The use of public-private partnerships is a growing trend in the United States.  However, these arrangements\' job creation abilities have not fully been studied.  The nature of these arrangements allows for a wide variety of organizational structures.  This thesis analyzes differing public-private partnership models for their job creation efficiency.  The characteristics present in these arrangements are discussed.  This thesis is a multiple-case study of three distinct public-private partnerships for higher education infrastructure.  The three cases presented are Clemson University\'s International Center for Automotive Research, the University of Washington\'s South Lake Union Medical Research Complex, and Louisiana State University\'s Digital Media Center.  The findings of this thesis are that public-private partnership models with substantial upfront non-public investment can create jobs more efficiently from the public sector\'s perspective.  The public-private partnership models that create jobs more efficiently have the characteristics of stability, capacity, and collaboration. / Master of Arts

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Evolving out of my past experience as municipal manager, the study addresses one of the topical issues in municipalities, viz. the quest for more effective and sustainable local economic development (LED) in small towns. Through an extensive review of the literature and best practices of LED among South African and international municipalities, viable and reproducible strategies were examined and compared. The focus of my in depth research falls primarily on towns in the Western Cape, but lessons from other parts of South Africa also form part of this research. The conclusions drawn are not only relevant in South Africa, but can also be applied in southern Africa and other African sub-continents. Based on the qualitative evidence gathered from three in-depth case studies and a Western Cape sample of tourism places, the study explores the interaction of public- and private-sector involvement in the generation of LED momentum. As such the study focuses on the principles of successful public-private partnerships and how such partnerships can be enhanced through different types of projects. The study presents an LED framework, also referred to as a "development hub", to bring together the different elements of an integrated strategy. Based on the lessons drawn from the case studies and the literature review, the final section of the study presents a strategy framework which should be useful and applicable to other small towns, even if their growth is not tourism-based, and they are not located in South Africa's Western Cape. Hopefully the study will stimulate serious and in-depth debate among policy planners as well as key development stakeholders in small towns regarding viable LED strategising and the practical implementation of those strategies.

This study sought to explore the governance mechanisms that result in agent principal alignment in Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), with specific reference to Job Creation. This is important to understand in South Africa as infrastructure PPPs are central to the government’s economic growth strategy. The Renewable Energy Programme (REIPPPP), a decade-old PPP, was identified as the ideal context given its consistent job-creation alignment between the state and its agents, Independent Power Producers (IPPs). Agency Theory posits that agents are inherently self-interested and thus unlikely to act in the interests of principals. However, while some theoretical propositions envisage instances of agent-principal alignment, what is less known are the precise mechanisms by which this can be achieved. This study explored the questions of moral hazard and adverse selection, which refer to goal conflict and information asymmetry in agent-principal relationships. The research was undertaken through a qualitative study, comprised of secondary data analysis as well as semi-structured interviews. It was found that by aligning contracts across multiple stakeholders, agents can increase their enforcement capacity. Furthermore, a rigorous data collection system accompanied by credible penalties, results in greater compliance. This contribution enhances the theory in respect of governance mechanisms whilst simultaneously providing practical guidance for PPP structuring. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Societies are plagued by growing healthcare expenditures and budgetary constraints. The strategy for solving the issue has been heavily debated, with proposed solutions such as Valuebased healthcare (VBHC), Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and improved medical treatments. A novel concept that aims to improve medical treatment is strategic biobanking. Strategic biobanking is the act of saving biological samples and clinical data for future research. Access to strategic samples can speed up future clinical trials and studies, provide researchers with more useful research material, enable more thorough analyses of biomarkers, facilitate faster drug development, and increase the power of both retrospective analyses and precision medicine. This thesis studies the shared value effects of a strategic biobanking PPP by drawing on the theoretical fields of VBHC, PPP and Creating Shared Value (CSV). Specifically, the effects of hospital organisational structure, regulatory framework and public interest on strategic biobanking PPPs was studied. The research was carried out through a single holistic case study of Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden and multiple pharmaceutical companies, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was carried out in accordance with the grounded theory framework. The researchers find that regulatory structure can limit the options when crafting the business model and the industry value proposition for a strategic biobanking PPP. Some strategies on how to deal with these restraints are outlined. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of longitudinal data-sets and how a hospital organised according to the VBHC principles is more suitable for implementation of longitudinal sampling routines. Finally, the research shows that that the concept of CSV can act as guidance for private partner decision making to increase public interest. By adopting principles of transparency regarding financial incentives and motivations, an industry partner can garner increased trust with the general public as well as their public partner. The shared value effects are pronounced, and the study finds that a strategic biobanking PPP moves the boundary for what is scientifically possible for all stakeholders in the healthcare domain. / Samhällen plågas av skenande sjukvårdskostnader och budgetåtstramningar. Vilken strategi som kan lösa problemet har debatterats flitigt. Lösningar så som Value-based Healthcare (VBHC), Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) och mer avancerad vård har alla föreslagits som alternativ. Ett nytt koncept som ämnar att förbättra sjukvården är strategisk biobankning. Strategisk biobankning innebär att spara biologiska prover och klinisk data inför framtiden. Detta kan snabba på framtida kliniska prövningar och studier, förse forskare med mer användbart forskningsmaterial, möjliggöra mer grundliga analyser av biomarkörer, snabbare utveckling av mediciner, samt öka potensen hos både retrospektiva studier och precision medicine. Denna uppsats studerar gemensamma värdeeffekter hos ett PPP inom strategisk biobanking genom att använda sig av de teoretiska fälten VBHC, PPP och Creating Shared Value (CSV). Mer specifikt studeras hur PPP inom strategisk biobankning påverkas av sjukhusets organisationsstruktur, rådande regelverk och allmänintresse. Forskningen utfördes genom en enkel, holistisk, fallstudie av Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset i Stockholm, Sverige. Data samlades genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer och analyserades senare enligt ramverket för Grounded Theory. Forskarna finner även att rådande regelverk begränsar möjligheten för utveckling av affärsmodell och värdeerbjudande gentemot privata partners. Några strategier för att hantera dessa begränsningar tas upp i uppsatsen. Vidare belyses vikten av longitudinella dataset, och att ett sjukhus vars organisation är strukturerad enligt VBHC-principer är mer lämpligt för implementation av longitudinell provsamling. Slutligen finner forskarna att privata CSV-conceptet utgör bra vägledning för privata partners för att skapa allmänintresse. Genom att anamma principer som premierar transparans gentemot sina ekonomiska och strategiska incitament så kan förtroende byggas gentemot allmänheten. De gemensamma värdeeffekterna är tydliga, och forskarna finner att tillgång till en strategisk biobank flyttar gränsen för vad som är vetenskapligt möjligt för alla aktörer i det sjukvårdsrelaterade ekosystemet.

Prison privatization has received notable attention in academic circles, but discussion has focused on the Global North, particularly the United States. On the other hand, little attention has been given to incarceration systems in general or prison privatization in the Global South. In this qualitative and deductive thesis, the subject of privatization in the field of correctional services is investigated with regard to South Africa, which stands out in the Global South due to it having two fully privately-run prisons, but also by having a large incarcerated population. The analysis is conducted based on an original framework of four levels of privatization, ordered from private involvement in the least crucial aspects of corrections management to the most, as well as the aspects of scope of privatization and the types of actors involved. Based on the analysis, the conclusions reached imply that private actors are involved to some degree with some aspects at all levels as well as that a variety of different actors are involved on different levels, and that the scope of privatization in South Africa is significant although this varies across levels. In total, this implies a relatively high degree of privatization in South Africa.

No description available.

The purpose of this paper was to support in the unraveling of the various complexities problematizing the concept of social innovation. The concept, generally understood as those innovations that serve to solve societal and social issues, is plagued by ambiguity and weak conceptualization which makes empirical studies difficult. To achieve the paper’s goal a concept analysis, a form of qualitative text analysis method based in philosophy and deductive hermeneutics, was performed. The results of the study were a new definition of social innovation that synthesizes previous definitions of social innovation as a multi-dimensional construct and ideas of social innovation being motivated by altruistic ideals. This new definition strikes a balance between specificity and generality by combining a variation of nuanced conceptual attributes with a clear distinction from the similar, economically motivated market innovations, including those market innovations that, with or without intention, also creates public value and helps combatting societal issues.

With its central role in the development of public-private partnership (PPP) contracts, procurement structure has a significant influence on the economic and policy success of privately-financed toll roads throughout their lifecycle. Following a review of PPP fundamentals and the public-policy differentiation between public interest and public objectives, several approaches for establishing the key contract strategies of toll pricing, concession length, and risk mitigation are explored. These underpinnings motivate the central research question: Given specific policy objectives for road pricing, how should public owners select PPP contract strategies which support these outcomes? Through qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), a recently-developed method for evaluating qualitative data quantitatively, patterns of PPP contract strategies which correspond to three common policy objectives--achieving a specific toll rate, managing congestion, and minimizing state subsidy/maximizing revenue--are identified through evaluation of 18 domestic and international projects. Three practical decision-making tools resulting from this work are illustrated through application to current PPP procurements: (1) a traffic-risk worksheet, which provides a rapid estimate of a toll-financed project's viability; (2) analytical QCA results, which offer guidance for structuring PPP contracts based on the desired pricing objectives; and (3) case-library comparisons, which enable drawing parallels between proposed procurements and established PPP projects. Additional insights explore the nature of risk in this study, which concludes with thoughts on the appropriate role of PPPs in infrastructure delivery. / Ph. D.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have unique characteristics such as a long time horizon and multiple stakeholders involved. This can lead to common transaction hazards – uncertainty, asset specificity, imperfect information and incomplete contracts, which can further promote opportunistic behavior between parties. Although contracts are designed to govern projects and curb opportunism, their efficacy is limited by these transaction hazards. Therefore, the development of strong relationships and cooperative behavior among stakeholders are often emphasized to complement contractual provisions, which can mitigate transaction hazard impacts. Relational contracting includes a set of principles such as flexibility and effective communication, which promote cooperative behavior and advance mutually beneficial outcomes for stakeholders. A relational contract can include different relational approaches such as informal resolution procedures, partnering practices and incentives to promote relational exchanges in a project. The level of presence of these relational approaches in PPP contracts is an indication of their ability to further inter-organizational relationships. Although previous studies have summarized and further investigated relational approaches in construction projects using conventional delivery methods, similar investigations for PPP projects are limited. Furthermore, relational contracting theory suggests that the contractual inclusion of approaches does not assure their implementation in the field. Stakeholders tend to form working relationships different than what is intended in the contract. Therefore, examining the implementation of these approaches is an important precursor to exploring their effectiveness and capacity to promote stronger relationships between parties. Accordingly, this research presents three complementary studies to enhance understanding of relational approaches employed in PPP projects. The first study focused on the identification of relational approaches described in the literature for specification in PPP contracts to enhance cooperative behavior. A comprehensive literature review process identified relational approaches that were grouped into six categories – communication/nature of negotiations, partnering, conflict resolution methods, monitoring, changes process and risk allocation. The second study examined the extent that the relational approaches identified in the first study were specified in 22 PPP transportation project contracts in the United States. This investigation characterized how relational these contracts are, which is indicative of the capacity of these contracts to promote relational exchanges in a project. For instance, different partnering practices were either included in contracts or not, while the inclusion of conflict resolution methods in contracts was selective. The third study investigated the implementation of relational approaches in practice. Semi-structured interviews of 13 subject matter experts were conducted to obtain perspectives regarding the implementation of different relational approaches. For example, all the interviewees emphasized handling conflicts through informal resolution methods to save the time and effort required in third party methods such as mediation, arbitration and dispute review boards. A framework intended to promote proactive management of stakeholder relationships is proposed based on the findings. Collectively, these three complementary studies shed light on the current state of contractual inclusion and implementation of relational approaches in PPP projects in the United States. Overall, this research contributes towards the growing literature concerning the complementarity between contractual and relational governance, which is needed for improved project performance. These studies have advanced understanding of relational approaches in PPPs by establishing a baseline for their current contractual specification in PPP projects and identifying factors influencing their implementation in the field. Future research can explore their impact on project performance and counterparty relations. / Doctor of Philosophy / Different life cycle phases and stakeholders involved are some of the unique characteristics of Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects. This can lead to presence of transaction hazards such as uncertainty, asset specificity, incomplete contracts and imperfect information which makes contracts less effective in governing projects. Therefore, developing strong relationships between the stakeholders is necessary to complement contracts which can lead to improved project performance. Relational contracting includes a set of principles which aim at developing cooperative behavior between the stakeholders through improved communication and flexibility. A contract that includes such principles is called a relational contract. Although projects with traditional delivery methods such as design bid build and design build have been investigated regarding relational approaches in contracts, a similar review for PPP contracts has not been found. On the other hand, relational contracting theory suggests that the working relationships between the stakeholders can turn out to be completely different than what is intended in the contract. Therefore, it is important to investigate the actual implementation of relational approaches in PPP projects which has not been performed till now. Based on the arguments above, three complementary studies have been performed in this research to overcome the limitations mentioned and to have a better understanding of relational approaches in PPP projects. The first study aims at identifying a comprehensive list of relational approaches from the literature which can be included in PPP contracts to enhance cooperative behavior. A robust literature review process was followed to identify relational approaches which were further grouped into six categories – communication/nature of negotiations, partnering, conflict resolution methods, monitoring, changes process and risk allocation. The second study further investigates the contracts of PPP transportation projects in the United States regarding the level of relational approaches identified in the first study. Contracts from 22 PPP projects were investigated and compared. The findings provided insights into the ability of these contracts to promote relational exchanges in a project. For instance, the inclusion of partnering practices was either all-inclusive or not, whereas inclusion of conflict resolution methods was selective. The third study investigated the implementation of relational approaches in practice. Semi-structured interviews of 13 subject matter experts were conducted to gather insights into the implementation of different relational approaches. For example, all the interviewees emphasized the need to resolve conflicts through informal resolution methods to save time and effort required in third party methods such as mediation, arbitration and dispute review boards. A framework with the objective of promoting proactive management of stakeholder relationships was proposed based on the findings. Collectively, these three studies provide insights into the current state of contractual inclusion and implementation of relational approaches in PPP projects. This research contributes towards the growing literature concerning the complementarity between contractual and relational governance in PPP projects which is needed for improved project performance.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have become a significant global phenomenon and governments are utilizing them more frequently to deliver projects that satisfy increasing societal demands in infrastructure sectors such as highways. Compared to traditional project delivery approaches, PPPs are long-term contracts between the public and the private sectors, where the private sector is engaged in more project tasks and accepts more risks. However, due to their long-term and complex nature, PPP contracts face many issues. Consequently, each project's contract becomes vital to project success because it: allocates risks, governs project relationships, and can align parties' interests. This dissertation examined 21 project contracts in the US highway PPP market to investigate risk allocation; contract designs and risk sharing mechanisms; and revenue risk guarantees. Using a content analysis framework, the allocation of 31 risks associated with highway PPPs was determined. These risks were mostly transferred to the private sector or shared between public and private parties, and project context had a significant influence on risk allocation. Assessment of contract designs indicated that the public sector imposes extensive monitoring and retains a majority of the decision rights to preclude opportunistic actions by the private sector; further, risk sharing mechanisms were complex and largely dependent on resolution during project implementation, which likely increases ex post transaction costs. Finally, revenue guarantees, commonly structured as standard options to mitigate revenue risk, were redesigned to incorporate exotic option features; quantitative analysis revealed that exotic structures can better serve chief PPP stakeholders' interests through increased robustness and flexibility. / Ph. D.