Thèse de doctorat présentée en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche (Ph.D) / La santé psychologique est une composante essentielle au bon fonctionnement quotidien des individus. Celle-ci est influencée par plusieurs facteurs, dont leur emploi. Un employé possédant une bonne santé psychologique n’est pas seulement fondamental pour son propre bien-être, mais également pour les objectifs de l’organisation qui l’emploie. Effectivement, un employé qui vit beaucoup de bien-être psychologique au travail est plus satisfait de son emploi et est plus productif et efficace à la tâche. A contrario, un employé en détresse psychologique à son travail est à risque de développer plusieurs troubles psychologiques, dont la dépression, le burnout et l’anxiété, menant à plusieurs comportements indésirables et à un roulement du personnel accru. La résilience est un phénomène permettant aux employés de mieux gérer les conséquences toxiques des adversités caractéristiques du milieu organisationnel sur leur santé psychologique en protégeant leur bien-être et en limitant les impacts négatifs sur leur détresse psychologique. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont donc de rapporter les principales lacunes de la littérature scientifique au sujet des liens entre la résilience et la santé psychologique en milieu organisationnel et de proposer un modèle prédictif de la santé psychologique chez les directions et directions adjointes des établissements scolaires francophones. Le premier article est une revue de portée qui cartographie la connaissance scientifique sur les liens statistiques directs et indirects entre la résilience et deux facteurs de santé psychologique : le bien-être et la détresse psychologique. Cet article recueille les résultats d’études sur un large éventail d’emplois et de pays d’origine. Plusieurs biais et lacunes en lien avec la validité externe sont observés. La majorité des études proviennent des pays catégorisés WEIRD, étudient les emplois du secteur de la santé et sont motivées par l’arrivée d’une catastrophe telle que la pandémie au COVID-19. Le deuxième article propose un modèle prédictif du bien-être et de la détresse psychologique chez les directions et directions adjointes d’établissements ii scolaires francophones ontariennes et québécoises. Le modèle stipule que le climat de travail, la résilience et les habiletés politiques sont des inducteurs directs du bien-être et de la détresse. Le modèle proposé est également comparé à un modèle alternatif basé sur la théorie de conservation des ressources. Selon l’analyse acheminatoire, le modèle proposé représente le mieux les données et le climat de travail et la résilience prédisent statistiquement le bien-être et la détresse psychologique. La résilience est également le meilleur prédicteur de la santé psychologique. / Psychological health is an essential component for the proper daily functioning of individuals. This is influenced by several factors, including their work. An employee with good psychological health is not only fundamental for their own well-being, but also for the objectives of the organization that employs them. Indeed, an employee who experiences a lot of psychological well-being at work is more satisfied with their job and is more productive and efficient at work. Conversely, an employee in psychological distress is at risk of developing several psychological disorders, including depression, burnout, and anxiety, leading to several undesirable behaviors and increased staff turnover. Resilience is a phenomenon that allows employees to better manage the toxic consequences of the adversities characteristic of the organizational setting on their psychological health by protecting their well being and limiting the negative impacts on their psychological distress. The objectives of this thesis are therefore to report the gaps in the scientific literature on the links between resilience and psychological health in an organizational setting and to propose a predictive model of psychological health among principals and vice-principals of French-speaking schools. The first article is a scoping review that maps scientific knowledge on the direct and indirect statistical links between resilience and the two factors of psychological health: well-being and psychological distress. This article collects the results of studies on a wide range of jobs and countries of origin. Several shortcomings and biases are observed. The majority of studies come from countries categorized as WEIRD, study jobs in the health sector and are motivated by the arrival of a disaster such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The second article proposes a predictive model of well-being and psychological distress among principals and vice-principals of French-speaking schools from Ontario and Québec. The model states that work climate, resilience and political skills are direct drivers of well-being and distress. The proposed model is also compared to an alternative model based on the resource conservation theory. According to the path analysis, the proposed model best fits the data, and work climate and resilience statistically predict well-being and psychological distress. Resilience is also the best predictor of psychological health.

La présente thèse de doctorat porte sur la relation entre la perception de la justice organisationnelle, l’émission de comportements inadaptés au travail et la santé psychologique des individus au travail. En plus de développer un outil de mesure des comportements inadaptés au travail et d’entreprendre un processus de validation de celui-ci, le présent travail propose que les comportements inadaptés au travail puissent occuper un rôle soit protecteur ou explicatif dans la relation qui unit la perception de la justice organisationnelle avec la santé psychologique des individus au travail. Au sein de cette thèse, le premier article recense la documentation scientifique quant aux variables de la perception de la justice organisationnelle, de l’émission des comportements inadaptés au travail et de la santé psychologique des individus au travail, ainsi que les liens qui unissent ces variables. Aussi, les modèles conceptuels des rôles modérateur et médiateur des comportements inadaptés au travail sont proposés au sein de la relation entre la perception de la justice organisationnelle et la santé psychologique des individus au travail. Le deuxième article a pour objectif de développer un outil de mesure des comportements inadaptés au travail et de tester ses propriétés psychométriques. Ainsi, des analyses statistiques exploratoires et confirmatoires ont été effectuées. Afin d’appuyer la valeur critériée de l’outil proposé, une analyse corrélationnelle a été réalisée avec le critère de l’adaptation. Certaines valeurs psychométriques de l’outil sont validées par les résultats obtenus. Le troisième article examine empiriquement les modèles conceptuels des rôles anticipés des comportements inadaptés au travail dans la relation entre la perception de la justice organisationnelle et la santé psychologique des individus au travail. La perception de la justice organisationnelle a été vue sous les composantes distributive, procédurale, informationnelle et interpersonnelle. De son côté, la santé psychologique des individus a été observée par le biais des éléments du bien-être et de la détresse psychologique au travail. Les différentes analyses de régressions multiples hiérarchiques ont permis d’observer l’absence du rôle modérateur des comportements inadaptés au travail. Pour sa part, l’utilisation du test de Sobel a démontré la présence du rôle médiateur des comportements inadaptés au travail dans certaines relations. Plus exactement, celles-ci sont la relation entre la justice interpersonnelle et le bien-être psychologique au travail, la relation entre la justice interpersonnelle et la détresse psychologique au travail, ainsi que la relation entre la justice distributive et la détresse psychologique au travail. Finalement, la conclusion de la thèse présente une synthèse des résultats et expose les limites et pistes de recherches futures. / The present doctoral thesis treats of the relation between perception of organizational justice, emission of misbehaviours at work, and individuals’ psychological health at work. In addition to developing and undertaking a validation process for a measuring scale of misbehaviours at work, the present thesis proposes that these behaviours may occupy either a protective or an explicative role in the relationship that unites the perception of organizational justice with individuals’ psychological health at work. Within the thesis, the first article lists scientific literature concerning the perception of organizational justice, the emission of misbehaviours at work, and individuals’ psychological health at work. This article also includes a revue of links that unite the variables presently at study. Following this review, two conceptual models about possible roles played by misbehaviours at work in the relationship between perception of organizational justice and individuals’ psychological health at work are developed. More precisely, these models are conceptualisation of the moderating and mediating roles of inadequate work behaviours. The second article’s goal is the development of a measuring scale for misbehaviours at work and testing its psychometric proprieties. In this context, exploratory and confirmatory statistical analyses were made. Also, in order to support the criterion value of the proposed tool, a correlation analysis was made with the criteria of adaptation. The results showed that certain psychometric values were validated. The third article empirically examines the conceptual models developed about the possible roles played by misbehaviours at work in the relationship between perception of organizational justice and individuals’ psychological health at work. Organisational justice perception was analysed under distributive, procedural, informational and interpersonal components. As for individuals’ psychological health at work, it was observed through the psychological well-being and distress elements. The different multiple hierarchical regression analyses helped observe the absence of a moderator role for misbehaviours at work. Using the Sobel test showed the presence of a mediator role for misbehaviours at work in the relationship between the interpersonal organizational justice component and well-being, as well as psychological distress at work. This same test highlighted the mediator role of misbehaviours at work in the relationship between the distributive component of organizational justice and the psychological distress at work of individuals. Finally, the conclusion of this thesis presents a synthesis of the results and highlights the limits and future research ideas.

Объект исследования – счастье и психологическое благополучие. Предмет исследования – связь счастья и психологического благополучия человека с его отношением к смерти. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (69 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя Данные среднего и стандартного отклонения по исследуемым параметрам, показатели асимметрии и эксцесса, результаты сравнительного анализа, бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 114 страниц, на которых размещены 14 рисунков и 18 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируется и конкретизируется гипотеза, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме счастья, субъективного благополучия, психологического благополучия, отношения к смерти. Представлен раздел, посвященный исследованию связи уровня счастья и психологического благополучия с отношением к смерти. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: «Обновленный Оксфордский опросник счастья (Oxford Happiness Inventory)»; «Шкала психологического благополучия К. Рифф» в адаптации Л.В. Жуковской, Е.Г. Трошихиной; опросник Отношение к смерти» И.Ю. Кулагиной, Л.В. Сенкевич; опросник «Отношение к смерти» К.А. Чистопольской и соавт. Также в главе представлен сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутой гипотезе, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of research is happiness and psychological well-being. The subject of the study is the connection between happiness and psychological well-being of a person with his attitude towards death. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (69 sources) and an appendix, which includes data on the average and standard deviation for the parameters under study, indicators of asymmetry and kurtosis, results of a comparative analysis, forms of the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 114 pages, which contain 14 figures and 18 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates and concretizes the hypothesis, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of happiness, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and attitudes towards death. A section devoted to the study of the relationship between the level of happiness and psychological well-being and attitudes towards death is presented. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all methods used: "Updated Oxford Happiness Inventory"; "Scale of psychological well-being K. Riff" adapted by L.V. Zhukovskaya, E.G. Troshikhina; Questionnaire Attitude towards death” I.Yu. Kulagina, L.V. Senkevich; questionnaire "Attitude towards death" K.A. Chistopolskaya et al. The chapter also presents a comparative and correlation analysis of the results of the study. Chapter 2's conclusions include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypothesis put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated, and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.

Объект исследования: отношение к смерти. Предмет исследования: взаимосвязь отношения к смерти с экзистенциальной исполненностью человека. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (65 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя процентное распределение респондентов относительно их демографического положения, процентное распределение респондентов относительно их отношения к смерти, бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 114 страниц, на которых размещены 9 рисунков и 12 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируется и конкретизируется гипотеза, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме отношения к смерти, экзистенциальной исполненности, психологического благополучия. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию отношения к смерти, а также отношения к смерти в связи с экзистенциальной исполненностью человека. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: опросник Отношение к смерти» И.Ю. Кулагиной, Л.В. Сенкевич; опросник «Отношение к смерти» К.А. Чистопольской и соавт.; «Диагностика экзистенциальной исполненности: оригинальная русскоязычная версия теста экзистенциальных мотиваций» разработанная В.Б. Шумским, Е.М. Уколовой, Е.Н. Осиновым и Я.Д. Лупандиной.; «Шкала психологического благополучия К. Рифф» в адаптации Л.В. Жуковской, Е.Г. Трошихиной. Также в главе представлен сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутой гипотезе, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / Subject of study: the relationship of attitudes towards death with the existential fulfillment of a person. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (65 sources) and an appendix, which includes the percentage distribution of respondents in relation to their demographic status, the percentage distribution of respondents in relation to their attitude to death, forms of the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 114 pages, which contain 9 figures and 12 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates and concretizes the hypothesis, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of attitudes towards death, existential fulfillment, and psychological well-being. Sections devoted to the study of attitudes towards death, as well as attitudes towards death in connection with the existential fulfillment of a person, are presented. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: questionnaire Attitude towards death” I.Yu. Kulagina, L.V. Senkevich; questionnaire "Attitude towards death" K.A. Chistopolskaya et al.; "Diagnosis of existential fulfillment: the original Russian version of the test of existential motivations" developed by V.B. Shumsky, E.M. Ukolova, E.N. Osinov and Ya.D. Lupandina.; "Scale of psychological well-being K. Riff" adapted by L.V. Zhukovskaya, E.G. Troshikhina. The chapter also presents a comparative and correlation analysis of the results of the study. Chapter 2's conclusions include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypothesis put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated, and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.

Unemployment among young, less-educated coloured individuals is a major problem in the community of Worcester in the Western Cape. The purpose of the research study is to gain in-depth insight into the impact of unemployment on psychological well-being among young coloured people in Worcester. The study is based on a qualitative approach by conducting semi-structured interviews with twelve unemployed, coloured persons in Worcester. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 30 years, with the median age of 20.33 years. Purposive sampling and snowball techniques were used to select these unemployed young persons. Two instruments, a demographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide, were used to gather data on the research participants. The transcribed data were analysed by means of content thematic analysis and aided by thematic network analyses. The findings of the study suggest that unemployed participants experience negative feelings daily as a result of their unemployment. Some participants blamed themselves for previous mistakes that they had made, they feel a sense of failure to provide for their children's needs as parents, they expressed feelings of guilt or shame, and compared themselves with employed peers, which is indicative of low self-esteem. Furthermore, unemployment has a financial impact on participants which includes financial dependency on others, unemployment serving as a barrier to being able to fulfil future plans and aspirations as well as unemployment having an effect on the social life of participants in that participants appear to withdraw from social interaction and isolate themselves. For some participants there was a loss of a sense of purpose experiencing difficulties in structuring their time and generally spent their time with passive and purposeless activities. Despite being unemployed, certain other participants seek a sense of purpose and try to spend their time engaging in menial tasks or social activities. Participants expressed an overall positive attitude towards employment which includes regarding work as being very important as well as remaining optimistic about their chances of finding a job. Coping with unemployment daily emerged as one of the struggles experienced by the participants in the study. The process of coping with unemployment daily includes utilising a variety of coping strategies to manage their unemployment as well as to manage negative feelings that emerge from being unemployed. The coping strategies indicated by the participants include listening to music, sleeping, reading the Bible, and talking to their friends or family members. Participants also revealed that they needed and received two types of social support from family and friends to help them cope with their unemployment predicament; including a need for emotional support and a need for instrumental support. Participants in the study experienced judgment by community and family members daily because of their unemployed status which includes stigmatising comments. These comments are internalised by participants which may exert a negative impact on their psychological well-being. Limitations of the study includes, participants could have answered the questions of the semi-structured guide in a socially desirable manner as well as the audio-recorded interviews were transcribed into Afrikaans and translated into English and as such, some of the meaning of what the participants had said could have been lost in the translation process. Recommendations for further research includes exploring whether perceived support have a greater beneficial effect on the psychological well-being of unemployed individuals than received support, as well as the role such types of support play in coping with unemployment. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Unemployment among young, less-educated coloured individuals is a major problem in the community of Worcester in the Western Cape. The purpose of the research study is to gain in-depth insight into the impact of unemployment on psychological well-being among young coloured people in Worcester. The study is based on a qualitative approach by conducting semi-structured interviews with twelve unemployed, coloured persons in Worcester. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 30 years, with the median age of 20.33 years. Purposive sampling and snowball techniques were used to select these unemployed young persons. Two instruments, a demographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide, were used to gather data on the research participants. The transcribed data were analysed by means of content thematic analysis and aided by thematic network analyses. The findings of the study suggest that unemployed participants experience negative feelings daily as a result of their unemployment. Some participants blamed themselves for previous mistakes that they had made, they feel a sense of failure to provide for their children's needs as parents, they expressed feelings of guilt or shame, and compared themselves with employed peers, which is indicative of low self-esteem. Furthermore, unemployment has a financial impact on participants which includes financial dependency on others, unemployment serving as a barrier to being able to fulfil future plans and aspirations as well as unemployment having an effect on the social life of participants in that participants appear to withdraw from social interaction and isolate themselves. For some participants there was a loss of a sense of purpose experiencing difficulties in structuring their time and generally spent their time with passive and purposeless activities. Despite being unemployed, certain other participants seek a sense of purpose and try to spend their time engaging in menial tasks or social activities. Participants expressed an overall positive attitude towards employment which includes regarding work as being very important as well as remaining optimistic about their chances of finding a job. Coping with unemployment daily emerged as one of the struggles experienced by the participants in the study. The process of coping with unemployment daily includes utilising a variety of coping strategies to manage their unemployment as well as to manage negative feelings that emerge from being unemployed. The coping strategies indicated by the participants include listening to music, sleeping, reading the Bible, and talking to their friends or family members. Participants also revealed that they needed and received two types of social support from family and friends to help them cope with their unemployment predicament; including a need for emotional support and a need for instrumental support. Participants in the study experienced judgment by community and family members daily because of their unemployed status which includes stigmatising comments. These comments are internalised by participants which may exert a negative impact on their psychological well-being. Limitations of the study includes, participants could have answered the questions of the semi-structured guide in a socially desirable manner as well as the audio-recorded interviews were transcribed into Afrikaans and translated into English and as such, some of the meaning of what the participants had said could have been lost in the translation process. Recommendations for further research includes exploring whether perceived support have a greater beneficial effect on the psychological well-being of unemployed individuals than received support, as well as the role such types of support play in coping with unemployment. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)