reveal the possibilities and the limits of expression on an intrinsically political topic, in the film industry and more broadly in 1940s and 1950s French society. They expose the morals, ideals, taboos, hopes and fears of a nation that had recently reestablished democracy but faced difficult questions about the violence of its own methods of maintaining order.

A separação física de homens e mulheres no interior das prisões públicas, embora experimentasse tentativas de aplicação, só foi nacionalmente regulamentada com o Código Penal de 1940. Entre as penitenciárias criadas a partir do Código figura o Presídio de Mulheres do Estado de São Paulo. Inaugurado em 1942, o estabelecimento permaneceu sob a gestão da Congregação de Nossa Senhora da Caridade do Bom Pastor de Angers até 1977. A mesma Congregação administrou, também, o Presídio Feminino de Tremembé, desde sua inauguração em 1963 até o advento da gestão laica, em 1980. A partir de investigação bibliográfica associada à intensa e ampla pesquisa documental em arquivos nacionais e internacionais, o presente trabalho vem a contribuir para a elucidação dos percursos legislativos e institucionais do encarceramento feminino identificando sujeitos históricos e seus papéis no quadro político-penal. Para tal, o texto traz a identificação e localização de um extenso aparato documental composto por fontes inéditas. Além disso, o trabalho identifica e propõe uma cronologia legislativa a respeito da execução penal no estado de São Paulo e em território nacional; e descortina a trajetória institucional da congregação do Bom Pastor, das origens à sua contratação para a administração prisional feminina no estado de São Paulo, analisando sua atuação. / The physical separation of men and women inside public prisons, although attempted to apply, was only nationally regulated with the Penal Code of 1940. Among the penitentiaries created from the Code is the Prison of Women of the State of São Paulo. Inaugurated in 1942, the establishment remained under the management of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd of Angers until 1977. The same Congregation also administered the Tremembé Women\'s Prison, from its inauguration in 1963 until the advent of secular management, In 1980. Based on bibliographical research associated with intense and extensive documentary research in national and international archives, the present work contributes to the elucidation of the legislative and institutional paths of female imprisonment, identifying historical subjects and their roles in the political-penal framework. For this, the text brings the identification and location of an extensive documentary apparatus composed of unpublished sources. In addition, the work identifies and proposes a legislative chronology regarding criminal execution in the state of São Paulo and in national territory; And reveals the institutional trajectory of the Good Shepherd congregation, from its origins to its hiring for the female prison administration in the state of São Paulo, analyzing its performance.

A separação física de homens e mulheres no interior das prisões públicas, embora experimentasse tentativas de aplicação, só foi nacionalmente regulamentada com o Código Penal de 1940. Entre as penitenciárias criadas a partir do Código figura o Presídio de Mulheres do Estado de São Paulo. Inaugurado em 1942, o estabelecimento permaneceu sob a gestão da Congregação de Nossa Senhora da Caridade do Bom Pastor de Angers até 1977. A mesma Congregação administrou, também, o Presídio Feminino de Tremembé, desde sua inauguração em 1963 até o advento da gestão laica, em 1980. A partir de investigação bibliográfica associada à intensa e ampla pesquisa documental em arquivos nacionais e internacionais, o presente trabalho vem a contribuir para a elucidação dos percursos legislativos e institucionais do encarceramento feminino identificando sujeitos históricos e seus papéis no quadro político-penal. Para tal, o texto traz a identificação e localização de um extenso aparato documental composto por fontes inéditas. Além disso, o trabalho identifica e propõe uma cronologia legislativa a respeito da execução penal no estado de São Paulo e em território nacional; e descortina a trajetória institucional da congregação do Bom Pastor, das origens à sua contratação para a administração prisional feminina no estado de São Paulo, analisando sua atuação. / The physical separation of men and women inside public prisons, although attempted to apply, was only nationally regulated with the Penal Code of 1940. Among the penitentiaries created from the Code is the Prison of Women of the State of São Paulo. Inaugurated in 1942, the establishment remained under the management of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd of Angers until 1977. The same Congregation also administered the Tremembé Women\'s Prison, from its inauguration in 1963 until the advent of secular management, In 1980. Based on bibliographical research associated with intense and extensive documentary research in national and international archives, the present work contributes to the elucidation of the legislative and institutional paths of female imprisonment, identifying historical subjects and their roles in the political-penal framework. For this, the text brings the identification and location of an extensive documentary apparatus composed of unpublished sources. In addition, the work identifies and proposes a legislative chronology regarding criminal execution in the state of São Paulo and in national territory; And reveals the institutional trajectory of the Good Shepherd congregation, from its origins to its hiring for the female prison administration in the state of São Paulo, analyzing its performance.

Current calls for prison abolition have been met with major public resistance. It is time for movements for prison abolition to engage with these questions: How have contemporary people of the United States come to accept mass incarceration and the prison industrial complex, and, what is the impact? Using an ethical framework informed by Martin Buber's I-It and I-Thou and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s ethical demands for integration, this thesis shows that the prison industrial complex is harmful to members of the free public by preventing our ability to recognize the full humanity of those sent behind bars, and therefore ourselves. Our system of mass incarceration relies upon the willingness of the society to first objectify criminals in order to rationalize their dehumanization through incarceration. By internalizing the practice of dehumanizing others, our humanity is objectified and our best moral self is compromised to ensure the prison industrial complex continues. The abolitionist movement must gain this insight in order to effectively address the fundamental ethical issue of prisons and also to connect the free victims to a dominating system of dehumanization, the prison industrial complex. / Graduation date: 2012

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Incarceration of offenders has been relied upon as the dominant sentence option through the years to address the objectives of punishment. Research has shown that the above-mentioned approach does not match the current lifestyle anymore. Correctional centres (prisons) not only in South Africa, but across the board are faced with the same challenge. This is of course not a problem of the Department of Correctional Services alone, but that of the entire justice system. It is therefore obligatory for Justice to join hands with society in accordance with the White Paper on Corrections in South Africa (2005:63-68). Playing a major role in all above-mentioned bodies is Parliament, without which the whole justice system would not exist, let alone functioning. The victims of crime would most probably not condone any soft approach towards treating offenders, worse with alleviating overpopulation by releasing inmates from correctional centres. It is the researcher's submission that the effects of overpopulation coupled with inmate's human rights, as entrenched in the Constitution becomes the major driving force to address overcrowding in our correctional centres. / Penelogy / (M.A. (Penelogy))

Ce mémoire porte sur la prison des Plaines d'Abraham à Québec de 1863 à 1877. L'étude s'intéresse particulièrement aux théories apparues au début du XIXe siècle sur la réhabilitation des prisonniers et à leur application à l'intérieur des murs de la nouvelle institution. Le but poursuivi par cette recherche est de savoir dans quelle mesure les théories réformistes sont mises en pratique à la prison des Plaines. Il ressort de manière évidente, malgré les pressions des inspecteurs des prisons et leurs recommandations de tous genres, que l'application des nouvelles idées ne suit que de loin l'idéal tracé par les réformateurs. Construit dans le respect des principes de la réforme, l'édifice est d'abord ouvert avant sa complétion, de sorte qu'on déroge très tôt aux conditions d'enfermement prévues. De plus, en abritant un trop grand nombre d'aliéné(e)s, de vieillards et d'indigent(e)s, l'institution dessert la mauvaise clientèle. Les normes de réhabilitation ne sont pas davantage respectées aux plans religieux, sanitaire et hospitalier et des lacunes importantes sont observées quant à la nature du travail imposé aux détenus. Il existe, en effet, une grande marge à l'intérieur des murs entre le travail dit réformateur et celui auquel on astreint les pensionnaires de l'État. Qui plus est, aucune formation ne leur est dispensée et aucun métier ne leur est enseigné. En un mot, tout tend à démontrer que la prison des Plaines d'Abraham est passée à côté des préceptes de la réforme carcérale qui a été à l'origine de sa construction. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2013

If the issue of prisoners of war has given rise to numerous studies in recent years, nevertheless, this topic is far from exhausted. Built on a large corpus of archival sources, this study fuels the debate on ransoms and prisoners with new material. Its originality lies in its broad chronological framework, i.e. the duration of the Hundred Years War, as well as its perspective – that of lower ranking as well as higher-ranking prisoners on both side of the Channel. What does it mean for those men to live in the once coined ‘golden age of private ransoms’? My investigations hinge around three different themes: the status of prisoners of war, the ransoming process and the networks of assistance. I argue that the widespread practice of ransoming becomes increasingly systematic in the late Middle Ages. More importantly, I show how this evolution comes ‘from below’; from the individual masters and prisoners who faced the multiple obstacles raised by the lack of official structure. Indeed, the ransoming of prisoners remained the preserve of private individuals throughout the war and no sovereign could afford that this became otherwise. It is specifically the non-interventionism of the crown and the large freedom of action of individuals which shaped the ransom system.

The circumstance of mass incarceration in the U.S. has reached the point of social crisis. When the statistics on imprisonment are demographically disaggregated, they point to the overrepresentation of imprisoned men and women of color. Paying special attention to Black men and women, critical race, prison advocacy, and Black feminist research has been vital in theorizing the structural and ideological implications of this racial inequity. The insight that the U.S. prison system constitutes a prison industrial complex arose from such scholarship. More recently, transnational feminism has offered insight into the specific experience and socio-historical contextualization of raced women within a transnational prison industrial complex. Based on transnational and Black feminist precepts, this thesis will argue the need to reframe the discursive position of imprisoned Black women in liberatory discourse. Using the work of Homi K. Bhabha, I contend that Black women’s discursive positions should be understood as “culturally undecidable.” Dominant paradigms of mainstream feminism have assigned Black women the task of fulfilling the ideal of “true womanhood.” Black feminist scholars have argued that this model erases and marginalizes Black women’s resistance. I suggest the imposition of this ideal rhetorically fixes Black women as victims, pathologizes them, and ultimately pathologizes the Black community. In contrast, renaming Black women’s discursive position as “culturally undecidable” creates the possibility to decenter the transnational networks that underpin the transnational prison industrial complex. To proffer this argument, I will analyze performative resistances and reifications of criminalization within narratives of imprisoned Black women and suggest performance practices to encourage Black women’s sense of agency. / text

The incarceration rate in the United States has increased dramatically in the period since 1945. How did the United States move from having stable incarceration rates in line with global norms to the largest system of incarceration in the world? This study examines the political and intellectual aspects of incarceration and theories of criminal justice by looking at the contributions of journalists, intellectuals and policy makers to the debate on whether the purpose of the justice system is rehabilitation, vengeance, deterrence or incapacitation. This thesis finds that justice and the institution of the prison itself are not immutable facts of modern civilization, but are human institutions vulnerable to the influence of politics, culture and current events.