都市交通問題一直是現今政府亟欲解決的問題，政府的都市交通建設，也攸關人民的權益與生活。台北市近年來交通急遽惡化，交通工具及建設已不堪負荷，而市民在交通壅塞所損失的社會成本更是不計其數。值此背景，便產生對交通運輸工具的強烈需求，而大眾捷運系統由於其運量大且速度快的特點便成為政府解決交通問題的一帖良方，也成為我國六年國 建中重要的交通運輸建設。 大眾捷運系統營運的良窳，實決定於其營運組織的經營是否良好具有績效。在這個政府財政緊縮而經濟不景氣的年代，如何降低成本並增進生產力以提供良好的營運品質與便利的運輸服務，乃是系統營運的重心，更是對營運組織的一大挑戰。而植基於民營化理念下的營運組織設計便成為政府因應環境時勢的有效策略，亦是我國目前 採用並汲於發展的模式。 民營化政策的發展，乃是近數十年來經濟自由化理念下的一個鮮明趨勢，亦是各國公部門改革運動的有力工具。而各國捷運營運組織採行民營化政策的主要目的，即是希望經此體制與經營理念的變革，來提升捷運系統的營運效率，進而能提供良質的運輸服務以裨益民生。縱然各國政府所採行的捷運營運組織民營化政策隨著生態差異而 有所不同，但以民營化的工具來追求產業活絡化的目標卻是相當一致。而這種活絡產業與追求經營績效的持續革新作為，正是民營化政策核心精神之所在。 大體而言，本論文研究的主要理念，即是結合捷運營運組織民營化政策的理論與實務，循而發展出理論、實務與兩者之比較評析等三大層次。理論層次即探討捷運營運組織民營化的理念、組織型態、經營方 式以及我國所採用[經營自主型捷運公司]之理論依據與組織設計；實務層次即以台北捷運公司為研究案例，探討該公司的運作現狀與民營化方案之發展，以及政府的相關作為；進而在理論基礎與實務現況的了解釐清後，依據理論規範來評析我國捷運營運組織的民營化政策，並提出筆者的省思與意見。

The establishment of the limits between the public law and the private law has been a hard to clarify. For that reason, the author brings a perspective about this division, focusing on the case of public procurement. Thus, in the first part he will explain the division between public law and private law, and how this division has evolved. Then, he will explain the consequences of the disruption of unitary theory on public procurement. Finally, he will show the inequality of the parts, the public prerogatives and the compensatory guarantees, all involved in the peculiarities of management contract, that distinguishes it from an private contract. / La determinación de la frontera ente el derecho privado y el derecho público siempre ha sido una situación complicada de esclarecer. Por tal motivo, el autor brinda una perspectiva sobreesta división pero enfocándola, principalmente, al escenario de la contratación pública. Así,en un primer momento explicará la división entre el derecho privado y el derecho públicoy cómo esta ha ido evolucionando con el devenir del tiempo; luego nos explicará quéimplica el abandono de la tesis unitaria en el escenario de la contratación pública, para,finalmente, mostrarnos que la desigualdad de las partes, las prerrogativas del poder públicoy las garantías compensatorias se encuentran dentro de las peculiaridades que exhibe lateoría del contrato administrativo y la distinguen de un contrato entre particulares que se circunscribe en el ámbito de derecho privado.

In the first part of this essay, the author describes the regulatory regime governing the issuance of opinions by the Supervising Agency of the Government Procurement (OSCE) in Peru. In the second, there is a series of interpretative elements of the binding nature of opinions of OSCE that were provided by the legislature and that institution. The third is a review of the doctrinarian characteristics that defined the institution of the Administrative Advisory Service. And finally, in the fourth part, the author proposes an interpretation of the meaning and scope of the binding nature of opinions of OSCE, with focus on their application across the various stages of government procurement in Peru. / En la primera parte de este artículo se describe el régimen normativo que regula la emisión de opiniones por parte del Organismo Supervisor de las Contrataciones del Estado en el Perú. En la segunda, se recogen una serie de elementos interpretativos del carácter vinculante que el legislador nacional le ha dado a esas opiniones. La tercera hace una revisión de las características con que la doctrina define a la Función Administrativa Consultiva. Y en la cuarta, finalmente, se propone una interpretación del sentido y alcance del carácter vinculante de las opiniones, con especial énfasis en su aplicación durante las diversas etapasde la contratación pública en el Perú.

Submitted by Gabriel Amaro (gabriel_amaro252@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-04T19:48:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Gabriel Amaro.pdf: 2071512 bytes, checksum: 35cc0d0ab5b428664e504c38138ade31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-02-21T19:08:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Gabriel Amaro.pdf: 2071512 bytes, checksum: 35cc0d0ab5b428664e504c38138ade31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-02T14:24:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Gabriel Amaro.pdf: 2071512 bytes, checksum: 35cc0d0ab5b428664e504c38138ade31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-23 / Objetivo - Trata-se de uma pesquisa sobre as relações entre a iniciativa privada e o Estado, com o objetivo de, partindo de uma visão de dentro da empresa, entender o Poder Público como stakeholder para a montagem de uma estratégia que considere essa força atuante nas organizações. Para entender como trabalha essa pressão institucional, estudaremos o Poder Público para encaixá-lo como stakeholder e como força atuante no modelo de Porter, além de trazer um histórico sobre essa interação. Metodologia - Para isso selecionamos o caso do Porto Maravilha, uma Parceria Público Privada de reurbanização, já que nela temos a relação de uma concessionária como partícipe privada em um contrato com o Poder Público. Além disso, existem na área empreendimentos independentes que também podem ser analisados perante a relação do público com o privado. O estudo segue o método qualitativo, com viés exploratório. Foram entrevistados empresários que tem projetos na região do Porto maravilha, além da concessionária Porto Novo e sua contratante que representa o Poder Público. Utilizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas, onde refletimos sobre as experiências onde o Estado se fez presente, identificando o papel que este assumiu como stakeholder de cada empresa. Resultado - A influência do Poder Público dentro das empresas resta notória em diversos aspectos. Ao final, contribuímos para o entendimento de como o Governo brasileiro se relaciona com as empresas, criando substrato para empresários tomarem decisões estratégicas conhecendo melhor uma das forças presentes no ambiente institucional: o Poder Público enquanto contratante, parceiro ou stakeholder. Contribuições Práticas - Concluímos com uma lista de ações práticas, elaborada a partir da pesquisa, como indicação para as empresas adotarem para melhor comportamento estratégico perante o Poder Público. Originalidade – A maior parte dos trabalhos sobre Parcerias Público-privadas toma o partícipe público como foco. Além disso, não é recorrente o estudo estratégico empresarial tomando o Poder Público como stakeholder / Objective - It is a research on the relations between the private initiative and the State, aiming, from a vision within the company, to understand the Public Power as a stakeholder for the assembly of a strategy that considers this force organizations. In order to understand how this institutional pressure works, we will study the Public Power to fit it as a stakeholder and as an active force in the Porter model, in addition to bringing a history of this interaction. Methodology - For this we selected the case of Porto Maravilha, a Public Private Partnership for redevelopment, since in it we have the relation of a concessionaire as private participant in a contract with the Public Power. In addition, there are independent ventures in the area that can also be analyzed in relation to the relationship between the public and the private sector. The study follows the qualitative method, with exploratory bias. Entrepreneurs with projects in the Porto region were interviewed, as well as the concessionaire Porto Novo and its contractor representing the Public Power. We used semi-structured interviews, where we reflected on the experiences where the State was present, identifying the role it assumed as a stakeholder of each company. Findings - The influence of the Public Power within the companies is notorious in several aspects. In the end, we contribute to the understanding of how the Brazilian Government relates to companies, creating a substrate for entrepreneurs to make strategic decisions, knowing better one of the forces present in the institutional environment: the Public Power as contractor, partner or stakeholder. Practical Implications - We conclude with a list of practical actions, elaborated from the research, as an indication for companies to adopt for better strategic behavior before the Public Power. Originality - Most of the work on Public-Private Partnerships takes public participation as the focus. In addition, the strategic business study is not recurrent taking the Public Power as stakeholder

Baserat på SCBs statistiska mätningar, räknas ungefär var fjärde ungdom i åldersgruppen 15-24 år som arbetslös och är idag de som är högst representerad bland arbetslösa. Vägen in på arbetsmarknaden kan bli problematisk för den här åldersgruppen. Skäl som kan försvåra är avsaknad av meriter, låg utbildning och anseendet av att vara oförberedda för arbetslivet. De som är mest utsatta och svårast att matcha, är personer med en brokig bakgrund, med språksvårigheter, samt odiagnostiserade problem och inlärningssvårigheter. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka på vilket sätt handläggare på Arbetsförmedlingen i Borås arbetar med att få ut arbetslösa ungdomar på arbetsmarknaden. I uppsatsen undersöks även varför handläggarna tror att det finns en viss matchningsproblematik och varför en del arbetssökande ungdomar är svårare att få ut på arbetsmarknaden än andra. För att kunna besvara frågeställningarna har kvalitativa intervjuer hållits med tre anställda på Arbetsförmedlingen, samt fyra stycken arbetslösa ungdomar. Resultatet är att de anställda begränsas av regelverk och riktlinjer i sitt arbete för att kunna hjälpa sina kunder.  Den höga arbetslöshetsgraden beror på att studerande som söker extrainkomst räknas med i gruppen arbetssökande. Matchningsproblematik bidrar även till  arbetslöshetsgraden. Ungdomar med en avbruten grundskole- eller gymnasieutbildning, fysiska, samt psykiska problem gör dem svårare att matcha och nära intill icke anställningsbara. De ungdomar som var arbetssökande och inskrivna hos Arbetsförmedlingen hade en brokig bakgrund eller oavslutade studier. Slutsatsen i uppsatsen är att tidigare nämnda faktorer är en bidragande orsak till matchningsproblemet. En större del av ungdomarna som har den här typen av problem hade inte kommit till Arbetsförmedlingen tidigare. De hade istället förtidspensionerats, eller skrivits in hos en annan myndighet. I dagsläget släpper Arbetsförmedlingen in alla som registrerar sig hos dem, oavsett avstånd till arbetsmarknaden, som öppet arbetslösa. / Based on SCB’s statistical measurements, approximately one in every fourth youth between the ages of 15 to 24 is counted as unemployed and are today those that are the highest represented among the unemployed. The way into the Labour market can be a difficult one for this age group. Reasons that can obstruct are lack of merits, unsubstantial education and the general belief that they are unprepared for the working life. Those that are the most vulnerable and are the hardest to match are people with a dysfunctional background, linguistic difficulties, undiagnosed mental health issues and learning disabilities. The purpose of this essay is to examine how administrators at the Employment Agency in Borås work to get unemployed youths out on the Labour Market. This essay also examines why there are certain matching problems and why some youths are harder to get out on the Labour Market than others. To answer these questions, qualitative interviews have been held with three employees at the Employment Agency and four unemployed youths. In the results, the essay concludes that the high unemployed rate of youths, are because of students who seek an extra income that are included in the group of jobseekers. Matching problems are also a contributing factor to the high unemployment rate. Youths with an interrupted primary or secondary education and youths with physical and also mental issues are harder to match and make them near impossible to hire. The youths who were seeking employment and registered within the Employment Agency had a diverse background of unfinished studies and the conclusion is that these factors are contributing to the matching problems. A larger portion of youths who have this type of problem would’ve earlier not been registered in the Employment Agency before and would have been forced into early retirement, or registered with a different state agency. In the current situation, the Unemployment Agency allows anyone to register with them as openly unemployed, regardless of how far away from the Labour Market they are. This essay is written in Swedish

This thesis focuses on Lombard Southern Italy during the early middle ages and it analyses the history of political and social conflicts between the eighth and ninth century, taking into account the transformation of Lombard political power and social practices in this area. Starting from the eight-century judicial sources, this work explores political and social competition in the Beneventan region by taking into account its geographical position at the center of the Mediterranean see. Southern Italy was considered as a periphery, and sometimes as a frontier, by both the Carolingian and Byzantine empires, and endured almost a century of Muslims' attempts to conquer the peninsula. The first chapter focuses on the ducal period and investigates the formation and consolidation of the duke of Benevento's political authority before 774. During the seventh and eight centuries, the dukes developed a military and political autonomy in Southern Italy. This was due to the geographical position of the Duchy of Benevento in the Lombard Kingdom: it was far from Pavia, the king's capital city, and it was relatively isolated from other Lombard territories. Since a dynasty was established here as early as the seventh century, these dukes developed a strong and precocious political consciousness. As a result, they were particularly concerned with the formal representation of their authority, which is early attested in both coinage and diplomas. In this chapter, the analysis of the eight-century judicial records opens two important perspectives on the duke of Benevento's practices of power. Firstly, judicial assemblies were one of the most important occasions for the duke to demonstrate and exercise his authority in a public context. In contrast to all other Lombard dukes, who rendered judgement together with a group of officers, the duke of Benevento acted alone before the competing parties. By behaving exactly as the Lombard king would in Pavia, the duke was able to utilise the judicial domain as a sort of theatre in which to practice, legitimise and represent his own public authority in front of the local aristocracy. Secondly, the analysis of seven judicial case-studies suggests that the duke was not simply the sole political authority in Benevento but also the leading social agent in the whole Lombard southern Italy. Almost all the disputes transmitted by the twelfth-century cartularies implied a ducal action, donation or decision in the past, which became the main cause for later conflicts between the members of the lay élite and the monastic foundations of the region. Consequently, the analysis of judicial conflicts reveals more about the duke of Benevento's strategies and practices of power than about the lay and ecclesiastical élites' competition for power. Since there are no judicial records between 774 and the last decade of the ninth century, both conflicts and representations of authority in Lombard Southern Italy are analysed through other kinds of sources for this period. Chronicles, hagiographies, diplomas, and material sources are rich in clues about political and social competition in Benevento. By contrast, the late-ninth-century judicial records transmitted by cartularies and archives are quite different from the eighth-century documents: they have a bare and simple structure, which often hides the peculiarities of the single dispute by telling only the essentials of each conflict and a concise final judgement. In contrast to the sources of the ducal period, the ninth- and tenth-century judicial records often convey a flattened image of Lombard society. Their basic structure certainly prevents a focus on the representation of authority and the practices of power in southern Italy. On the contrary, these fields of inquiry are crucial to research both competition within the Beneventan aristocracy during the ninth century, and the relationship between Lombards and Carolingian after 774. After the fall of the Lombard Kingdom in 774, Charlemagne did not complete the military conquest of the Italian peninsula: the Duchy of Benevento was left under the control of Arechis (758-787), who proclaimed himself princeps gentis Langobardorum and continued to rule mostly independently. The confrontation and competition with the Frankish empire are key to understanding both the strengthening of Lombard identity in southern Italy and the formation of a princely political authority. The second account the historiography on the Regnum Italiae, the third section of this chapter focuses precisely on the ambitions of Louis II in Southern Italy and it analyses the implication that the projection of his rulership over this area had in shaping his imperial authority. Despite Louis II's efforts to control the Lombard principalities, his military and political experience soon revealed its limits. After the conquest of Bari in 871, Prince Adelchi imprisoned the emperor in his palace until he obtained a promise: Louis II swore not to return to Benevento anymore. Although the pope soon liberated the emperor from this oath, he never regained a political role in Southern Italy. Nevertheless, his prolonged presence in the region during the ninth century radically changed the political equilibrium of both the Lombard principalities and the Tyrrhenian duchies (i.e. Napoli, Gaeta, Amalfi). The fourth section focuses firstly on the competition between Louis II and Adelchi of Benevento, who obstinately defined his public authority in a direct competition with the Carolingian emperor. At the same time, the competition within the local aristocracy in Benevento radically changed into a small-scale struggle between the members of Adelchi's kingroup, the Radelchids. At the same time, some local officers expanded their power and acted more and more autonomously in their district, such as in Capua. When Louis II left Benevento in 871, both the Tyrrhenian duchies and the Lombard principalities in Southern Italy were profoundly affected by a sudden change in their mutual relations and even in their inner stability. The competition for power and authority in Salerno and Capua-Benevento also changed and two different political systems were gradually established in these principalities. Despite the radical transformation of internal competition and the Byzantine conquest of a large part of Puglia and Basilicata at the end of the ninth century, the Lombard principalities remained independent until the eleventh century, when Southern Italy was finally seized by Norman invaders.

Le critère organique en droit administratif est un instrument de qualification juridique qui repose sur la présence d’une personne publique dans un rapport de droit. Il trouve ses origines à la fin du XIXème siècle dans la subjectivisation des droits de puissance publique dont l’Etat est investi et l’admission de la distinction entre les personnes publiques et les personnes privées. Confondu avec le critère du service public au début du XXème siècle, le critère organique acquiert son autonomie à l’heure de la « crise » de la notion juridique de service public dans les années 1930-1940. Le critère organique, qui témoigne de la logique institutionnelle à laquelle le droit administratif français est attaché, sert de support à la construction des notions-cadres de ce droit.Depuis de nombreuses années, le critère organique fait cependant l’objet d’une vive contestation. D’une part, le mouvement de « banalisation » qui traverse le droit des personnes publiques renforce l’insuffisance de ce critère dans la détermination du droit applicable. D’autre part, les transformations contemporaines du modèle administratif français provoquent une régression de la référence à ce critère. Alors que la personnalité publique apparaissait hier comme le mode privilégié de prise en charge de l’action publique, l’administration est incitée à externaliser ses activités. En dépit d’un phénomène de « privatisation » de l’action administrative, le juge et le législateur maintiennent l’application de règles exorbitantes en l’absence du critère organique.Alors que le phénomène administratif se déploie aujourd’hui au-delà des seules personnes de droit public, la définition du critère organique en droit administratif demeure fermement arrimée à la notion de personne publique. Plusieurs facteurs invitent toutefois à reconsidérer la définition de ce critère. La fonctionnalisation de l’action publique ne dissimule qu’imparfaitement les liens qui s’établissent au sein de la « sphère publique » entre les personnes publiques et certaines personnes privées, qui demeurent sous étroit contrôle public. C’est donc sur la base de la notion de « contrôle public » que peut être entreprise une redéfinition de ce critère en droit administratif. / In French administrative law, the organic criterion is an instrument of legal qualification dependent upon the presence of a public body in a legal relationship. Its origins date back to the 19th century in the subjectivation of the rights of public power of which the State is invested and the differentiation of the public and private bodies. Misconstrued with the criterion of public service at the beginning of the 20th century, the organic criterion gains its autonomy at the time of the "crisis" of the notion of public service which consecrates the dissociation of notions of public body and public service. This criterion, which bears witness to the institutional logic to which administrative law is associated, serves as the foundation for the construction of notions.However, the organic criterion has been the subject of strong opposition for many years. On the one hand, the "trivialization" movement which affects rights of public bodies reinforces the inadequacy of this criterion in determining the applicable law. On the other, as a result of contemporary changes to the French administrative model, the reference to this criterion has diminished. While the public body appeared in the past as the preferred mode for public action, the administration is encouraged nowadays to "outsource" its activities. Despite a phenomenon of "privatization" of administrative measures, the judge and the legislator maintain the application of special rules in absence of the organic criterion.While the administrative phenomenon now extends beyond public law, the definition of the organic criterion in administrative law remains firmly linked to the notion of public body. Several factors, however, call for a redefinition of this criterion. The functionalization of public action only partially conceals the relation between public and certain private bodies within the public sphere which nevertheless remain under close public control. It is on the basis of the notion of "public control" that a redefinition of this criterion can be undertaken in administrative law.

L’objectif de cette étude est d’appréhender, à travers l’exemple du système européen d’échange des quotas d’émission de gaz à effet de serre, les conditions d’efficacité d’un instrument particulier de réalisation du développement durable : la technique de marché. Définie comme un instrument de police consistant en la poursuite d’un objectif de politique publique, préalablement défini par les pouvoirs publics, au moyen de la création volontaire d’un marché, c’est-à-dire l’organisation d’échanges d’« unités » entre opérateurs économiques, la technique de marché est utilisée de manière privilégiée en matière environnementale. La création ex nihilo d’un marché pour protéger l’environnement ne doit pas induire en erreur : la technique de marché ne conduit pas à une substitution de la liberté à la puissance publique. Au contraire, la technique de marché n’est efficace que si elle est sous-tendue par une action publique forte. Une intervention permanente – au stade de l’élaboration et de la mise en oeuvre de cet instrument – et multiforme – au niveau international, régional et national – de la puissance publique est nécessaire. La « main invisible » du marché ne produit ses effets que grâce à la « main visible » de la puissance publique. / By taking the example of the European Union emission trading system, the objective of the present study is to understand the conditions of effectiveness of a specific tool: the market-based instrument. Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing aiming at the achievement of a public policy objective (pre-established by public authorities) with the creation of a market, i.e. the organisation of exchanges of “units” between economic operators. This tool is widely used in environmental law. The ex nihilo creation of a market in order to protect the environment must not mislead: the market-based instrument does not lead to a shift from public action to freedom. To the contrary, the effectiveness of the market-based instrument depends on a strong public action. A permanent (i.e. both during the preparation and the implementation of this tool) and multifaceted (i.e. at international, regional and national levels) public intervention is therefore required. The “invisible hand” of the market could only be effective with the “visible hand” of public authorities.