Les expositions de projets d’art public, nouvelle forme de commande artistique née dans les années 1970, changent de manière significative les paramètres de la création artistique contemporaine dans la ville. Associant une présentation dans l’espace public à la création in situ, elles incitent les artistes à réaliser leurs œuvres en vue d’un événement citadin et en fonction d’éléments spécifiques du contexte d’exposition urbain (comme la topographie du lieu, son histoire, son architecture...). Si l’impulsion première que ces manifestations délivrent aux artistes est primordiale pour la création de tout projet d’art public, elles laissent une marque plus précise dans les attaches individuelles qui relient ces œuvres à leurs sites urbains. Retraçant l’évolution du concept d’exposition de ses origines jusqu’en 2007, se dessinent successivement trois générations principales dont la césure correspond, au niveau de leur contenu artistique, à des élargissements substantiels du vocabulaire formel des participants. Une distinction entre formes abstraite, urbaine et relationnelle nous permet d’évaluer des retombées importantes de la commande artistique sur les œuvres en saisissant les différents degrés de leur intégration contextuelle, laquelle atteint son apogée dans des projets qui se construisent autour de ready-mades assistés ou simples trouvés sur place.Nouveaux types de monuments, éphémères pour la plupart, ces derniers constituent un art public sans précédents historiques dont nous mesurons, à travers l’exemple de douze études de cas, le rapport à la démarche artistique individuelle. / In the 1970s site-specificity revolutionizes the framework for artists working in the arena of public art. A new exhibition format, entirely based on new commissions, extends institutional activity way into the heart of the city space. By challenging artists to create new works that engage their particular urban surroundings (for example, the topographical, historical or architectural aspects of a site), these exhibitions of mostly temporary public art projects give a crucial new impulse to contemporary artistic creation in the city.This dissertation examines the effects this new form of commission exerts on the artists’ works by analyzing the ties that bind the projects to their installation sites. Following the evolution of public art project exhibitions from their inception to 2007, we distinguish between three main trends. Not only do they present major organizational differences, but their artistic content is characterized by a successive and substantial expansion of the participants’ formal vocabulary. A distinction between an abstract, an urban and a relational form enables us to evaluate the different degrees of contextual integration of extrinsic elements into the works of art and to locate the impact these commissions have on projects created with urban ready-mades found on the site. New types of monuments, mostly ephemeral, constitute a public art without historic precedents and of which we measure, at the example of twelve case studies, the relation to individual artistic methods.

A partir de um olhar e de uma escuta direcionadas à cidade, objetivou-se a experiência do corpo no espaço urbano por meio do caminhar como ação poética capaz de suscitar um corpo-crítico que percebesse na paisagem e na arquitetura dos mobiliários urbanos instalados os ideais de cerceamento que fomentam os desequilíbrios sociais e a segregação urbana. A metodologia utilizada inspirou-se na flanerie na cidade, com um mapeamento do uso de espaços públicos, seguido de levantamento das arquiteturas dos mobiliários urbanos, para que as mesmas fossem Re-projetadas, além da coleta feita da paisagem sonora do lugar. Buscou-se assim revelar as segregações, brechas e vazios produzidos por uma anti-arquitetura que cauteriza a experiência sensorial de imersão do corpo na cidade quando estas revelam, na escala fílmica aqui proposta, a solidão e angústia, frutos da leitura de uma cidade fragmentada pelo desenho urbano de onde os vazios, as ausências e o caos engolfam a vida, anulando a experiência do corpo na cidade. / From a direct observation and an attentive listening to the city, this research emphasizes the experience of the body in the urban space taking the act of walking as poetical action as a means to excite a critical-body that could perceive in the landscape and in the architecture of the urban furniture installed the method of clipping ideals that foment social unbalance and urban segregation. The methodology used was inspired in flanerie in the city, with a mapping of the use of public spaces, followed by a survey of the architectures of the urban furniture, so that the same ones were re-projected, beyond the collection of the sonorous landscape of the place. One thus searched to disclose to the segregations, breaches and emptinesses produced by an anti-architecture that cauterizes the sensorial experience of immersion of the body in the city when these polarize on the filmic scale disclosing to the solitude and anguish, fruits of the reading of a city broken up for the urban drawing from where the emptinesses, the absences and the chaos engulf life, annulling the experience of the body in the city.

A partir de uma analise da representação de procissões por artistas brasileiros em pinturas do século XX, a pesquisa analisa o desenvolvimento da organização de procissões por artistas em meio performático nos espaços públicos das cidades do Brasil e no mundo. Ao apresentar vários exemplos, o autor descreve as procissões organizadas por artistas como uma performance de resistência no Brasil em domínio público, antes, durante e após a ditadura militar. Ao traçar essa história por meio de exemplos cronologicamente expostos, e uma série de 25 entrevistas com artistas brasileiros e internacionais (transcritos no primeiro apêndice), a tese procurou demonstrar a grande variedade de temas e contextos que motivam artistas a organizar procissões e as formas que as performances podem tomar. O capítulo 3 analisa as possibilidades de participação do público nas procissões traçando comparações entre realidades brasileiras e internacionais com a recente teoria de estética relacional. O capítulo 4 introduz a variedade de documentação e elementos esculturais que surgem de eventos efêmeros e a sua apresentação em exposições. O capítulo 5 levanta questões a volta de tempo e agenciamento em projetos artísticos participativos, e assim torna-se evidente que as procissões e desfiles organizados por esses agentes culturais tentam manter seu potencial crítico, ao mesmo tempo que se tornaram um meio de apoio institucional. O segundo apêndice lista obras para uma possível exposição com vestígios, obras e documentos que resultam das procissões organizadas por artistas. / Based on an analysis of the representation of processions by Brazilian artists in 20th century paintings, the research analyzes the development of processions organized by artists as performance in the public spaces of cities in Brazil and abroad. In presenting several examples, the author describes the processions organized by artists as a performance of resistance in Brazil in the public domain before, during and after the military dictatorship. In tracing this history through examples chronologically since 1931 and a series of 25 interviews with Brazilian and international artists (transcribed in the first appendix), the thesis seeks to demonstrate the wide variety of themes and contexts that motivate artists to organize processions and the forms these can take. Chapter 3 analyzes the possibilities of public participation in the processions drawing comparisons between Brazilian and international realities with the recent theory of relational aesthetics. Chapter 4 introduces the variety of documentation and sculptural elements that emerge from ephemeral events and their presentation in exhibitions. Chapter 5 raises questions about time and agency in participatory art projects, making it clear that the processions and parades organized by these cultural agents attempt to maintain their critical potential, while they have also become a means of institutional support. The second appendix lists works for a possible exhibition

A partir de uma analise da representação de procissões por artistas brasileiros em pinturas do século XX, a pesquisa analisa o desenvolvimento da organização de procissões por artistas em meio performático nos espaços públicos das cidades do Brasil e no mundo. Ao apresentar vários exemplos, o autor descreve as procissões organizadas por artistas como uma performance de resistência no Brasil em domínio público, antes, durante e após a ditadura militar. Ao traçar essa história por meio de exemplos cronologicamente expostos, e uma série de 25 entrevistas com artistas brasileiros e internacionais (transcritos no primeiro apêndice), a tese procurou demonstrar a grande variedade de temas e contextos que motivam artistas a organizar procissões e as formas que as performances podem tomar. O capítulo 3 analisa as possibilidades de participação do público nas procissões traçando comparações entre realidades brasileiras e internacionais com a recente teoria de estética relacional. O capítulo 4 introduz a variedade de documentação e elementos esculturais que surgem de eventos efêmeros e a sua apresentação em exposições. O capítulo 5 levanta questões a volta de tempo e agenciamento em projetos artísticos participativos, e assim torna-se evidente que as procissões e desfiles organizados por esses agentes culturais tentam manter seu potencial crítico, ao mesmo tempo que se tornaram um meio de apoio institucional. O segundo apêndice lista obras para uma possível exposição com vestígios, obras e documentos que resultam das procissões organizadas por artistas. / Based on an analysis of the representation of processions by Brazilian artists in 20th century paintings, the research analyzes the development of processions organized by artists as performance in the public spaces of cities in Brazil and abroad. In presenting several examples, the author describes the processions organized by artists as a performance of resistance in Brazil in the public domain before, during and after the military dictatorship. In tracing this history through examples chronologically since 1931 and a series of 25 interviews with Brazilian and international artists (transcribed in the first appendix), the thesis seeks to demonstrate the wide variety of themes and contexts that motivate artists to organize processions and the forms these can take. Chapter 3 analyzes the possibilities of public participation in the processions drawing comparisons between Brazilian and international realities with the recent theory of relational aesthetics. Chapter 4 introduces the variety of documentation and sculptural elements that emerge from ephemeral events and their presentation in exhibitions. Chapter 5 raises questions about time and agency in participatory art projects, making it clear that the processions and parades organized by these cultural agents attempt to maintain their critical potential, while they have also become a means of institutional support. The second appendix lists works for a possible exhibition

A partir de um olhar e de uma escuta direcionadas à cidade, objetivou-se a experiência do corpo no espaço urbano por meio do caminhar como ação poética capaz de suscitar um corpo-crítico que percebesse na paisagem e na arquitetura dos mobiliários urbanos instalados os ideais de cerceamento que fomentam os desequilíbrios sociais e a segregação urbana. A metodologia utilizada inspirou-se na flanerie na cidade, com um mapeamento do uso de espaços públicos, seguido de levantamento das arquiteturas dos mobiliários urbanos, para que as mesmas fossem Re-projetadas, além da coleta feita da paisagem sonora do lugar. Buscou-se assim revelar as segregações, brechas e vazios produzidos por uma anti-arquitetura que cauteriza a experiência sensorial de imersão do corpo na cidade quando estas revelam, na escala fílmica aqui proposta, a solidão e angústia, frutos da leitura de uma cidade fragmentada pelo desenho urbano de onde os vazios, as ausências e o caos engolfam a vida, anulando a experiência do corpo na cidade. / From a direct observation and an attentive listening to the city, this research emphasizes the experience of the body in the urban space taking the act of walking as poetical action as a means to excite a critical-body that could perceive in the landscape and in the architecture of the urban furniture installed the method of clipping ideals that foment social unbalance and urban segregation. The methodology used was inspired in flanerie in the city, with a mapping of the use of public spaces, followed by a survey of the architectures of the urban furniture, so that the same ones were re-projected, beyond the collection of the sonorous landscape of the place. One thus searched to disclose to the segregations, breaches and emptinesses produced by an anti-architecture that cauterizes the sensorial experience of immersion of the body in the city when these polarize on the filmic scale disclosing to the solitude and anguish, fruits of the reading of a city broken up for the urban drawing from where the emptinesses, the absences and the chaos engulf life, annulling the experience of the body in the city.

Pour notre mémoire, nous proposons d'analyser comment s'est définie l'intervention des villes québécoises qui ont associé des sculpteurs à la démarche de conception des espaces publics. Nos recherches visent à démontrer que, à l'instar des instances françaises, les dirigeants des grandes villes du Québec tentent actuellement d'instituer une nouvelle forme d'art qui participe à la qualification des espaces urbains et qui favorise la collaboration de l'artiste avec les autres métiers de la ville. Nous nous intéresserons dans un premier temps à la Ville de Montréal, qui a procédé en 2003 à une commande auprès d'artistes professionnels pour l'intégration d'une oeuvre en lien avec un nouveau parc urbain situé à l'arrière du métro Papineau. L'artiste Michel de Broin a alors proposé une oeuvre, Révolutions, pour exploiter la fonction mécanique d'un escalier en étirant la forme, puis en la contorsionnant jusqu'à ce qu'elle présente l'aspect des rails d'un manège. Puis, en 2002, les dirigeants de la Ville de Sherbrooke ont confié l'aménagement d'un nouveau lieu, l'esplanade Frontenac, et l'installation d'une sculpture sur la place des Moulins à l'artiste et architecte de réputation internationale Melvin Charney. Une oeuvre emblématique de la transformation de la force du courant en électricité, Une célébration... de l'eau à la lumière, a vu le jour en 2004. Finalement, une autre expérience de commande publique s'est déroulée dans la Ville de Gatineau. La proposition présentée par l'équipe multidisciplinaire composée de Simon Bouffard, architecte-paysagiste, de Claude Chaussard, architecte et artiste, et d'André Fournelle, artiste, a été retenue. Constituée de soixante-quatre «arbres géants» faits d'acier corten et de bois, et munis d'un dispositif de lumière réfléchissant, l'oeuvre Réflexion (2006) envahit littéralement l'espace urbain. L'analyse de la conception des oeuvres d'art de notre corpus étudiera les modes de coopération entre l'artiste et les autorités de la ville, représentée par des élus et des employés municipaux, dont les décisions s'appuient sur des politiques urbanistiques et culturelles définies, mais aussi sur l'élaboration de procédures de la commande publique. Elle considérera également les étapes qui ont mené à la réalisation de l' oeuvre, jusqu'à sa disposition dans l'espace urbain. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Art public, Politique culturelle, Commande publique, Espace urbain, Sculpture, Michel de Broin, Melvin Charney, André Fournelle, Claude Chaussard.

This thesis attempts to analyze the emergence of private art galleries in Turkey by focusing on specifically the three art galleries, namely Gallery Milar, Helikon Society&rsquo / s Gallery, and Society of Artlovers&rsquo / Gallery that were opened in Ankara during 1950s. To this aim, both the artistic movements and governmental policies regarding the artistic field are mentioned from a historical point of view. Interviews, analysis of relevant literature, examining periodical magazines, and daily newspapers constitute the main sources of data collecting. In conclusion, in the light of our findings it is decided that the formation of art market and emergence of art galleries in Turkey have quite different characteristics from the western example as a result of its own social, cultural and economic dynamics in the historical frame.

Recent debates as to the place of Old South symbols and institutions in the South of the new millennium are evidence of a changing order in the South. I examine -- from a rhetorical perspective informed by Kenneth Burke's theory of identification and division -- four debates that have taken place in the South and/or about the South over roughly the past decade, 1995 to the present. In this decade, Southerners and interested others have debated such issues as 1) admitting women to the Virginia Military Institute and the Citadel; 2) integrating displays of public art in Richmond to feature Confederates and African Americans side by side; 3) continuing to fly the Confederate battle flag in public spaces such as the South Carolina Capitol or including it in the designs of state flags such as those of Georgia and Mississippi; and 4) allowing Mississippi Senator Trent Lott, who seemed to speak out in support of the South's segregated past, to continue in his position of Senate leadership. Looking at each of these debates, it is clear that at issue in each is whether the ruling order of the South should continue to be one of division or whether that order should be supplanted by identification. Judging from the outcomes of the four debates analyzed here, the order of division seems to be waning just as the order of identification seems to be waxing in influence over the turn-of-the-millennium South. But a changing South is no less a distinctive, continuing South. I argue that a distinctive Southern culture based on a sense of order has existed and continues to exist amidst the larger American culture. If some form of "Southernism" is to continue as a distinctive mindset and way of life in the twenty-first century, Southerners will need to learn to strike a balance between their past, with its ruling order of division, and the present, with its ruling order of identification.

Designers of information communication technologies (ICTs) in public space often fall into the trap of designing only for the "flaneur," an unembedded mobile subject in the generic global city. They deracinate the experience of space and support the global flâneur as the paradigmatic deracinated subject. In this thesis I propose a specific vision of "en-racinating" media, that is media that takes the specificity of place seriously. A careful consideration of public art can help us in this endeavor by leveraging the artistic notion of "site specificity" in the most culturally grounded meaning of the term. I examining three public digital media/information-based public art works through the lens of urban informatics in order to see how the works do or do not en-racinate experience in a specific city: Atlanta

There are huge demands of limited lands in Hong Kong. It is an increasing trend for Hong Kong Government to develop open space for the use of recreation activities as they found out that it is very important to the individual as well as the community. Other than recreation use, those open spaces can also served to allow air ventilation, penetration of sunlight and also act as a place for amenity and visual relief in Hong Kong. Although, these functions are very important in the high rise building environment, high density city like Hong Kong, there are many small public open spaces in urban area which are not in a good quality. They cannot function well in responsive to the context of the area, enhancing the quality of the neighborhoods and suited for the public need in the community which they turns out become not as popular as they are expected. The pocket open space in urban area is relatively small, surrounded by commercial buildings or residential buildings. They usually have a simple setting with planters and street furniture. Different activities involvement by different users in these small open spaces create a small community in the urban area and supposingly can enhance the interaction within people in the area. Considering that there are complaints from the Artists that there are not enough outdoor arts space in Hong Kong and public arts is the trend of some of the cities in other countries to enhancing the identity and culture of the urban areas, such as the King Williams ArtWalk in Otario in Canada. However, It is not popular in the urban dense space in Hong Kong. It is good to exploring a possible new way to sustain the unique culture by applying public arts platform in the urban area. The site is located around the Aberdeen Street in Central. It is an old district with new culture style but lack of solid identity and energy throughout the space. Although there are different organic developments, the streetscape is without strong characters. The following pilot project is aim to use art platform as a tools to revealing the missing link in urban context and also adding a possible new function to the open space in urban dense area as a “outdoor showroom” of arts in the city in order to vibrate the city and raise the awareness of public arts to the publics. / published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture