The thesis is concerned with the construction of women's authority as it is manifested in biographical speech; that is, in written or oral narratives, or sub-narratives, about others. The emphasis is on women's biography but certain other genres (notably gossip and the biographical research interview) are also examined.The central premise is that women as patriarchal subordinates are significantly disadvantaged in the cultural processes that construct (public) authority; also, that speaking about (defining) both ourselves and others is a significant means by which we construct knowledges - an important basis for authority. Women's collusion with patriarchal structures and processes, whether this be conscious or unconscious, creates problems with the construction of their authority on numerous levels in public and private domains. Moreover, even when women intend to operate subversively from sites of resistance, and when they succeed in doing so to some extent, the workings of power through discourse often render the overall effect of subversion to be consistent with, and ultimately supportive of, dominant ideology.The thesis examines a variety of aspects of these complex dynamics as they apply to women in the context of contemporary western societies. To this end, the first and last chapters consider women's relations to formal biography with the aim of identifying their (historic) engagement with lifestorying. Two chapters discuss the psychological/ideological aspects of biographical authority with relation to western women's subjectivities. And two chapters analyse the political and ethical implications of postmodernist/postcolonial theory on women's biographical speech. The study concludes that women's authority manifested in biographical speech is undoubtedly problematic but that feminist-inspired initiates continue to be productive.

This thesis seeks to clarify the role that democratic decentralisation reforms play in dynamics of state building in developing societies where states are often qualified as weak. Within the literature, on natural resource management, democratic decentralisation is seen to either erode public authority in favour of non-state actors, or to strengthen it, as a repertoire of domination hiding an illegitimate recentralisation of control. In the light of these contradictory statements, I propose positing the exercise of public authority as an empirical question. Situating my work within geography and anthropology, I examine the exercise of public authority, that I call institutional power, in a context of competing claims to gold and forest resources in the commune of Séguénéga in North Burkina Faso. An analysis of the way overlapping and competing institutions of power relate in the everyday in the field of decentralisation brings to light the significance of autonomy, and I argue that the relevance of the state is enhanced under decentralisation through the politics of autonomy. Three concepts are mobilised to make this case. Regulation sheds light on the fact that the forms of institutional power over gold and woodfuel are characterised by the degree of autonomy that they enjoy vis-à-vis government. Recognition as a concept queries the durability of institutional power. It shows that where the rule of law weak, or where autonomy vis-à-vis the rule of law in greater, institutions of power emerge from the relations of recognition between government and non-government sanctioned institutions of power. As these institutions operate at the twilight of lawfulness and lawlessness, the democratic decentralisation reform presents an opportunity for these institutions to increase their authority. This claim is made through the operation of the concept of political field. I show that democratic decentralisation has created a democratic field, which is semi-autonomous from the bureaucratic and customary fields. As institutions of power struggle for authority over gold and forest resources in the democratic field, a particular kind of politics emerges and is articulated around claims of autonomy. Through the politics of autonomy, the rule of law is recognised by both state and non-state sanctioned institutions of power, and the state is being built.

This thesis studies the use of exhibitions by public authorities and the possibilities of making exhibits out of authority topics.

Urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector is a kind of land-developing method in order to execute the land policies and to implement the urban planning. After the Government established this system in 1979, landowners may apply for permits to the Government as per the regulations. However, it has incurred many problems for the past years after the implementation. It has resulted in differences between laws and practices. Besides, disputes among landowners were aroused endlessly. The uncertainty for the Government to acquire land for public facility use makes the function of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector unable to be developed effectively. The purpose of this research is to help the Government timely reviews the defects of this system in order to ensure the landowners¡¦ legal rights of acquisition of properties by impartial, reasonable and legal ways to solve the disputes resulting from the transaction of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector on the basis of equal rights. This dissertation mainly applies the review of literature and refers to the related literature analyses. Firstly, it is to clarify the fundamental legal principles of the execution processes of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority and by the private sector. It is also to clarify the sources of law for the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector in Taiwan. In addition, the differences between the execution results of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority and by the private sector during the same period shall be compared and verified by cases. Furthermore, the related legal problems are clarified by evaluating the execution processes of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. The practical examples of juridical judgments are also taken to verify the disputed legal claims, which were often found in the practical cases when executing the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. By the application of legal methods, it is anticipated to make up the ways of claims in order to fairly protect the landowners¡¦ rights when executing the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. This research finds out problems and provides several suggestions to the policy-making authorities for reference: In the aspect of legislation: 1. The ¡¥Regulations for Encouraging Land Owners to Implement Urban Land Readjustment¡¦ shall be upgraded to the legislative level. Alternatively, it may combine with the ¡¥Regulations for the Urban Land Readjustment¡¦ into the complete ¡¥Laws of Urban Land Readjustment¡¦. 2. When the adjustment association is established, it shall be set as a corporation as soon as possible. 3. It shall be clearly regulated that the encouragement of the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector is limited to the free-selected areas within the range of urban planning. 4. It is to increase the areas for and number of landowners who agree to execute the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. In the aspect of execution: 1. The increase of burden ratio of public facilities should follow the example of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority. 2. The calculation of burden ratio of the average shared cost should use a unified, standard formula. 3. The transaction of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector should not be open to the cities which have no experience in transaction of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority. 4. The development duration of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector should not last too long.

No description available.

What happens when employees within the police-force make mistakes in their line of duty? This essay set out to investigate the relationship between labour law sanctions and the criminal law punishments for wrongful acts for government employees. This relationship is also set in the perspective of how acts or statements of xenophobia are handled within the Swedish police-force. Further, the essay aims to examine the principle of ne bis in idem in relation to labour law sanctions and criminal law punishment for wrongful acts, and if these two should be considered in line with this principle. Regarding the relationship between labour law sanctions and criminal law punishment for government employees, the determination for which system to use in any given situation is not fully stipulated. One key aspect is whether the act is carried out in exercise of public authority. By examining cases regarding xenophobia within the Swedish police-force one conclusion that the author has come to is that xenophobia more often is considered an insult (regulated in BrB 5:3) rather than wrongful acts in the line of duty. However, acts or statements of xenophobia are considered wrong and far away from the expected behavior of members of the Swedish police-force. By making an analogy with Swedish tax law an argument can be made that the relationship between labour law sanctions and criminal law punishment for wrongful acts is worth examining, and might not fully be in line with the principle of ne bis in idem.

Aim: The aim of this study is to find a deeper understanding of how children who are exposed to child abuse cope and how it affect the contact between them and the public authority. Method: It is a qualitative study and the autobiographies are analyzed with a hermeneutic science theory. Result: The study shows that the children we have learned about through their autobiographies has different kinds of coping strategies in the contact with the public authority. The coping strategies has been helpful for them to handle what they have been exposed to and also from their perspective been helpful to control their situations. The coping strategy that has been the most visible is the emotional focused strategy which is determined of guilt, shame and fear. The emotional focused strategy brought avoidance to talk about their situation with the public authority to be able to stay in control over their situation. The shame and guilt is also a part why the children choose to avoid talking about what they are exposed to. The fear of losing control over the situation is the most visible reason why they would not talk to the public authority even though their childhood was striked with serious abuse and a great fear of not knowing what would happen if the public authority got involved which would result in the feeling of losing control. Conclusion: The children's coping strategies has made an impact on the relations between them and the public authority and has been an conductive variable to the public authorities lack of action. As a social worker it is in greatest interest to be aware of which coping strategies can figure in matters of child abuse.

Bakgrund: Under det senaste året har Skatteverkets södra region genomfört omfattande förändringar i sitt sätt att styra den inkommande ärendehanteringen. Tidigare styrde vart och ett av kontoren sin egen verksamhet för att numera styras gemensamt via det införda nätverket. Då den nyligen implementerade styrningen ännu inte har analyserats, fick vi i uppdrag av Skatteverket möjlighet att kritiskt analysera hur denna förändring upplevs av medarbetare i den södra regionen. Syfte: Syftet är att kritiskt analysera hur den genomförda förändringen av styrningen upplevs av medarbetare samt hur dessa typer av förändringar påverkar värdeskapandet. Detta ska slutligen generera i förbättringsförslag till Skatteverket och andra offentliga verksamheter. Metod: För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen har vi genomfört en kvalitativ fallstudie vilken har inkluderat flertalet intervjuer med personer inom Skatteverkets södra region som arbetat där före och efter den genomförda förändringen av styrningen. Resultat/Slutsats: Vi anser att den genomförda förändringen av styrningen kommer att möjliggöra ett mer kostnadseffektivt arbete i det inkommande ärendeflödet. Efter att ha analyserat teori och empiri finner vi att Skatteverket till stor del har brustit i sin kommunikation med medarbetaren under förändringens gång. / Background: During the last year, the southern region of the Swedish Tax Agency's have made major changes in the way of controlling the incoming declarations to the agency. Earlier, each of the offices managed their own business and today the are managed jointly through the recently introduced network. Since the recently implemented management has not yet been analyzed, we, on behalf of the Swedish Tax Agency, were able to analyze how this change is experienced by employees in the southern region. Purpose: The purpose is to critically analyze how the change in management is experienced by employees and how these types of changes affect the value creation. This will eventually generate improvement proposals for the Swedish Tax Agency and other public activities. Method: In order to achieve the purpose of the essay, we conducted a case study which consists of interviews with persons within the Swedish Tax Agency's southern region who worked at the agency before and after the change in management. Result /Conclusion: We believe that the change in control will generate more efficient work in the incoming case flow, which will generate cost savings. After analyzing theoretical- and empirical parts we have also found that the Swedish Tax Agency has in general failed in their way of communicating with the employees during the course of change.

La distinction du droit public et du droit privé est si pompeusement intronisée summa divisio juris – division suprême du droit – dans tout enseignement juridique qu’elle paraît de prime abord modeler toute l’armature du système juridique. Néanmoins, lorsque l’on cherche les fonctions qu’elle y remplit, son intérêt semble tout relatif. De l’avis général en effet, cette distinction n’aurait aujourd’hui plus d’autre attrait que de présenter une utile classification de ce que l’on nomme les branches du droit. Une branche du droit est un ensemble ordonné de normes juridiques, qui régissent un même domaine, une même matière sociale, c’est-à-dire un ensemble soudé de rapports sociaux. Elles apparaissent comme « des ensembles cohérents et autonomes de règles adaptées à un secteur déterminé d’activités ». Elles forment chacune « un corps de droit alimenté par une matière spéciale, par des lois spéciales et par une jurisprudence spéciale ». Ainsi en est-il par exemple du droit constitutionnel, du droit civil, du droit commercial, du droit de l’environnement, du droit pénal, etc., qui, chacun, réglemente une certaine matière sociale. La summa divisio juris n’aurait d’autres objets que de classer ces branches du droit. Par suite, « souvent plus pédagogique que scientifique », elle n’offrirait rien d’autre qu’une structure académique intéressante, en organisant l’enseignement français du droit depuis le premier semestre de la licence jusqu’aux concours d’agrégation. / No English summary available.

The new phenomenon of “police influencers” consist of police officers who, under their private names, use their platform to share posts with both police content and humorous messages. The public's perception of the phenomenon is divided, and critical voices say it is inappropriate. The Swedish police force is known for their fellowship, often called “the spirit of the union”. But how does this fellowship correspond to front figures like police influencers?  In this study we examine how Swedish police officers and police students respond to the police influencers by applying a theoretical framework based on a discourse psychological perspective and theories about identity and organizational culture. The empirical material consists of semi- structured interviews with both police officers and police students.  The result shows that the organizational culture within the police force can be affected by police influencers. The informants show a strong feeling of unity within the force and are making a strong effort to maintain the police authority's legitimacy and trust. Police students seem to be negative to the phenomenon in large, but positive to the fact that police influencers can share important knowledge about the police profession. Experienced Police officers on the other hand are more concerned about how communication made by police influencers can damage the reputation of the police force. This divided perception can result in a split within the organization depending on how one views the phenomenon. There is a strong norm for what a police officer should do, and this characterizes the informants' perception of the phenomenon and in what way it affects the police force.  Keywords: Police, influencer, social media, public authority, identity, discursive psychology, organizational culture.