No / The male breadwinner model, which dominated both policy assumptions and social ideals in the post-war welfare state, is increasingly being supplanted by an adult worker family model. In this new model, both men and women are assumed to be primarily workers in the labour market, who as fathers and mothers pool their earned income in supporting children. In this article we assess this assumption. First, we examine the gendered moral rationalities of particular social groups of partnered mothers, defined in terms of class, conventionality, ethnicity and sexuality, about how mothering is combined with paid work, and how time and labour is allocated with their partners. Second, in the light of this empirical research, we examine three leading approaches to understanding change and decision making in families - new household economics, individualization in late modernity, and `post-modern moral negotiation'. We conclude that both the empirical and theoretical assumptions of the adult worker model are severely limited.

The employment experiences of Tongan women migrants have received little attention in the literature. This study therefore, sought to shed light on the dynamics of their social and economic experiences at paid work in New Zealand. It was guided by the theories of population geographies, feminist geography and postcolonialism. The inter-relationships of these theories provided insights into the influence of migration on these women's identities, ethnicity and gender relations and also how these influence these women's experiences at paid work in New Zealand. The data were drawn from two major sources: i) the New Zealand 2006 population census and ii) in-depth interviews held in Tonga and New Zealand, with greater focus on the interviews. This study revealed that the Tongan women's decisions for migrating to New Zealand were influenced by social rather than economic incentives. Migration has challenged these women's traditional roles and reconstructed their gender relations. Many are breadwinners yet Tongan born men in New Zealand still predominantly engage in the labour force and have higher personal income. Their experiences at paid work also differ from the New Zealand born Tongan women in New Zealand. These differences reflect the availability of their social networks and their familiarity with the socio-economic systems in New Zealand. They experienced successes and failures at paid work on their way to improving their lives in New Zealand.

Homeschooling is becoming an increasingly popular education alternative in much of the developed world and the desire by parents to homeschool is slowly changing the perception of homeschooling and the laws that regulate and/or prohibit the practice. This paper examines the practice of homeschooling via a gendered lens and with clear recognition of the devaluation of reproductive labor within the modern, capitalist social context.

Yes / This paper argues for the need to reconsider the changing nature of in-work poverty (IWP). In doing so, we present evidence not included in current debates or statistics, of people working in more than one job, yet still experiencing IWP. Using the dynamic theory of poverty and a qualitative approach, we identify various structural constraints that sustain cycles of IWP. This highlights the multi-dimensionalities of poverty, incorporating the temporalities, types and depths of IWP. Our evidence demonstrates how poverty is experienced and individualised and also how it is created and sustained through paid work, rather than being challenged by it.

This thesis focuses on work-life balance policy; one of the key field of EU gender equality policies. The purpose of this study was to analyze most recently proposed policy on work-life balance ‘An initiative to support work-life balance for working parents and carers’ that aims to upgrade existing policy and legal frameworks. The main objective of the study is to identify problem representation(s) of gender equality in the stated policy. The study objectives comprises of problematizing identified problem representation(s) by drawing attention to silences and underplayed issues including its far-reaching implications on various groups. Analysis presented in this thesis is guided by theoretical framework of poststuructural feminism chiefly through discourse analysis methodology. In that endeavor, Carol Bacchi’s ‘What’s the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach has been applied for discourse analysis of the policy by employing 3 out 6 postulated questions. The study identifies several problem representations of gender equality in the stated EU reconciliation policy. Among others, childcare responsibility is identified as the most dominant problem representation. Likewise, the study points out silenced issues in the policy. This includes structural challenges affecting accessibility and advancement of women in labour market, the type of work, division of unpaid work besides caring responsibilities, inequalities engendered by intersectional factors, well-being of individuals, family, children, elderly care and commitment from employing organizations. The study finally notes ensuing lived effects on women due to added responsibilities. The study analysis concludes some still present pitfalls in the modernized work-life balance policy.

The present thesis focuses on causes and consequences of paid working hours and housework hours among women and men in Sweden and Europe. It consists of four studies. Study I investigates changes in the division of housework in Swedish couples when they become parents. The study shows that women adjust their housework hours to the number and age of children in the household, whereas men do not. Longer parental leave periods among fathers have the potential to counteract this change towards a more traditional division of housework. Study II explores the associations between psychological distress and paid working hours, housework hours and total role time in Sweden. The results suggest that women’s psychological distress decreases with increasing paid working hours and housework hours, but that a long total role time is associated with high levels of distress. The gender difference in time spent on housework accounts for 40 per cent of the gender difference in psychological distress. Study III asks whether hours spent on paid work and housework account for the European gender difference in well-being, and whether the associations between well-being and hours of paid work and housework is influenced by gender attitudes and social comparison. The results indicate that gender differences in time spent on paid work and housework account for a third of the gender difference in well-being. Gender attitudes and social comparison do not to any great extent influence the associations between well-being and paid work and housework, respectively. Study IV examines possible differences between European family policy models in the associations between well-being and hours of paid work and housework. Some model differences are found, and they are accounted for by experiences of work-family conflict among men, but not among women. For both women and men, work-family conflict appears to suppress positive aspects of paid working hours.

No description available.

Cette étude porte sur la culture de travail des femmes qui ont été à l’emploi du grand magasin Dupuis Frères de Montréal entre 1920 et 1960. Nous nous intéressons aux particularités du travail salarié féminin dans le domaine de la vente au détail au Québec, mais aussi à la nature et à l’évolution de cette culture de travail de même qu’à ses liens avec les changements qui surviennent à l’époque dans la construction des nouvelles normes de la féminité respectable. D’une part, notre but est de montrer que pour les travailleuses de Dupuis, leur emploi leur permet de gagner leur vie certes, mais aussi de l’agrémenter, de se divertir au moyen de loisirs organisés par l’entreprise et de créer des liens entre elles. À travers la culture de travail qu’elles y développent, ces femmes se créent une identité particulière. Nous soulignons aussi que Dupuis Frères, dans un esprit paternaliste, encadre de près ses employées et exploite leur culture de travail afin de s’assurer de leur loyauté et de maintenir sa bonne réputation auprès de l’opinion publique. D’autre part, nous cherchons à prouver que même si la culture des femmes à l’emploi de Dupuis au cours de cette période est largement influencée par la domesticité et l’idéologie des sphères séparées, caractéristiques de la féminité « traditionnelle » dominante, elle intègre néanmoins de plus en plus, surtout à partir de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, de nouvelles dimensions plus « modernes » de la féminité qui ne remplacent pas l’idéal de la mère-ménagère, mais qui viennent plutôt s’y greffer et qui rendent, du coup, leur identité féminine plus complexe. / This study is about the work culture of the women who were employed by Dupuis Frères, a famous Montreal department store, between 1920 and 1960. We will focus on the features of this particular type of paid work, that is women’s work in retail in Quebec. We will also insist on the nature and evolution of that work culture and on the fact that it was influenced, during this period, by the transformations that occurred in the construction of new forms of respectable femininity. First, our goal is to show that these Dupuis Frères women employees didn’t work for the sole purpose of earning a living, but did also in order to live a more pleasant life, to entertain themselves by participating in leisure activities organized by their employer and to create new bonds among themselves. With this work culture that they developed, these women workers also created themselves a new particular identity. We also want to show that Dupuis Frères, with its paternalistic management, was controlling its employees and was exploiting their work culture to ensure the employees’ faith in them and maintain the company’s reputation. Second, we want to prove that even if the work culture of the women working at Dupuis Frères, during that period, was influenced by domesticity and the separate spheres ideology (features of the dominant « traditional » femininity), it was more and more incorporating, mostly from Second World War, new dimensions of a more « modern » femininity that were not replacing the mother-housewife ideal, but that rather were making their feminine identity more complex.

O presente estudo teve como objeto a prevalência e os preditores do trabalho remunerado entre indivíduos com transtorno mental, identificando-se a necessidade de estudar tal prevalência e os fatores que favorecem a inserção destes indivíduos no trabalho remunerado, em detrimento dos seus fatores de risco, considerando a sua importância na vida do indivíduo e também a relação entre o trabalho e o transtorno mental nos diferentes períodos históricos do Brasil e do mundo, sob a égide da Reabilitação Psicossocial voltada para o eixo trabalho com valor social. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva e retrospectiva, com amostra de 258 fichas de admissão de pacientes atendidos em um ambulatório de saúde mental do interior do estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um roteiro norteador contendo informações dos aspectos sociodemográficos, situação de trabalho e aspectos clínicos dos participantes, que, posteriormente, foram submetidas a análises bivariadas, a saber, teste de Qui-Quadrado (Chi-Square test) e teste Exato de Fisher (Fisher\'s Exact test) com o objetivo de identificar a associação entre as variáveis e à análise de regressão logística múltipla, tendo como propósito identificar os fatores associados ao exercício de atividade remunerada. Os aspectos éticos das diretrizes e normas propostos pela resolução 466/ 2012 do Conselho nacional de Saúde para as pesquisas com seres humanos foram respeitados, com aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo - EERP/ USP. Com relação aos resultados, 40,3% dos participantes exerciam trabalho remunerado e 59,7% não exerciam tal atividade, a maioria era do gênero feminino, tinha entre 40 e 59 anos, baixa escolaridade e não tinha companheiro. Os preditores do trabalho remunerado identificados neste estudo foram a idade mais jovem, o gênero masculino, as categorias de transtornos mentais de humor e ansiosos em detrimento dos outros tipos de transtorno e a não utilização de medicamentos antipsicóticos. Destaca-se que os preditores idade, não uso de antipsicóticos e gênero masculino provavelmente sofreram influência dos subgrupos dos indivíduos aposentados, afastados por doença ou desempregados e apenas as categorias diagnósticas não sofreram tal influência, portanto, identifica-se a importância do olhar mais cuidadoso aos indivíduos com diagnósticos psiquiátricos mais severos, estigmatizantes e incapacitantes no sentido de empreender esforços que viabilizem a inserção desses indivíduos no trabalho remunerado dentro do mercado formal, quando possível, ou em formas de trabalho protegidas / The present study had as object the prevalence and predictors of paid work among individuals with mental disorder, identifying the need to study such theme, to the detriment of its risk factors, considering its importance for the individual\'s life and under the aegis of Psychosocial Rehabilitation focused on the work with social value axis. This is a quantitative, descriptive and retrospective study, with a sample of 258 admission records from patients attended at a mental health clinic in the interior of the state of Sao Paulo. Data collection was done through a guiding script containing information about sociodemographic aspects, work situation and clinical aspects of the participants, which were then submitted to bivariate analysis, as the Chi-Square test and Fisher\'s Exact test with the objective of identifying the association between the variables and the multiple logistic regression analysis, in order to identify the factors associated with paid work. The present study was approved for the Ethics and Research Committee of the Ribeirao Preto School of Nursing University of Sao Paulo. About the results, 40.3% of the participants were inserted in paid work and 59.7% did not practice this activity, the majority were female, between 40 and 59 years old, had low education and had no marital-partner. The predictors of paid work identified in this study were the younger age, the male gender, the diagnostic categories of mental disorders related to mood and anxious to the detriment of the other types of mental disorders and the non-use of antipsychotic medications. It stands out the predictors of age, non-use of antipsychotics and male gender as factors that were probably influenced by the subgroups of retired, away from work by illness or unemployed individuals and only the diagnostic categories did not suffer such influence, therefore, the importance of a more careful look to individuals with more severe, stigmatizing and incapacitating psychiatric diagnoses in the sense of undertake efforts that make possible the insertion of these individuals in paid work in the formal market, whenever possible, or in protected forms of work.

O presente estudo teve como objeto a prevalência e os preditores do trabalho remunerado entre indivíduos com transtorno mental, identificando-se a necessidade de estudar tal prevalência e os fatores que favorecem a inserção destes indivíduos no trabalho remunerado, em detrimento dos seus fatores de risco, considerando a sua importância na vida do indivíduo e também a relação entre o trabalho e o transtorno mental nos diferentes períodos históricos do Brasil e do mundo, sob a égide da Reabilitação Psicossocial voltada para o eixo trabalho com valor social. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva e retrospectiva, com amostra de 258 fichas de admissão de pacientes atendidos em um ambulatório de saúde mental do interior do estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um roteiro norteador contendo informações dos aspectos sociodemográficos, situação de trabalho e aspectos clínicos dos participantes, que, posteriormente, foram submetidas a análises bivariadas, a saber, teste de Qui-Quadrado (Chi-Square test) e teste Exato de Fisher (Fisher\'s Exact test) com o objetivo de identificar a associação entre as variáveis e à análise de regressão logística múltipla, tendo como propósito identificar os fatores associados ao exercício de atividade remunerada. Os aspectos éticos das diretrizes e normas propostos pela resolução 466/ 2012 do Conselho nacional de Saúde para as pesquisas com seres humanos foram respeitados, com aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo - EERP/ USP. Com relação aos resultados, 40,3% dos participantes exerciam trabalho remunerado e 59,7% não exerciam tal atividade, a maioria era do gênero feminino, tinha entre 40 e 59 anos, baixa escolaridade e não tinha companheiro. Os preditores do trabalho remunerado identificados neste estudo foram a idade mais jovem, o gênero masculino, as categorias de transtornos mentais de humor e ansiosos em detrimento dos outros tipos de transtorno e a não utilização de medicamentos antipsicóticos. Destaca-se que os preditores idade, não uso de antipsicóticos e gênero masculino provavelmente sofreram influência dos subgrupos dos indivíduos aposentados, afastados por doença ou desempregados e apenas as categorias diagnósticas não sofreram tal influência, portanto, identifica-se a importância do olhar mais cuidadoso aos indivíduos com diagnósticos psiquiátricos mais severos, estigmatizantes e incapacitantes no sentido de empreender esforços que viabilizem a inserção desses indivíduos no trabalho remunerado dentro do mercado formal, quando possível, ou em formas de trabalho protegidas / The present study had as object the prevalence and predictors of paid work among individuals with mental disorder, identifying the need to study such theme, to the detriment of its risk factors, considering its importance for the individual\'s life and under the aegis of Psychosocial Rehabilitation focused on the work with social value axis. This is a quantitative, descriptive and retrospective study, with a sample of 258 admission records from patients attended at a mental health clinic in the interior of the state of Sao Paulo. Data collection was done through a guiding script containing information about sociodemographic aspects, work situation and clinical aspects of the participants, which were then submitted to bivariate analysis, as the Chi-Square test and Fisher\'s Exact test with the objective of identifying the association between the variables and the multiple logistic regression analysis, in order to identify the factors associated with paid work. The present study was approved for the Ethics and Research Committee of the Ribeirao Preto School of Nursing University of Sao Paulo. About the results, 40.3% of the participants were inserted in paid work and 59.7% did not practice this activity, the majority were female, between 40 and 59 years old, had low education and had no marital-partner. The predictors of paid work identified in this study were the younger age, the male gender, the diagnostic categories of mental disorders related to mood and anxious to the detriment of the other types of mental disorders and the non-use of antipsychotic medications. It stands out the predictors of age, non-use of antipsychotics and male gender as factors that were probably influenced by the subgroups of retired, away from work by illness or unemployed individuals and only the diagnostic categories did not suffer such influence, therefore, the importance of a more careful look to individuals with more severe, stigmatizing and incapacitating psychiatric diagnoses in the sense of undertake efforts that make possible the insertion of these individuals in paid work in the formal market, whenever possible, or in protected forms of work.