Le PTFE ne peut pas être mis en forme par les procédés classiquement employés pour les polymères. La production de pièce peut se faire par compaction de poudre et frittage. Des charges peuvent être ajoutées à la poudre vierge. Afin de prédire les propriétés de la pièce à vert et d'avoir un outil fiable pour optimiser les paramètres du procédé de compaction, une modélisation du comportement mécanique de poudres de PTFE chargées, ou non, à température ambiante lors du pressage industriel est proposée. La caractérisation expérimentale des matériaux est réalisée grâce à un outil de compaction 3D installé dans la machine triaxiale ASTREE. A partir de ces essais originaux, un modèle Drucker-Prager/cap est identifié. Les variations importantes de densités et de propriétés sont décrites. Le changement de phase cristalline, prenant place à température ambiante et sous pression est également caractérisé, modélisé et implémenté dans le code EF. Ensuite, l'interaction entre le PTFE et l'outil métallique est vue comme un frottement interne entre le film de transfert de PTFE et le reste de la pièce. Elle est modélisée à partir des paramètres déjà identifiés, à savoir le coefficient de frottement interne du Drucker-Prager et la cohésion. Deux tests sont mis en place pour valider le modèle: un outil ¿dométrique instrumenté et un outil original " en V " offrant la possibilité de mesurer le champ de déplacement par Corrélation d'Image Numérique. Des simulations EF de l'ensemble du procédé sont finalement effectuées et comparées aux données industrielles. Les premiers liens entre les étapes de compaction et de frittage sont établis par caractérisation de la texture cristalline par DRX. / PTFE is not melt-processible. One of the production methods of PTFE parts consists in the powder compaction at room temperature followed by a thermal treatment, the sintering. Fillers can be added to the virgin powder. In order to be able to predict the properties of the obtained green parts and to have a reliable tool to optimize the parameters of the process, modeling of the mechanical behavior of PTFE compounds during their industrial pressing in big billets is proposed. Experimental characterization is made thanks to a 3D compaction tool, installed in the triaxial machine ASTREE. From original and complex loadings, a Drucker-Prager/cap model is identified, where the variations of density and properties are described. In addition to the elastoplastic model, a phase transformation in the crystalline structure at ambient temperature under pressure is experimentally characterized, modeled and implemented in the FE code. Then the interaction of the PTFE with a metallic counterpart is described as a friction between the PTFE transfer film and the bulk PTFE, characterized by the internal friction coefficient of the Drucker-Prager line once the cohesion of the material is reached. No additional parameter needs to be identified. Two laboratory tests allow the validation of the model, an instrumented œdometric tool and an original ‘V’ tool where the displacement field of the material during the compaction is measured by Digital Image Correlation. FE simulation of the whole compaction process is finally made and compared to industrial data. First links between the compaction and the sintering are established by a characterization of the crystalline texture thanks to XRD.

Mimicking nature gives rise to many important facets of biomaterials. This study is inspired by nature and reports on the fabrication of an intercalated polymer-NiTi nanocomposite that mimics the structural order of urethral tissue performing micturition. PTFE is chosen due to its hydrophobicity, low surface energy, and thermal and chemical stability. NiTi has been selected as a prime candidate for this research due to its excellent mechanical stability, corrosion resistance, energy absorbance, shape memory and biocompatibility. Nanoscale engineering of intercalated nanocomposites is done by PVD sputtering PTFE and NiTi. FTIR spectroscopy confirms that PTFE reforms as polymer chains after sputtering. Suitable PVD sputtering parameters were selected by investigating their influence on deposition rates, microstructure and properties of PTFE and NiTi thin films. PTFE forms stable nanocomposite coatings with NiTi and displays favourable surface interactions, known as ‘intercalation’. Intercalated PTFE-NiTi films were fabricated as layered and co-sputtered thin films. Co-sputtered nanocomposites contained nearly one-third vacant sites within its internal microstructure because of intercalation while intercalation introduced minute pits in fibrous NiTi columns of layered nanocomposites. These pits allow PTFE to extend their chains and crosslinks, resulting in microstructural and functional changes in the thin films. Intercalated PTFE-NiTi nanocomposites offer a close match to the natural tissue in terms of responding to the fluid contact (wetting angle modifications), and allow the soft and hard matter to incorporate in one framework without any chemical reactions (intercalation). An intercalated microstructure in co-sputtered and layered nanocomposites was verified by EDS-SEM and EDS-TEM techniques. The functional responses were witnessed by changes in water contact angle (WCA) and coefficient of friction (CoF) values measured on the film surface. The WCA (99°) and CoF (0.1 – 0.2) of the intercalated nanocomposite (sample PNT12) were different to the NiTi (top layer). WCA and CoF indicate the internal microstructural interactions because of intercalation. Although the pseudoelastic behaviour of NiTi can provide additional fluid response but the difficulty is an absence of crystallinity in as-deposited NiTi, and the heat treatment that melts PTFE. However, DSC and XRD techniques were employed to find the optimum NiTi composition and transition temperatures for phase transformation related to pseudoelasticity. This study provides the basis to incorporate the shape memory (pseudoelasticity or thermal shape memory effect (shape memory effect)) features of NiTi into the intercalated nanocomposite in future. The intercalated PTFE-NiTi nanocomposite reveals a fascinating research precinct, having the response generating characteristics similar to that of natural tissue.

[pt] Membranas de politetrafluoretileno (PTFE) são empregadas na odontologia como barreiras biocompatíveis para impedir o crescimento de células impróprias para a regeneração óssea guiada. Uma das membranas comerciais mais usadas mundialmente é a Gore-Tex, desenvolvida e comercializada desde a década de oitenta. Membranas similares têm surgido nos últimos anos, desde o término do período de proteção da patente da membrana Gore-Tex. No entanto, não existe ainda membrana com propriedades similares fabricadas no Brasil. A pesquisa proposta objetivou desenvolver uma membrana de PTFE com características semelhantes às da membrana Gore-Tex, em particular, a morfologia superficial e a presença de porosidade. A fabricação da membrana depende do uso de uma fita que pode ser obtida por extrusão de partículas de PTFE. A fita é tracionada em duas direções distintas, uma no sentido original das fibras do PTFE e outra perpendicular, sob condições térmicas apropriadas. A morfologia final da membrana resulta da superposição e união de duas fitas processadas. O material inicialmente foi analisado calorimetria diferencial de varredura. A morfologia das membranas foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a porosidade estimada por processamento digital de imagens, empregando o programa KS400. Foi possível estabelecer um procedimento de fabricação envolvendo tracionamento e tratamento térmico capazes de fornecer membranas com morfologia e porosidade semelhantes às das membranas comercializadas pela W.L. Gore and Associates. / [en] Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Membranes are used in dentistry as biocompatible barriers to prevent undesired cells growth for guided bone regeneration (GBR). One of the most worldwide used commercial membrane is Gore-Tex. This membrane was developed and marketed since the eighties decade of the last century. Similar membranes have emerged in recent years, since the end of the patent protection period of the Gore-Tex. However, there is not any membrane with similar properties manufactured in Brazil. The proposed research aimed to develop a PTFE membrane with similar characteristics to the Gore-Tex membrane, in particular, the surface morphology and the porosity presence. The manufacturer of the membrane uses a tape that can be obtained by extrusion of PTFE particles. The tape is pulled in two different directions; one in the original fiber is direction and the other in a perpendicular, direction under appropriate thermal conditions. The final membrane morphology resulted from the overlapping and union of two processed tapes. The starting material was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetric. The morphology of the membranes was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and the porosity estimated by digital image processing, using the KS400 program. It was possible to establish a procedure involving pulling, tractioning and heat treatment that provides membranes with similar morphology and porosity of the PTFE-e membranes marketed by W.L. Gore and Associates.

Among the materials that can be treated in order to impart superhydrophobic properties are many originally hydrophilic metals. For this, they must undergo a sequential treatment, including roughening and hydrophobic coating. This contribution presents various preparation routes along with various characterization methods, such as dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopic techniques (FT–IRRAS, XPS, EIS). Micro-rough surfaces of pure and alloyed aluminum were generated most easily by using a modifie Sulfuric Acid Anodization under Intensifie conditions (SAAi). This produces a micro-mountain-like oxide morphology with peak-to-valley heights of 2 μm and sub-μm roughness components. Additionally, micro-embossed and micro-blasted surfaces were investigated. These micro-roughened initial states were chemically modifie with a solution of a hydrophobic compound, such as the reactive f uoroalkylsilane PFATES, the reactive alkyl group containing polymer POMA, or the polymer Teflo ® AF. Alternatively, the chemical modificatio was made by a Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition (HFCVD) of a PTFE layer. The latter can form a considerably higher thickness than the wet-deposited coatings, without detrimental leveling effects being observed in comparison with the original micro-rough surface. The inherent and controllable morphology of the PTFE layers represents an important feature. The impacts of a standardized artificia weathering (WTH) on the wetting behavior and the surface-chemical properties were studied and discussed in terms of possible damage mechanisms. A very high stability of the superhydrophobicity was observed for the f uorinated wet-deposited PFATES and Teflo ® AF coatings as well as for some of the PTFE layer variants, all on SAAi-pretreated substrates. Very good results were also obtained for specimens produced by appropriate mechanical roughening and PTFE coating.

Målet med detta arbete är att undersöka smörjsystemet på två utsatta leder på en Boomer E2C. Förfrågan om examensarbetet kommer från Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB i Örebro som också tillverkar maskinen. Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB har idag ett fettsmörjningssystem som upprätthåller funktionerna på lederna. Uppgiften är att sammanfatta och utvärdera dagens system samt att finna nya lösningsförslag som skulle kunna ersätta eller delvis ersätta systemet. Information har hämtats från dokumentation, ritningar och samtal med konstruktörer på företaget. Efter att alla förutsättningarna för lederna specificerats så har lösningsförslag sökts. Genom att träffa lagerleverantörer och söka artiklar så har idéer formats. Brainstorming har använts för att kunna se nya lösningar. Undersökningen har visat att det finns problem med dagens lösning vad gäller slanghaverier och driftstopp i fält. Atlas Copco AB uttrycker även att kunskapen och dokumentationen angående systemet är otillräckligt. Efter artikelsökning så kan konstateras att forskningen och kunskapen på området med tungt belastade, oscillerande och fettsmörjda leder är liten. Dimensionering sker ofta med hjälp av erfarenhet och med tankesättet ”det har fungerat förut”. När lösningsförslagen har jämförts så har detta gjorts genom att använda metoden AHP (Analytic Hierachy Process). Med denna metod så jämför man kriterierna från kravspecifikationen med lösningsförslag så att man matematiskt kan räkna fram ett vinnande lösningsförslag. Resultatet visar att en smörjfri lösning skulle teoretiskt vara att föredra. Denna skulle tillverkas av en modern polymer och kompletteras med en inre tätning och ett yttre skydd. Atlas Copco rekommenderas att testa de olika förslagen för att komma fram till vilken som är bäst lämpad för applikationen. / The goal of this work is to investigate the lubrication system on two exposed joints on a Boomer E2C. The request for the thesis comes from Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, Örebro, which also manufactures the machine. Today Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB has a grease lubrication system that secures the function of the joints. The task is to summarize and evaluate the current systems and to find new solutions that would be able to replace or partially replace the current system. Information was gathered from documents, construction drawings and conversations with engineers at the company. Solutions and ideas have been formed by meeting stock suppliers and searching for articles. Brainstorming has been used in order to find new solutions. The investigation has shown that there are problems with the current solution in terms of hose failures and downtime in the field. Atlas Copco AB also expresses that there is a lack of documentation and knowledge regarding the lubrication system. After the various article searches it became clear that research and knowledge in the area with heavy duty, oscillating and grease lubricated joints is insufficient. The design is often done with the help of experience and with the mindset "it has worked before." When the solutions and ideas have been compared, this has been done by using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). This method compares the criteria that must be fulfilled by the solutions and then calculates the best one. The results show that a lubrication-free solution would theoretically be preferable. This would be produced by a modern polymer and supplemented with an inner seal and an outer protection. Atlas Copco is recommended to test the various proposals to be able to decide which the best solution for the application is.

Die inhärenten elastomeren Eigenschaften von Gummiwerkstoffen sind im Vergleich zu Thermoplasten in vielen Spezialanwendungen vorteilhaft. Jedoch sind ihre schlechten Reibungs- und Verschleißeigenschaften ein wesentlicher Nachteil besonders bei tribologischen Anwendungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Reibung, Verschleiß und mechanische Eigenschaften von Gummiwerkstoffen, die Polytetrafluorethylen(PFTE)-Pulver enthalten, untersucht. Hauptziel war dabei die Verbesserung der Reibungs- und Verschleißeigenschaften bei weiterer Erhöhung der mechanischen Eigenschaften der Elastomere. Es ist bekannt, dass sich Reibungs- und Verschleißeigenschaften gummiähnlicher Materialien in vielfältiger Weise von den Reibungseigenschaften der meisten anderen Festkörper unterscheiden. Die Gründe dafür sind das viskoelastische Verhalten und der sehr geringe elastische Modul von Gummi. Die Verwendung von mit Elektronen modifizierten PTFE-Pulvern in Ethylen-Propylen-Dien-Monomer (EPDM) Kautschuken führt zu einer signifikanten Reduzierung der Reibung, Erhöhung der Verschleißfestigkeit und gleichzeitig zu verbesserten mechanischen Eigenschaften in Folge einer speziellen chemischen Kopplung zwischen dem modifiziertem PTFE-Pulver und dem EPDM. Gummirezeptur, Vernetzungsmethode und die viskoelastischen Materialeigenschaften beeinflussen wesentlich die tribologischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften. Morphologie, Dispersion und die chemische Kopplung des PTFE-Pulvers haben einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten. Die viskoelastischen Materialeigenschaften, d.h. Härte, E-Modul und tan delta (Verlustfaktor) der Gummimischungen sind kritische Parameter und erfordern deshalb eine Optimierung. In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Modellsysteme untersucht, die auf zwei unterschiedlichen Kautschuktypen basieren: a) Ethylen-Propylene-Diene-Monomer (EPDM) Kautschuk und b) Polychloropren Kautschuk (CR). / The inherent elastomeric properties of rubber compounds in comparison to thermoplastics are advantageous in many special purpose applications. However, their characteristic poor friction and wear properties are of prime concern especially in tribological applications. In the present work, friction, wear and mechanical properties of rubber compounds based on PTFE powder have been investigated. The main aim was to improve the friction and wear properties while further enhancing the mechanical properties of rubber compounds. As known, friction and wear behaviour of rubber-like materials differ in many ways from the frictional properties of most other solids. The reason for this is the high viscoelasticity and very low elastic modulus of rubber. The use of electron-modified PTFE powder in EPDM results in significant improvement in reducing friction, enhancing wear resistance and simultaneously improving mechanical properties due to specific chemical coupling between modified PTFE powder and EPDM. The rubber formulation, crosslinking mode and bulk viscoelastic properties strongly influences friction, wear and mechanical properties. The morphology, dispersion, and specific chemical coupling of PTFE powder play a significant role on friction and wear behaviour. The bulk viscoelastic properties, i.e. hardness, modulus and tan delta (loss factor) of the compounds are critical parameters and therefore, requires optimization. In this work two model systems based on two different rubber matrixes i.e. Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer (EPDM) and Chloroprene (CR) rubber have been investigated.

Vattenavvisning och smutsavvisning är två egenskaper hos textila produkter som idag eftertraktas av konsumenter. En ämnesgrupp som är direkt relaterad till ovan nämnda egenskaper är fluorkarboner. Ibland förs fluorkarboner på en redan färdigtillverkad textilvara genom impregnering, laminering eller beläggning. Polymeren PTFE, polytetrafluoreten, används inom textil beläggning och som huvudkomponent i membran för att skydda textiler från vatten och smuts. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka om någon effekt av vatten- och smutsavvisning kan uppvisas vid integration av PTFE-fiber i polyester- eller viskosgarn. PTFE-fibern blandades i olika koncentrationer med både polyester och viskos. De olika blandningarna genomgick ett flertal processer, från garntillverkning till framställning av provkroppar i form av stickat material samt tester. En litteraturstudie och ett praktiskt arbete har legat till grund för arbetet och bidragit till slutsatsen. Utifrån de tester som gjordes kunde slutsatsen dras att vid integration av PTFE-fibrer i polyestergarn uppvisas en viss effekt av vattenavvisning. En oljeavvisande effekt vid test med kolväten uppvisades dock inte. Orsaken till detta resultat tros vara att varukonstruktionen inte var riktigt lämpad för de tester som utförts och därmed påverkat det slutgiltiga resultatet / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

Le développement de nouveaux convertisseurs énergétiques non polluants et non dépendants des énergies fossiles est un enjeu environnemental, économique et politique crucial auquel les piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons (PEM) pourraient répondre. La démocratisation de ces systèmes passe par l'amélioration de leurs performances, la réduction de leur coût lié essentiellement à l'utilisation de platine et par l'augmentation de leur durée de vie. Ce travail vise à améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu et à apporter une solution aux différents verrous technologiques en utilisant des matériaux modèles tels que les aérogels de carbone comme support de catalyseur dans les couches catalytiques cathodiques de piles à combustible PEM. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, l'impact de la texture du support carboné sur les performances électrochimiques en Assemblage Membrane Electrodes (AME) a été étudié. Puis nous avons analysé l'influence de la composition de la couche catalytique cathodique sur les performances, comparé différentes méthodes de dépôt de platine et enfin étudié le vieillissement des aérogels de carbone en AME sur banc monocellule. Ces études ont montré l'influence de l'architecture du support carboné sur les performances, l'impact positif de l'utilisation de PTFE dans la couche catalytique cathodique ainsi que l'intérêt de valider le protocole de dépôt de platine en fonction des performances au temps t=0 et au cours du vieillissement. Enfin, l'étude de la tenue au vieillissement des aérogels de carbone a montré que des progrès restaient à faire dans ce domaine.

It is no doubt, that the ski glide over the snow is a very complicated object of research. However, ski glide is just a one area of many other areas of human knowledge. As a rule, the scientists and practitioners, who work in these areas, operate with some publicly expressed more or less solid hypotheses. These researchers work with one hypothesis until another and a better one comes up. Our literature studies and our own observations regarding modern skis preparations, did not give us any solid hypotheses, which are able to explain the actual form and content of this procedure. The present work is an attempt to reveal such hypotheses. Conclusion: To achieve an optimal glide on skis with the base (the ski sole) made of some high hydrophobic durable polymer, e.g. UHMWPE, PTFE; we only have to create an adequate topography (texture) on the ski running surface, adequate to the actual snow conditions.

As one category of energetic materials, impact-initiated reactive materials are able to release a high amount of stored chemical energy under high strain rate impact loading, and are used extensively in civil and military applications. In general, polymers are introduced as binder materials to trap the reactive metal powders inside, and also act as an oxidizing agent for the metal ingredient. Since critical attention has been paid on the metal / metal reaction, only a few types of polymer / reactive metal interactions have been studied in the literature. With the higher requirement of materials resistant to different thermal and mechanical environments, the understanding and characterization of polymer / reactive metal interactions are in great demand. In this study, PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) 7A / Ti (Titanium) composites were studied under high strain rates by utilizing the Taylor impact and SHPB tests. Taylor impact tests with different impact velocities, sample dimensions and sample configurations were conducted on the composite, equipped with a high-speed camera for tracking transient images during the sudden process. SHPB and Instron tests were carried out to obtain the stress vs. strain curves of the composite under a wide range of strain rates, the result of which were also utilized for fitting the constitutive relations of the composite based on the modified Johnson-Cook strength model. Thermal analyses by DTA tests under different flow rates accompanied with XRD identification were conducted to study the reaction mechanism between PTFE 7A and Ti when only heat was provided. Numerical simulations on Taylor impact tests and microstructural deformations were also performed to validate the constitutive model built for the composite system, and to investigate the possible reaction mechanism between two components. The results obtained from the high strain rate tests, thermal analyses and numerical simulations were combined to provide a systematic study on the reaction mechanism between PTFE and Ti in the composite systems, which will be instructive for future energetic studies on other polymer / reactive metal systems.