Föreliggande studie syftar till att kartlägga vilka designfaktorer som främst förekommer på etiketter hos framgångsrika aleproducenter från olika länder, samt undersöka om konsumenter kan urskilja produktionsland endast genom granskning av etiketten. För att undersöka detta genomfördes en visuell innehållsanalys för att ta fram designfaktorer för fem utvalda länder, varefter fem typexempel skapades. Typexemplen testades på konsumenter via en webbenkät. Slutsatsen är att det i vissa fall går att ta fram ett typexempel och i vissa fall kan en del av konsumenterna se vilket det tänkta produktionslandet är. I majoriteten av fallen gick det emellertid inte att ta fram ett perfekt typexempel och konsumenten kunde inte urskilja det tänkta produktionslandet. / The purpose of the present study is to survey what design elements occur most often in labels from successful producers of ale and analyze if consumers can tell which country the ale has been produced in, only by viewing the bottle label. We completed a visual content analysis to find the design elements for five selected countries, and five representative labels was created. The constructed country labels were tested on the consumer trough a questionnaire study online. The conclusion is that in there is, in some cases, possible to design a representative label and that in some cases some of the consumers can tell which the intended country of origin is. In the majority of cases it was not possible to create a perfect representative and the consumer couldn't tell the intended country of origin.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / As we adopt and implement the doctrines of reengineering, we at NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) are asked to make a giant leap in how we think of and design SpaceCraft. We call what we are doing a revolution, since we are not “evolving” to the next step in our activity, but literally leaping beyond it. This is fully in concert with the concepts of reengineering, in that areas that need to be changed are indeed literally invented anew. To be successful, JPL and its industry partners, must perfect processes, techniques and methods that allow them to work together at all levels of the SpaceCraft development cycle. If all other parts of the discipline have moved on and changed, but a key portion remains locked in a time warp of yesterday, we will not be able to reach our desired goal. At the present time change is occurring all over JPL, and it is our intent to describe how it applies to areas where prototype, or one of a kind hardware are fabricated, and how these areas might look when new approaches to doing business are applied. Since all activities in an organization must attain similar levels of expertise or be in danger of hampering the entire process, the issues of Packaging Engineering, Manufactureability, and fabrication become key items.

Effective power delivery in Double-sided 3-D glass interposer packages was proposed, investigated, and demonstrated towards achieving high logic-to-memory bandwidth. Such 3-D interposers enable a simpler alternative to direct 3-D stacking by providing low-loss, wide-I/O channels between the logic device on one side of the ultra-thin glass interposer and memory stack on the other side, eliminating the need for complex TSVs in the logic die. A simplified PDN design approach with power-ground planes was proposed to overcome resonance challenges from (a) added parasitic inductance in the lateral power delivery path from the printed wiring board (PWB), due to die placement on the bottom side of the interposer, and (b) the low-loss property of the glass substrate. Based on this approach, this dissertation developed three important suppression solutions using, (a) the 3-D interposer package configuration, (b) the selection of embedded and SMT-based decoupling capacitors, and (c) coaxial power-ground planes with TPVs. The self-impedance of the 3-D glass interposer PDN was simulated using electromagnetic solvers, including printed-wiring-board (PWB) and chip-level models. Two-metal and four-metal layer test vehicles were fabricated on 30-μm and 100-μm thick glass substrates using a panel-based double-side fabrication process, for potential lower cost and improved electrical performance. The PDN test structures were characterized upto 20 GHz, to demonstrate the measured verification of (a) 3-D glass interposer power delivery network and (b) resonance suppression. The data and analysis presented in this dissertation prove that the objectives of this research were met successfully, leading to the first demonstration of effective PDN design in ultra-thin (30-100μm), and 3-D double-sided glass BGA packages, by suppressing the PDN noise from mode resonances.

The objective of this PhD research was to design and implement novel microfluidic radio-frequency (RF) structures on multilayer organic substrates for cooling and tuning purposes. The different designs were implemented to target applications up to C-band (4 GHz – 8 GHz) frequencies. The system-on-package (SoP) solution adopted throughout this work is well adapted for such designs where there is a need to integrate the functionality of different sub-components into a single hybrid fully packaged system. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the study of a specific liquid cooling scheme using integrated microchannels on organics placed beneath different types of heat sources. A 1 W gallium nitride (GaN) die was cooled using this method and an analysis is presented regarding the cases where the coolant is static or dynamic inside the microchannel. The second part of the thesis deals with microfluidically reconfigurable microstrip RF circuits, mainly bandpass filters and power amplifiers (PAs). The microfluidic tuning technique is based on the change in the effective dielectric constant that the RF signal “sees” when traveling above two microchannels with different fluids. This technique was used to shift the frequency response of an L-band microstrip bandpass filter by replacing DI water with acetone inside a 60 mil micro-machined cavity. This technique was also used to design reconfigurable matching networks which constitute the main part of the proposed tunable GaN-based PA for S- and C-band applications. The final part of the thesis expands the previous results by combining both cooling and tuning in a single RF design. To prove the concept, cooling and tuning microchannels were integrated into a single package to cool a GaN-based PA and tune its frequency response at the same time from 2.4 GHz to 5.8 GHz and vice versa.

The emerging field of RNA nanotechnology necessitates creation of functional RNA nanoparticles, but has been limited by particle instability. Previously, it was found the three-way junction (3WJ) of the Phi29 DNA packaging motor pRNA was found to be ultra-stable and assemble in solution without the presence of metal ions. The three-way junction is composed of three short oligo RNA strands and proven to be thermodynamically stable. Here the assembly mechanism, thermodynamic and enzymatic stabilities, and kinetics are examined in order to understand the stability behind this unique motif. Thermodynamic and kinetics studies found that the pRNA 3WJ formed out of three components at a rapid rate creating a single-step three component collision with a lack of dimer intermediate formation while being governed by entropy, instead of the commonly seen enthalpy. Furthermore, the pRNA 3WJ proved to be stable at temperatures above 50 °C, concentrations below 100 pM, and produced a free energy of formation well below other studied RNA structures and motifs. With the high stability and folding efficiency of the pRNA 3WJ, it serves as an ideal platform for multi-branched RNA nanoparticles constructed through bottom-up techniques. RNA nanoparticles were constructed for the specific targeting of prostate cancer cells expressing Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) by receptor mediated endocytosis through the addition of an RNA aptamer; and the delivery of anti-miRNA sequences for gene regulation. The resulting nanoparticles remained stable while showing highly specific binding and entry in PSMA positive cells through cell surface receptor endocytosis. Furthermore, the entry of the nanoparticles allowed for the knockdown of against onco-miRNAs. Nanoparticles harboring antimiRNAs led to the upregulation of tumor suppressor genes, and signaling of apoptotic pathways. These findings display RNA nanotechnology can result in the production of stable nanoparticles and result in the specific treatment of cancers, specifically prostate cancer.

Η παρούσα διατριβή εξειδίκευσης αποτελεί το προοίμιο μιας μακρόπνοης εμπλοκής του εργαστηρίου υλοποίησής της στη μελέτη ενδεχόμενης μετανάστευσης ουσιών που χρησιμοποιούνται ως ενισχυτικά φραγής ή/και ως χημικοί αισθητήρες σε βιοπολυμερικές συσκευασίες τροφίμων και αποδέσμευσής τους σε προσομοιωτές τροφίμων. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, η εργασία αυτή αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια ανάδειξης της μεθόδου επιφανειακής ενίσχυσης της σκέδασης Raman (Surafce Enhanced Raman Scattering) ως κατάλληλης για τον ποσοτικό προσδιορισμό μικρού μοριακού βάρους ενώσεων που ενδεχομένως αποδεσμεύονται σε υδατικά διαλύματα ή/και συγκεκριμένους προσομοιωτές τροφίμων. Η μελέτη εστιάστηκε στην ελεγχόμενη αποδέσμευση φαρμακευτικών ουσιών από μια βιοπολυμερική μήτρα κυρίως κατά το πρώιμο στάδιο της μελέτης και τις παραμέτρους που επηρεάζουν το φαινόμενο αυτό. Βασικός στόχος της μελέτης ήταν η κατά το δυνατό μείωση του ορίου ανίχνευσης με SERS της αποδεσμευόμενης ουσίας με την εμβάπτιση της βιοπολυμερικής μήτρας που την εμπεριέχει σε πρότυπα υδατικά διαλύματα. Πραγματοποιήθηκε μια διεξοδική μελέτη των υποστρωμάτων που χρησιμοποιούνται στο SERS και συγκεκριμένα του νανοκολλοειδούς αργύρου (Ag). Για τον σκοπό αυτό, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα τα οποία έδειξαν την εξάρτηση της έντασης SERS από τη συσσωμάτωση των υποστρωμάτων Ag συναρτήσει του χρόνου και του παράγοντα συσσωμάτωσης, NaCl. Η εφαρμογή του SERS σε μελέτες ουσιών εξαιρετικά χαμηλών συγκεντρώσεων αναδεικνύεται ως ένα πολύ ενδιαφέρον πεδίο έρευνας. Επίσης, ως πρότυπο πείραμα, παρουσιάζεται μεθοδολογία μελέτης με την τεχνική SERS της αποδέσμευσης του αντικαρκινικού φαρμάκου Μitoxantrone (ΜΤΧ) από εμπορικά ράμματα Maxon. Για το σκοπό αυτό, παρασκευάστηκαν πολυμερικά υμένια με εγκλωβισμένη τη δραστική ουσία και η μελέτη της αποδέσμευσης της σε νερό και PBS (phosphate buffered saline) πραγματοποιήθηκε με SERS και UV-Vis, αντίστοιχα. Η φασματοσκοπία UV-Vis χρησιμοποιήθηκε συμπληρωματικά. Στηριζόμενοι στη μεθοδολογία που αναπτύξαμε εξάγαμε ποσοτικά αποτελέσματα από τρία διαφορετικά εργαστηριακά δείγματα, τα οποία προήλθαν από ανάμιξη εμπορικών ραμμάτων Maxon με 1% κ.β. MTX: (α) στην άμορφη φάση έπειτα από ταχεία ψύξη του τήγματος, (β) στην ημικρυσταλλική φάση με σχετικά χαμηλό ποσοστό κρυσταλλικότητας, που λάβαμε έπειτα από ανόπτηση της άμορφης φάσης για περιορισμένο χρόνο στη θερμοκρασία κρυστάλλωσης και (γ) σε μια επίσης ημικρυσταλλική φάση με αρκετά μεγάλο ποσοστό κρυστάλλωσης (όσης και τα εμπορικά ράμματα). Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν πως υπάρχει συσχέτιση μεταξύ κρυσταλλικότητας και αποδέσμευσης του φαρμάκου, με τα μικρότερα ποσά αποδέσμευσης στην περίπτωση του άμορφου δείγματος. Αυτό που παρατηρήθηκε στα πρώιμα στάδια της αποδέσμευσης από τις μετρήσεις SERS φαίνεται να επαληθεύεται από αντίστοιχα αποτελέσματα σε μεταγενέστερα στάδια αποδέσμευσης που λάβαμε με εφαρμογή της συμβατικής τεχνικής απορρόφησης ορατού – υπεριώδους (UV-Vis). Ωστόσο, οι ποσοτικές μετρήσεις με τη χρήση του SERS σε πολύ μικρές συγκεντρώσεις έδειξαν μεγαλύτερη ανιχνευτική ευαισθησία σε σχέση με αυτές που πραγματοποιήθηκαν με την απορρόφηση UV-Vis. Συμπερασματικά, το SERS δείχνει ικανό στον ποσοτικό προσδιορισμό ενεργών ουσιών που αποδεσμεύονται από βιοσυμβατά πολυμερικά συστήματα μεταφοράς δραστικών ουσιών σε πολύ μικρές συγκεντρώσεις. / This thesis of specialization is the precursor of a long-term involvement of the laboratory of Applied Molecular Spectroscopy of FORTH/ICE-HT in the implementation of the study of the migration of substances used as barrier and/or as chemical sensors in biopolymer based food packaging and their release into food simulants. In this context, this work attempts to highlight the method of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as appropriate for quantifying low molecular weight compounds that may be released in aqueous solutions and/or specific food simulants. The study focused on the controlled release of pharmaceuticals from a biopolymeric matrix mainly during the early stage of the study and the parameters affecting this phenomenon. The main objective of the study was to reduce SERS detection limit of the released substance by emerging the substance-incorporated biopolymeric matrix in standard aqueous solutions. In this context, we developed methods to maximize SERS enhancement and consequently reduce the limit of detection of an active substance, Mitoxantrone (MTX). This was achieved by a thorough study of the substrates used in SERS, namely nanocolloidal silver (Ag) suspensions. For this purpose, we contacted experiments which show the dependence of the SERS intensity on the aggregation of Ag substrates as a function of both time and the aggregating agent, NaCl. Also, as a standard experiment, present SERS methodology was applied in the study of the release of the anticancer drug Mitoxantrone (MTX) from commercially available sutures, Maxon. For this purpose, polymeric films prepared with the encapsulated active substance were immersed either in water or/and in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) and the release of MTX was probed by both SERS and UV-Vis. Based on the developed methodology we obtained quantitative results from three different laboratory samples produced by mixing commercial Maxon sutures with 1 wt% MTX: (a) an almost completely amorphous mixture produced by quenching from the melt, (b) a semi-crystalline one possessing low crystallinity that was produced by annealing the amorphous sample at the temperature close to the crystallization one and (c) a semi-crystalline one possessing high crystallinity similar to the commercial product. The results indicate a correlation between crystallinity and drug release rate; the more amorphous the sample is the less quantity of the drug is released. SERS was able to probe the active agent at the early state of release; UV-Vis has supported these results at a later state of the release process. In conclusion, SERS may enable low concentration quantitative assessment of controlled release of drugs from biopolymer-based delivery systems.

Previously, gp16, the ATPase protein of phi29 DNA packaging motor, was an enigma due to its tendency to form multiple oligomeric states. Recently we employed new methodologies to decipher both its stoichiometry and also the mechanism in which the protein functions to hydrolyze ATP and provide the driving force for DNA packaging. The oligomeric states were determined by biochemical and biophysical approaches. Contrary to many reported intriguing models of viral DNA packaging, it was found that phi29 DNA packaging motor permits the translocation of DNA unidirectionally and driven cooperatively by three rings of defined shape. The mechanism for the generation of force and the role of adenosine and phosphate in motor motion were demonstrated. It was concluded that phi29 genomic DNA is pushed to traverse the motor channel section by section with the aid of ATPase gp16, similar to the hexameric AAA+ family in the translocation of dsDNA. A new model of "Push through a One-way Valve" for the mechanism of viral DNA packaging motor was coined to describe the coordinated interaction among the hexameric packaging ATPase gp16 and the revolution mechanism of the dodecameric channel which serves as a control device to regulate the directional movement of dsDNA.

<p> </p><p>Infrared (IR) imaging devices based on energy detection has shown a dramatic development in technology along with an impressive price reduction in recent years. However, for a low-end market as in automotive applications, the present cost of IR cameras is still the main obstacle to broadening their usage. Ongoing research has continuously reduced the system cost. Apart from decreasing the cost of infrared optics, there are other key issues to achieve acceptable system costs, including wafer-level vacuum packaging of the detectors, low vacuum level operation, and the use of standard materials in the detector fabrication. This thesis presents concepts for cost reduction of low-end IR cameras.</p><p>     The thesis presents a study of detector performance based on the thermal conductance design of the pixel. A circuit analog is introduced to analyze the basic thermal network effect from the surrounding environment on the conductance from the pixel to the environment. A 3D simulation model of the detector array conductance has been created in order to optimize the performance of the arrays while operated in low vacuum. In the model, Fourier's law of heat transfer is applied to determine the thermal conductance of a composite material pixel. The resulting thermal conductance is then used to predict the performance of the detector array in low vacuum.</p><p>     The investigations of resist as the intermediate bonding material for 3D array integration are also reported in the thesis. A study has been made of the nano-imprint resists series mr-I 9000 using a standard adhesive wafer bonding scheme for thermosetting adhesives. Experiments have been performed to optimize the thickness control and uniformity of the nano-imprint resist layer. The evaluation, including assessment of the bonding surface uniformity and planarizing ability of topographical surfaces, is used to demonstrate the suitability of this resist as sacrificial material for heterogeneous detector array integration<em>. </em><em></em></p><p>     Moreover, the thesis presents research in wafer-level packaging performed by room temperature bonding. Sealing rings, used to create a cavity, are manufactured by electroplating. The cavity sealing is tested by liquid injection and by monitoring the deflection of the lid membrane of the cavities. A value for the membrane deflection is calculated to estimate the pressure inside the cavities.  </p>

<p>When the producers’ responsibility for packaging was introduced in Sweden in 1994 the industry set up public recycling stations to facilitate the collection of the waste material. In order to establish recycling stations at suitable locations the municipalities assist the industry’s service organization for operation of the recycling stations, the Package and Newspaper Collection Service (Förpacknings- och tidningsinsamlingen, FTI). The objectives of this thesis are to improve the service of the public recycling stations within Lidingö town and to increase the accessibility to these stations for the inhabitants of Lidingö. The Municipal authority of Lidingö in consultations with the FTI will use the collected information on the attitudes of the inhabitants in order to bring the recycling system into line with the opinions of the inhabitants.</p><p>The information on the attitudes of the inhabitants towards the public recycling stations has been collected through an opinion poll. About half of those asked are living in blocks of flats while half are living in self-contained houses. In order to secure the differences in attitudes between different forms of living, sex, and age, hypotheses tests were conducted on selected parts of the collected material. New locations for public recycling stations have been suggested and assessed on the basis of accessibility, the risk of littering, the level of noise, the traffic situation, existing hard surfaces and property ownership.</p><p>The inhabitants of Lidingö want the public recycling stations to be located near their homes, near main roads or near shops in order to be accessible. Car is the main means of transport to the recycling stations. Women and people living in blocks of flats walk to the recycling station to a greater extent than men and those living in self-contained houses. The recycling stations ought to be asphalted and well-lit in order to decrease the risk of littering.</p><p>Many inhabitants of Lidingö, living in areas where the population density is high, lack access to public recycling stations within walking distance. New recycling stations should preferably be located in these housing areas. Ten new suggested locations will, if they are adopted, increase the number of inhabitants living within walking distance of a recycling station.</p> / <p>Då producentansvaret för förpackningar infördes 1994 valde näringslivet att lösa insamlingen av förpackningar genom att sätta upp återvinningsstationer till vilka hushållen kan lämna det utsorterade materialet. För att göra det möjligt att placera ut återvinningsstationer på lämpliga platser bistår kommunerna näringslivets serviceorganisation, Förpacknings- och tidningsinsamlingen, med lokaliseringsförslag. För att anpassa insamlingssystemet till lokala förhållanden är Förpacknings- och tidningsinsamlingen ålagd att samråda med kommunerna.</p><p>Examensarbetet syftar till att förbättra servicen på återvinningsstationerna på Lidingö och öka tillgängligheten för kommuninvånarna. Informationen om lidingöbornas attityder ska användas vid samråd mellan kommunen och Förpacknings- och tidningsinsamlingen för att anpassa insamlingssystemet efter kommuninvånarnas önskemål.</p><p>Genom en postal enkätundersökning har lidingöbornas attityder till återvinningsstationerna´utretts. Hälften av de tillfrågade bodde i flerfamiljshus medan den andra hälften bodde i småhus. För att säkerställa skillnader i attityder mellan olika boendeformer, kön och åldrar utfördes hypotesprövningar på utvalda delar av materialet. Platser för nya återvinningsstationer har tagits fram och bedömts utifrån tillgänglighet, risk för nedskräpning, bullerstörning, trafiksituation, markägarförhållanden samt befintliga hårdytor och tillfartsvägar.</p><p>Lidingöborna vill att återvinningsstationer ska placeras i närheten av hemmet, större bilvägar eller i anslutning till affärer för att vara lättillgängliga. Det huvudsakliga transportmedlet till återvinningsstationen är bil. Kvinnor och boende i flerbostadshus tar sig i större utsträckning till fots till återvinningsstationen samt anser i högre grad att återvinningsstationerna ska ligga i närheten av hemmet än vad män och boende i småhus gör. Återvinningsstationerna bör vara asfalterade och välupplysta för att minska risken för nedskräpning.</p><p>Stora områden på Lidingö med hög befolkningstäthet saknar helt tillgång till återvinningsstationer inom gångavstånd. I dessa bostadsområden bör nya återvinningsstationer prioriteras. Tio lämpliga platser för nya återvinningsstationer har lokaliserats vilka, om de upprättas, ökar andelen lidingöbor som har möjlighet att ta sig till fots till återvinningsstationen.</p>

Microfluidic systems are being used in more and more areas and the demand for such systems is growing every day. To meet such high volume market needs, a cheap and rapid method for sealing these microfluidic platforms which is viable for mass manufacture is highly desirable. In this work low frequency induction heating (LFIH) is introduced as the potential basis of a cost-effective, rapid production method for polymer microfluidic device sealing. Thin metal layers or structured metal features are introduced between the device s substrates and heated inductively. The surrounding material melts and forms a bond when cooling. During the bonding process it is important to effectively manage the heat dissipation to prevent distortion of the microfluidic platform. The size of the heat affected zone (HAZ), and the area melted, must be controlled to avoid blockage of the microfluidic channels or altering the channels wall characteristics. The effects of susceptor shape and area, bonding pressure, heating time, etc, on the heating rate have been investigated to provide a basis for process optimisation and design rules. It was found that the maximum temperature is proportional to the square of the susceptor area and that round shaped susceptors heat most efficiently. As a result of the investigations higher bonding pressure was identified as increasing bond strength and allowing the reduction of heating time and thus the reduction of melt zone width. The use of heating pulses instead of continuous heating also reduced the dimensions of melt zones while maintaining good bond strength. The size of the HAZ was found to be negligible. An analytical model, which can be used to predict the heating rate, was derived. In validating the model by numeric models and experiments it was found that it cannot be used to calculate exact temperatures but it does correctly describe the effect of different heating parameters. Over the temperature range needed to bond polymer substrates, cooling effects were found not to have a significant impact on the heating rate. The two susceptor concepts using thin metal layers (metal-plastic bonds) or structured metal features (plastic-plastic bonds) were tested and compared. While the metal-plastic bonds turned out to be too weak to be useful, the bonds formed using structured susceptors showed good strength and high leakage pressure. Based on the knowledge gained during the investigations a microfluidic device was designed. Different samples were manufactured and tested. During the tests minor leaks were observed but it was found that this was mainly due to debris which occurred during laser machining of the channels. It was concluded that induction bonding can be used to seal plastic microfluidic devices. The following guidelines can be drawn up for the design of susceptors and process optimisation: Materials with low resistivity perform better; For very thin susceptors the effect of permeability on the heating rate is negligible; The cross-sectional area of the susceptor should be as large as possible to reduce resistance; The thickness of the susceptor should be of similar dimensions to the penetration depth or smaller to increase homogeneity of heat dissipation; The shape of the susceptor should follow the shape of the inductor coil, or vice-versa, to increase homogeneity of heat dissipation; The susceptor should form a closed circuit; Higher bonding pressure leads to stronger bonds and allows reduced heating times; Pulsed heating performs better than continuous heating in terms of limited melt area and good bond strength. The drawbacks of the technique are explained as well: introducing additional materials leads to additional process steps. Also the structuring and placement of the susceptor was identified to be problematic. In this project the structured susceptor was placed manually but that is not feasible for mass manufacture. To be able to use the technique efficiently a concept of manufacturing the susceptor has to be found to allow precise alignment of complex designs.