This thesis is focused on cutting tools made of cemented carbides. It contains analysis of cemented carbides for uncoated and coated cutting tools. It contains examples of modern tools for turning, milling and drilling. Practical part of this thesis evaluates and compares cutting properties of two types of spiral drills.

This thesis deals with modern cutting cemented carbide tools. In the first section are stated several basic innovations already used tools for basic machining operations, which is turning, milling and drilling. It continues with analysis of single materials for production of cemented carbides, non coated as well as coated and with comparing of their properties. There are listed the basic cutting properties of the cutting tools after that. The penultimate point of the work is optimization of the basic machining operations, namely roughing and finishing, for a given application, which is in this case turning on the lamp stand. Finally, everything is summed up and evaluated in the conclusion.

Titandioxidschichten wurden mittels reaktiver Elektronenstrahlbedampfung und mit reaktiver plasmaaktivierter Bedampfung bei hohen Beschichtungsraten abgeschieden. Die Plasmaaktivierung erfolgte mittels einer diffusen katodischen Bogenentladung. Die gebildeten Phasen – amorph, Anatas oder Rutil – sind von Substrattemperatur und ratebezogenem Sauerstoffdruck abhängig. Für die Bildung der kristallinen Phasen wird eine Substrattemperatur von mindestens 150 bis 200 °C benötigt. Ohne Plasmaaktivierung abgeschiedene Schichten sind durch eine hohe Porosität und einen Sauerstoffüberschuss gekennzeichnet. Mit Plasmaaktivierung werden dichtere Schichten mit stöchiometrischer Zusammensetzung abgeschieden. Damit verbunden sind deutlich höhere Werte für Brechungsindex, Härte und E-Modul, die mit den Bulkwerten der jeweiligen Phasen vergleichbar sind. Die kristallinen Schichten, insbesondere die mit Plasmaaktivierung abgeschiedenen Anatas-Schichten, zeichnen sich durch photoinduzierte Hydrophilie und hohe photokatalytische Aktivität aus. Die Beschichtungsrate ist mit 30 bis 70 nm/s ein bis zwei Größenordnungen gegenüber Magnetronsputtern höher. Die plasmaaktivierte Bedampfung mittels diffuser katodischer Bogenentladung eröffnet damit die produktive Abscheidung von dichten Titandioxidschichten bei hohen Beschichtungsraten auf großen Flächen für verschiedenste Anwendungen, z. B. als optische Schicht oder für Antibeschlagsausrüstung.

Although Provoked Vestibulodynia has a great impact on women’s relationships, including their partners, research has predominantly focused on the women. This thesis aimed to expand the knowledge regarding psychosexual health of the partner. Depressive symptoms, anxiety, sexual distress, and domains of sexual function (erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, overall sexual satisfaction) were investigated through descriptive comparisons, correlations, and regression analyses. The sample consisted of male partners (N=53) of women with PVD, aged 20-50 years. Baseline data from a larger RCT was compared with data from external studies. Results showed that PVD partners reported similar levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety as comparison groups. However, PVD partners expressed higher levels of sexual distress, and lower levels of sexual function than comparison groups. Several domains of sexual function predicted overall sexual satisfaction, whereas depressive symptoms did not explain levels of sexual distress. However, depressive symptoms co-occurring with poorer overall sexual satisfaction and orgasmic function, explained higher sexual distress. We conclude that partners have a perceived impaired sexual health. Their impairment is localised to sexuality and not generalised to the rest of their lives. Partner involvement is integral in the treatment of PVD and should be investigated in future research.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been extensively employed as thermal protection in hot sections of gas turbines in aerospace and power generation applications. However, the fabrication of TBCs still needs to improve for better coating quality, such as achieving coating thickness' uniformity. However, several previous studies on the coating thickness prediction and a systematic understanding of the thickness evolution during the deposition process are still missing. This study aims to develop high-fidelity computational models to predict the coating thickness on complex-shaped components. In this work, two types of models, i.e., ray-tracing based and heat transfer based, are developed. For the ray-tracing model, assuming a line-of-sight coating process and considering the shadow effect, validation studies of coating thickness predictions on different shapes, including plate, disc, cylinder, and three-pin components. For the heat transfer model, a heat source following the Gaussian distribution is applied. It has the analogy of the governing equations of the ray-tracing method, thus generating a temperature distribution similar to the ray intensity distribution in the ray-tracing method, with the advantages of high computational efficiency. Then, using a calibrated conversion process, the ray intensity or the temperature profile are converted to the corresponding coating thickness. After validation studies, both models are applied to simulate the coating thickness in a rotary turbine blade. The results show that the simulated validation cases are in good agreement with either the experimental, analytical, or modeling results in the literature. The turbine blade case shows the coating thickness distributions based on rotating speed and deposition time. In summary, the models can simulate the coating thickness in rotary complex-shaped parts, which can be used to design and optimize the coating deposition process.

No description available.

The usage of titanium alloys in many industries has increased significantly over the years due to their superior properties. However, they are extremely difficult to machine because of their distinctive characteristics such as their high temperature strength, low thermal conductivity, and high chemical affinity for tool materials. Hence, despite their increased usage, they are still expensive to machine when compared to other metals. The current research aims to address the machinability issues of titanium alloys by developing novel compositions of a new generation of self-adaptive Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coatings that function by forming beneficial tribo-films through their interaction with the environment. These tribo-films form during cutting and provide enhanced lubricity, hardness, strength, and thermal barrier characteristics to the cutting tool. It was found that during Ti6Al4V machining, significant BUE and crater wear formation occurs; however, one is dominant over the other depending on the cutting conditions. Therefore, the coatings investigated were designed by taking into consideration the dominant tool wear mechanisms and the complex tribological phenomena that occur in the cutting zone. The current research investigated monolayer TiB2 and CrN self-adaptive PVD coatings for the rough (cutting speed - 45 m/min, feed -0.15 mm/rev, and depth of cut – 2 mm) and finish (cutting speed - 150 m/min, feed -0.1225 mm/rev, and depth of cut – 0.25 mm) turning of Ti6Al4V alloy. Detailed experimental studies were performed to study the effectiveness of the coatings during machining. Micro-mechanical characteristics of the coatings were also studied to understand how coating properties affect the coatings performance in machining and tribo-film formation. The results obtained show that both the TiB2 and CrN coatings significantly improve tool performance during the rough turning of Ti6Al4V alloy compared to the current industrial standard, which is due to certain micro-mechanical coating properties and the beneficial tribo-films formed. A coating of CrN coating was found to increase tool life during finish turning. It was also established that for machining applications where intensive adhesive interaction occurs at the tool-chip interface, coatings with lower hardness values perform significantly better than harder ones. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Titanium alloys are increasingly becoming the material of choice for many industrial applications due to their superior properties. However, they are very difficult to machine since they have high chemical affinity towards tool materials, low thermal conductivity, and high temperature strength. These properties cause rapid failure of the tool. The objective of the current research is to address machinability issues during Ti6Al4V machining and improve tool performance. One effective strategy to minimize tool wear is to apply self-adaptive PVD tool coatings that can form beneficial tribo-films through their interaction with the environment and provide enhanced lubricity, hardness, strength, and thermal barrier characteristics to the cutting tool. In the current research, two self-adaptive PVD coatings were developed that offset the dominant tool wear mechanisms prevalent during the rough and finish turning of Ti6Al4V alloy and reduced the tool wear rate by more than 60% compared to the current industrial standard.

Various nitrides, such as chromium nitride and titanium nitride, find extensive use in cutting tools, micromechanical devices, and medical implants due to their exceptional physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. These coatings exhibit superior hardness compared to high-speed steel and cemented carbide along with notable protective capabilities against corrosion and wear. These coatings have been successfully used to enhance the properties of cemented carbide and steel tools while safeguarding their surfaces. By adjusting deposition parameters like N2 gas pressure, the properties of PVD coatings can be tailored to effectively withstand specific dominant wear modes during machining. The study investigates and demonstrates that CrN coatings can be specifically engineered to have distinct mechanical and tribological properties by adjusting the N2 gas pressure, which enhances machining performance in cases where BUE formation occurs. A comprehensive coating characterization was conducted for each CrN coating studied. Wear performance assessments of the various CrN-coated WC tools were carried out during dry finish turning of SS 304. Additionally, high temperature coating characterization was performed for the best-performing in house deposited coating (nitrogen gas pressure of 4 Pa, bias voltage of -50 V) and a commercial coating, up to 450°C. The results highlighted the influence of N2 gas pressure on the structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of CrN coatings. The findings indicate that coatings with a comparatively low H/E ratio (while maintaining higher elastic modulus values), low roughness, moderate residual stress, high plasticity index, and high toughness exhibited superior performance when machining sticky materials and in high-temperature applications prone to adhesive wear and built-up edge (BUE) formation. Furthermore, high-temperature studies confirmed that the in-house coating retained a low H/E ratio, high plasticity index, high toughness, and low roughness, without compromising the hardness or elastic modulus values. In contrast, the commercial coating failed to retain its properties at higher temperatures. These high-temperature studies provide valuable insights for selecting CrN coatings tailored for machining materials that tend to adhere to the cutting tool and for high-temperature applications. / Dissertation / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Coating properties such as hardness, residual stress, adhesive behaviour, elastic modulus, and roughness significantly affect tool performance and wear patterns, besides machining parameters and conditions. This research focuses on CrN coatings deposited by PVD cathodic arc deposition, adjusting the N2 gas pressure while keeping bias voltage constant. The research investigates and illustrates that CrN coatings can be specifically tailored (by adjusting the N2 gas pressure) to possess unique mechanical, and tribological properties that ameliorate machining performance in scenarios involving BUE formation. Three CrN coatings were deposited using the PVD technique by varying the N2 gas pressure. A thorough coating characterization was conducted for each of three in house deposited coatings and one commercially available coating. The wear behaviour of different CrN-coated WC tools was evaluated during dry finish turning of SS 304 to identify the best-performing coating. Lastly, high-temperature coating characterization was performed up to 450 ˚C for one in-house deposited coating (nitrogen gas pressure of 4 Pa, bias voltage of -50 V) and one commercial coating. The results showed that a coating that has low H/E ratio (without compromising elastic modulus), high plasticity index, high toughness, moderate residual stress and low roughness effectively minimizes issues related to sticking and BUE formation and retains coating properties at high temperatures.

No description available.

Gasphasenabscheidungen werden zur Produktion dünner Schichten in der Mikro- und Nanoelektronik benutzt, um eine präzise Kontrolle der Schichtdicke im Sub-Nanometer-Bereich zu erreichen. Elektronische Eigenschaften der Schichten werden dabei von strukturellen Eigenschaften determiniert, deren Bestimmung mit hohem experimentellem Aufwand verbunden ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit erweitert ein hochparalleles Modell zur atomistischen Simulation des Wachstums und der Struktur von Dünnschichten, welches Molekulardynamik (MD) und Kinetic Monte Carlo-Methoden (KMC) kombiniert, um die Beschreibung beliebiger Gasphasenabscheidungen. KMC-Methoden erlauben dabei die effiziente Betrachtung der Größenordnung ganzer Nano-Bauelemente, während MD für atomistische Genauigkeit sorgt. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Parsivald genannte Modell Abscheidungen in Simulationsräumen mit einer Breite von 0.1 µm x 0.1 µm effizient berechnet, aber auch bis zu 1 µm x 1 µm große Räume mit 1 Milliarden Atomen beschreiben kann. Somit lassen sich innerhalb weniger Tage Schichtabscheidungen mit einer Dicke von 100 Å simulieren. Die kristallinen und amorphen Schichten zeigen glatte Oberflächen, wobei auch mehrlagige Systeme auf die jeweilige Lagenrauheit untersucht werden. Die Struktur der Schicht wird hauptsächlich durch die verwendeten molekulardynamischen Kraftfelder bestimmt, wie Untersuchungen der physikalischen Gasphasenabscheidung von Gold, Kupfer, Silizium und einem Kupfer-Nickel-Multilagensystem zeigen. Stark strukturierte Substrate führen hingegen zu Artefakten in Form von Nanoporen und Hohlräumen aufgrund der verwendeten KMC-Methode. Zur Simulation von chemischen Gasphasenabscheidungen werden die Precursor-Reaktionen von Silan mit Sauerstoff sowie die Hydroxylierung von alpha-Al2O3 mit Wasser mit reaktiven Kraftfeldern (ReaxFF) berechnet, allerdings ist weitere Arbeit notwendig, um komplette Abscheidungen auf diese Weise zu simulieren. Mit Parsivald wird somit die Erweiterung einer Software präsentiert, die Gasphasenabscheidungen auf großen Substraten effizient simulieren kann, dabei aber auf passende molekulardynamische Kraftfelder angewiesen ist.