Class of 2006 Abstract / Objectives: To evaluate the use of the numerical pain scale at the Sierra Vista Regional Health Center Emergency Department in adult patients presenting with a chief complaint of pain. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on 299 charts of patients presenting to the emergency department with a chief complaint of pain. Results: Pain was assessed in 86.2% of 299 patients at triage, 26.4% post-intervention, and 58.2% at discharge. The average pain value reported by patients at triage was 6.3. Subsequent average pain value post-intervention was 4.1 and 2.9 at discharge. The average pain value at triage compared to the average pain value at discharge was statistically different (p<0.05). Conclusions: Pain assessment using the NRS is not being performed adequately in all patients presenting to the emergency department at SVRHC with a chief complaint of pain.

Background: Pain is a common postoperative experience. Guidelines recommend performing regular pain assessments, which include self-rated pain and additional communication to capture patients' experiences. During hospitalisation, pain intensity is found to be a vital factor influencing other aspects of an early physical recovery, and is consequently an important item in questionnaires for recovery. These tools consist of extensive questionnaires which are difficult to use in everyday clinical work. A simplified method of monitoring postoperative recovery would benefit both patients and healthcare professionals. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was twofold: (A) to determine the ability of extending the use of pain ratings to reflect and predict early physical postoperative recovery and (B) to describe patients’ perspectives on pain assessments. Methods: The studies were carried out at one (I), three (IV) and four hospitals (II, III) involving general surgical and orthopaedic inpatients. Two quantitative methods were used based on data from questionnaires and medical records. They consisted of one cross-sectional study (I) and one study with repeated measures (IV). An association was sought between pain intensity and postoperative recovery on days 1 and 2 (I, IV), and prehospital data (IV). Two qualitative methods were used involving a phenomenographic (III) approach and Critical Incident Technique (IV), where semi-structured interviews were performed postoperatively and analysed inductively in accordance with the approach. Results: An association was found between moderate/severe average pain intensity compiled from monitoring records and impact on early physical postoperative recovery on day 1 (I). Retrospective average pain intensity at rest and during activity reflected impact on recovery on postoperative day 1 (IV). Severe pain intensity at rest and during activity on postoperative day 1 predicted impact on physical recovery items on day 2 (IV). The use of the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS 0-10) was considered to facilitate communication about pain, but to involve difficulties of interpretation and place demand on healthcare professionals and care routines (II). Patients’ descriptions of their experiences when in need of describing pain indicated two main areas: patients’ resources when needing to describe pain and ward resources for performing pain assessments (III). Descriptions of their actions when they were in pain indicated two main areas: patients used active strategies when needing to describe pain or patients used passive strategies when needing to describe pain (III). Conclusions: This thesis contributes to knowledge about the possibility of using patients' self-rated average pain intensity to reflect early physical postoperative recovery on day 1 and to predict recovery on the following day. The pain scale gave patients and healthcare professionals a shared vocabulary, which facilitated communication. Furthermore, dialogue during pain assessments was described as critical in ascertaining whether pain intensity had an impact on different aspects of physical recovery. Environmental factors such as the attitude of healthcare professionals, workload and staffing influenced how pain assessments were performed.

Nos últimos anos tem sido verificado um aumento crescente do uso do tramadol no controle da dor em Medicina Veterinária, ainda quando seja evidente a escassa base literária acerca de seu uso em pequenos animais. O presente estudo avaliou o perfil analgésico deste opióide através da verificação temporal de sua concentração plas-mática em cadelas submetidas à ovário-salpingo-histerectomia. Dois grupos de 6 cadelas cada, com idade entre 2 e 5 anos e peso superior a 15 kg foram inoculadas pela via intravenosa com 1 mg/kg ou 4 mg/kg (grupos I e II), respectivamente, imedi-atamente após a sutura da pele. Os animais foram monitorados por um período de 480 minutos, quando foram aferidos os períodos de extubação; as freqüências car-díaca freqüência respiratória; a pressão arterial (sistólica, diastólica e média); proce-didas as coletas de amostras para dosagem plasmática de tramadol, mensuradas através de HPLC; bem como a avaliação da sensibilidade dolorosa. Até decorridas 8 horas de monitoramento não foram registradas alterações importantes na freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória e pressão arterial (sistólica, diastólica e média) atri-buíveis ao tramadol em qualquer um dos grupos, nem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre eles, mas detectou-se um aumento da pressão sistólica e, conse-quentemente, da média do grupo que recebeu 4 mg/kg de tramadol, apenas aos 30 minutos. Os valores de concentração plasmática do tramadol puseram em evidência diferenças significantes estatisticamente (p < 0,05) em sete momentos de aferição (10, 20, 30, 45, 90, 240 e 480 minutos) assinalando que nos animais tratados com 4 mg/kg (grupo II) as concentrações plasmáticas médias foram mais elevadas (p < 0,05) do que aquelas do grupo I (1 mg/kg). Os escores de dor, obtidos pela avalia-ção de um mesmo observador e utilizando as duas escalas escolhidas, revelaram que os dados obtidos pela escala descritiva (cujos escores variam de 0 -3) não assi-nalaram diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os dois grupos, porém a escala analógica (cujos escores variam de 0 - 10) mostrou, em um único momento (120 minutos), diferença significante estatisticamente (p < 0,05), revelando um maior es-core de dor no grupo tratado com 1 mg/kg de tramadol. Quando cotejados os dados obtidos pelas duas escalas verifica-se, exceção feita ao animal de número 3 (grupo I), a existência de uma correspondência entre os escores indicativos de resgate, comprovando serem equivalentes, as escalas visual analógica e descritiva, permitin-do a opção por qualquer uma na avaliação álgica dos animais. O tramadol, adminis-trado pela via intravenosa nas doses de 1 mg/kg ou 4 mg/kg, produziu analgesia em 83% das cadelas por até 150 ou 240 minutos, respectivamente. Administrado pela mesma via na dose de 1 mg/kg produziu analgesia adequada, por um período de 8 horas, em 17% (1/6) das cadelas e, na dose de 4 mg/kg, em 50% (3/6) desses ani-mais. O período médio de resgate foi de 247,5 minutos e nenhum dos 8 animais resgatados manifestou escore de dor, indicativo deste procedimento, em período inferior a 120 minutos, nem foi encontrado correlação entre os níveis plasmáticos do tramadol e os escores de dor nos limites das observações do presente estudo / In the last few years have been verified an increase of tramadol use in pain control in Veterinary Medicine, even when the literary basis were very poor (rare). The present study evaluates the analgesic profile of this opioid by the temporal verification of its plasmatic concentration in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy. Two groups of 6 bitches each, with age between 2 to 5 years and weight over 15 kg were treated with tramadol 1 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg (groups I and II respectively) immediately after skin suture. The animals were monitored by a period of 480 minutes, evaluating extubation time, cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency and arterial pressure (systolic, diastolic and median); and collecting blood samples for plasmatic dosage of tramadol, analyzed by HPLC, and evaluation of pain sensibility. Until 8 hours of monitoring there was neither important variation on the cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency and arterial pressure (systolic, diastolic and median) in any group, attributed to tramadol, nor statistic differences between them, but was detected an increasing in systolic and median pressure of group that received 4 mg/kg de tramadol, only at 30 minutes observation. The values of plasmatic concentration of tramadol have showed statistic differences (p < 0,05) in seven verified moments (10, 20, 30, 45, 90, 240, 480 minutes) pointing out that in the animals treated with 4 mg/kg (group II) mean plasmatic concentration were higher (p < 0,05) than the group I (1 mg/kg). The pain score, evaluated by the same observer using both pain scales chosen, revealed that obtained data by the descriptive scale (whose scores ranges 0 -3) did not show significant statistical differences between the two groups, however the analogical scale (whose scores ranges 0 - 10) showed, in only one moment (120 minutes) statistic difference (p < 0,05), configuring a higher pain score in the group I, treated with 1 mg/kg of tramadol. The compared data obtained by the two scales shows, with exception of the animal 3 (group I), the existence of a correspondence between rescue scores, proving that both scales (visual analogical and descriptive) are equivalents, which allowed choose anyone of them for purpose of pain sensitivity evaluation. The intravenous administration of tramadol, in dosage of 1 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg, produced analgesia in 83% of the bitches until 150 or 240 minutes, respectively. When administrated by the same route in the dosage of 1 mg/kg produced analgesia, for an 8 hour period, in 17% (1/6) of the females and, on dosage of 4 mg/kg, in 50% (3/6) of these animals. The mean period of rescue was 247,5 minutes and none of the 8 animals, which received additional treatment, revealed rescue pain score in an inferior period of 120 minutes, nor was correlation found between the plasmatic concentration of tramadol and pain scores beyond the limits of observation in the present study

Nos últimos anos tem sido verificado um aumento crescente do uso do tramadol no controle da dor em Medicina Veterinária, ainda quando seja evidente a escassa base literária acerca de seu uso em pequenos animais. O presente estudo avaliou o perfil analgésico deste opióide através da verificação temporal de sua concentração plas-mática em cadelas submetidas à ovário-salpingo-histerectomia. Dois grupos de 6 cadelas cada, com idade entre 2 e 5 anos e peso superior a 15 kg foram inoculadas pela via intravenosa com 1 mg/kg ou 4 mg/kg (grupos I e II), respectivamente, imedi-atamente após a sutura da pele. Os animais foram monitorados por um período de 480 minutos, quando foram aferidos os períodos de extubação; as freqüências car-díaca freqüência respiratória; a pressão arterial (sistólica, diastólica e média); proce-didas as coletas de amostras para dosagem plasmática de tramadol, mensuradas através de HPLC; bem como a avaliação da sensibilidade dolorosa. Até decorridas 8 horas de monitoramento não foram registradas alterações importantes na freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória e pressão arterial (sistólica, diastólica e média) atri-buíveis ao tramadol em qualquer um dos grupos, nem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre eles, mas detectou-se um aumento da pressão sistólica e, conse-quentemente, da média do grupo que recebeu 4 mg/kg de tramadol, apenas aos 30 minutos. Os valores de concentração plasmática do tramadol puseram em evidência diferenças significantes estatisticamente (p < 0,05) em sete momentos de aferição (10, 20, 30, 45, 90, 240 e 480 minutos) assinalando que nos animais tratados com 4 mg/kg (grupo II) as concentrações plasmáticas médias foram mais elevadas (p < 0,05) do que aquelas do grupo I (1 mg/kg). Os escores de dor, obtidos pela avalia-ção de um mesmo observador e utilizando as duas escalas escolhidas, revelaram que os dados obtidos pela escala descritiva (cujos escores variam de 0 -3) não assi-nalaram diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os dois grupos, porém a escala analógica (cujos escores variam de 0 - 10) mostrou, em um único momento (120 minutos), diferença significante estatisticamente (p < 0,05), revelando um maior es-core de dor no grupo tratado com 1 mg/kg de tramadol. Quando cotejados os dados obtidos pelas duas escalas verifica-se, exceção feita ao animal de número 3 (grupo I), a existência de uma correspondência entre os escores indicativos de resgate, comprovando serem equivalentes, as escalas visual analógica e descritiva, permitin-do a opção por qualquer uma na avaliação álgica dos animais. O tramadol, adminis-trado pela via intravenosa nas doses de 1 mg/kg ou 4 mg/kg, produziu analgesia em 83% das cadelas por até 150 ou 240 minutos, respectivamente. Administrado pela mesma via na dose de 1 mg/kg produziu analgesia adequada, por um período de 8 horas, em 17% (1/6) das cadelas e, na dose de 4 mg/kg, em 50% (3/6) desses ani-mais. O período médio de resgate foi de 247,5 minutos e nenhum dos 8 animais resgatados manifestou escore de dor, indicativo deste procedimento, em período inferior a 120 minutos, nem foi encontrado correlação entre os níveis plasmáticos do tramadol e os escores de dor nos limites das observações do presente estudo / In the last few years have been verified an increase of tramadol use in pain control in Veterinary Medicine, even when the literary basis were very poor (rare). The present study evaluates the analgesic profile of this opioid by the temporal verification of its plasmatic concentration in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy. Two groups of 6 bitches each, with age between 2 to 5 years and weight over 15 kg were treated with tramadol 1 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg (groups I and II respectively) immediately after skin suture. The animals were monitored by a period of 480 minutes, evaluating extubation time, cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency and arterial pressure (systolic, diastolic and median); and collecting blood samples for plasmatic dosage of tramadol, analyzed by HPLC, and evaluation of pain sensibility. Until 8 hours of monitoring there was neither important variation on the cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency and arterial pressure (systolic, diastolic and median) in any group, attributed to tramadol, nor statistic differences between them, but was detected an increasing in systolic and median pressure of group that received 4 mg/kg de tramadol, only at 30 minutes observation. The values of plasmatic concentration of tramadol have showed statistic differences (p < 0,05) in seven verified moments (10, 20, 30, 45, 90, 240, 480 minutes) pointing out that in the animals treated with 4 mg/kg (group II) mean plasmatic concentration were higher (p < 0,05) than the group I (1 mg/kg). The pain score, evaluated by the same observer using both pain scales chosen, revealed that obtained data by the descriptive scale (whose scores ranges 0 -3) did not show significant statistical differences between the two groups, however the analogical scale (whose scores ranges 0 - 10) showed, in only one moment (120 minutes) statistic difference (p < 0,05), configuring a higher pain score in the group I, treated with 1 mg/kg of tramadol. The compared data obtained by the two scales shows, with exception of the animal 3 (group I), the existence of a correspondence between rescue scores, proving that both scales (visual analogical and descriptive) are equivalents, which allowed choose anyone of them for purpose of pain sensitivity evaluation. The intravenous administration of tramadol, in dosage of 1 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg, produced analgesia in 83% of the bitches until 150 or 240 minutes, respectively. When administrated by the same route in the dosage of 1 mg/kg produced analgesia, for an 8 hour period, in 17% (1/6) of the females and, on dosage of 4 mg/kg, in 50% (3/6) of these animals. The mean period of rescue was 247,5 minutes and none of the 8 animals, which received additional treatment, revealed rescue pain score in an inferior period of 120 minutes, nor was correlation found between the plasmatic concentration of tramadol and pain scores beyond the limits of observation in the present study

No conclusive evidence exists to determine that epidural steroid injections (ESIs) provide lasting improvements in chronic pain due to herniated discs, in the Workers' Compensation population. Recently, an article by Armon et.al was published by the American Academy of Neurology, which stated that the routine use of ESIs is not recommended and that further studies are needed to elucidate this controversy (Armon, Argoff, Samuels, & Backonja, 2007). In 1998, back pain in the United States was estimated to have incurred total health-care expenditures of $90.7 billion. Medicare part B. claims in 1999 for 40.4 million individuals amounted to $49.9 million for lumbar epidural steroid injections alone. The practice of evidence based medicine will reduce health care costs and discomforts of the procedure. The objective of this study was to determine if ESIs will result in reduction of pain levels and pain medications used, and to determine the cost of treatment. In this retrospective cohort chart review study, where claimants served as their own controls, pain levels and medications used, were retrospectively assessed using documented pain scores based on the numerical pain scale, and medications prescribed, respectively. Further correlations were made with clinical and MRI findings. Costs were derived based on the amount billed by the provider to the insurance company. A randomized list of 600 charts from the insurance company's database was obtained and 120 were selected for study based on criteria. Data abstracted included gender, weight, date of injury, clinical symptoms, MRI findings, pain scores before and after ESIs, medications used before and after ESIs , date of ESIs, total amount billed for the ESIs, surgery, and total cost of the injury to date of data abstraction. The mean pain score before was 6.97 and 7.51 after ESIs The mean number of pain medication groups before was 2.41 and 3.10 after ESIs. The mean morphine equivalent dose before was 10.50mg and 22.07mg after ESIs. There was no significant correlation between amount billed for ESI and pain level. It was concluded that use of ESIs in the treatment chronic radicular pain does not reduce workers' pain levels, amount of pain medications, or narcotic consumed. These measures of discomfort remained the same, or were increased regardless of money spent.

Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to explore and describe registered nurses’ (RNs) and certified nursing assistants’ (CNAs) experiences of detection and assessment of pain in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia. A further aim was to evaluate the Abbey Pain Scale-SWE (APS-SWE) in dementia care practice. Methods: An exploratory and descriptive design was used in Study I. An exploratory and interpreting design was used in Study II and Study III. A prospective, descriptive, observational and instrumental design was used in Study IV. Focus group interviews (I) and individual interviews (II, III) were applied to explore and describe RNs’ and CNAs’ experiences of pain assessment in people living with dementia. Qualitative content analysis (I) and philosophical hermeneutics (II) were used to analyse qualitative data. Observation, instrument, and questionnaire were applied to evaluate reliability and face validity of the APS-SWE for pain assessment. Descriptive statistics and reliability analyses were used to analyse quantitative data (IV). Results: RNs in special housing accommodation settings experiences that pain assessment in people with dementia is challenging primarily due to their changed RN consultant role, which to a great extent is directed into administrative and consultative tasks rather than bedside care. This has led to decreased time in daily nursing care, preventing recognising symptoms of pain. This have also led to that RNs are dependent on information from CNAs who are the front-line staff providing daily care (I). CNAs’ perception of signs of pain in people with dementia emerges from being present in the care situation and alertness on physical and behavioural changes that could be due to pain, and from providing the care in a preventive, protective and supportive way to prevent painful situations occurring (II). RNs and CNAs working in home healthcare team use a variety of strategies to detect and assess pain. A trustful work relationship based on staff continuity and a good relation to the person in need of care facilitates pain assessment situations (III). Systematic observation of older people living in special housing accommodation during rest and mobility using the APS-SWE demonstrates that the scale has adequate internal consistency, reliability, and face validity for pain assessment (IV). Conclusions: This thesis found that the RNs’ and CNAs’ detections and assessments of pain rely on solid cooperation, staff continuity, and good knowledge of the person cared for. It was also revealed that there is a lack of using appropriate and assisting pain tools. The APS-SWE show adequate reliability and face validity and can serve as a useful pain tool to assist in detection and assessment of pain in older people who are limited in verbalising pain recognisable. Further evaluation of how the person-centred perspective is applied in pain assessment situations is needed in order to evaluate positive outcomes in people with dementia. Further psychometric evaluation of the APS-SWE in clinical dementia care practice is needed to strengthen validity and reliability.

Syfte: Syftet med denna pilotstudie var att undersöka om anestesisjuksköterskans skattning av postoperativ smärta skiljer sig fran patientens egenskattade VAS. Bakgrund: Flertalet studier visar att sjuksköterskor underskattar patienters smärta och att VAS inte används i tillräcklig utsträckning vid smärtskattning. Många erfarna sjuksköterskor tenderar att lita mer på sin intuitiva känsla om patientens smärta än på vad patienten säger. Metod: Åtta anestesisjuksköterskor på ett sjukhus i storstadsregionen fick genom ett frågeformulär skatta 44 patienters postoperativa smärta utifrån en beteenderelaterad skala och fysiologiska parametrar. Detta värde jämfördes med patientens egenskattade VAS/NRS. Resultat: Anestesisjuksköterskomas beteendeskattning stämde väl överens med patientens egenskattade VAS. De anestesisjuksköterskor som arbetat länge beteendeskattade närmre patientens VAS än de som arbetat kortare tid som anestesisjuksköterskor. De tre vanligaste fysiologiska parametrar anestesisjuksköterskorna bedömde var ansiktsuttryck, kroppsrörelse och tal. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskomas erfarenhet av att bedöma och behandla patienter som är sövda eller sederade kan kanske förklara den högre samstämmigheten mellan deras och patientens smärtskattning. / Aim: The aim of this pilot study was to investigate if the pain assessment made by Swedish nurse anesthetists differ from the patients' own assessed pain, using the visual analogical scale, VAS. Background: Several studies shows that nurses tend to underestimate postoperative pain and that assessment tools seldom is used in pain assessment. Experienced nurses seem to rely more on their own intuitive feeling about patients' pain experience rather than what the patient says. Method: Eight nurse anesthetists in a Swedish hospital answered a questionnaire and made behavior assessments of postoperative pain on 44 patients, using physiological parameters which where compared with the patient's VAS\NRS. Results: Nurse anesthetists' pain assessment using physiological parameters where consistent with the patients' VAS/NRS. More experienced nurses assessed closer to the patient's VAS/NRS than the inexperienced did. The three most common physiological parameters used where facial expression, bodily movements and sounds. Conclusion: The nurse anesthetists' experience of observing patients during anesthesia and sedation might explain the high correlation in pain assessment.

A Escala Facial de Dor - Revisada (EFD-R) é uma das escalas mais recomendadas na mensuração da intensidade da dor aguda em crianças. A versão original desta escala foi testada em crianças canadenses. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a validade, interpretação e preferência da versão brasileira da Escala Facial de Dor - Revisada (EFD-R-B), em duas amostras de crianças brasileiras: uma envolvendo dor aguda procedural e outra dor aguda pós-cirúrgica. Na primeira amostra participaram 77 crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, do sexo feminino e masculino, que foram submetidas à coleta de sangue (dor procedural). As crianças estimaram a intensidade da sua dor, antes e após a punção venosa, na EFD-R-B. Na estimação após a punção venosa, a Escala Colorida Analógica (ECA) foi administrada junto com a EFD-R-B e, além disso, as crianças indicaram as faces que expressavam uma dor leve, moderada e severa, a escala que preferiam e o porquê. Na segunda amostra, participaram 53 crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, do sexo feminino e masculino, que tinham sido submetidas a pequenas cirurgias (dor pós-cirúrgica). Nesta amostra, as crianças estimaram, na EFD-R-B e na ECA, a intensidade da dor que estavam sentindo no momento da entrevista. Também indicaram as faces que expressavam uma dor leve, moderada e severa, o limiar de tratamento da dor, a escala que preferiam e o porquê. Na comparação entre as pontuações obtidas na EFD-R-B e na ECA (validade convergente), nas duas amostras, os valores dos coeficientes Kendall\'s tau foram altos e significativos: =0,75 para o grupo de dor procedural e =0,79 para o grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica (p=0,00 nas duas amostras). No grupo de dor procedural, a EFD-R-B refletiu as mudanças na intensidade da dor vivenciada pelas crianças antes e após a punção venosa (validade concorrente): Teste de Wilcoxon z=-6,65; p=0,00. Considerando uma escala de 0 a 10 para a EFD-R-B, a mediana e a amplitude interquartil (AIQ) para as faces indicadas como expressivas de intensidade leve, moderada e severa, foram 2 (2-2), 4 (4-6) e 10 (10-10) respectivamente, no grupo de dor procedural, e 2 (2-2), 6 (4-8) e 10 (10-10) respectivamente, no grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica. Na estimação do limiar de tratamento da dor (grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica), a mediana (AIQ) foi 6 (4-10). No grupo de dor procedural, a EFD-R-B foi a escala preferida por 57,1% das crianças e a ECA por 41,6%; no grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica, a EFD-R-B foi escolhida por 66% das crianças e a ECA por 34%. Estas proporções somente foram significativas no grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica (X²=5,453 p=0,02). Nossos resultados mostram que a EFD-R-B possui propriedades similares à escala original e boa aceitação entre as crianças entrevistadas. A determinação dos valores das diferentes intensidades de dor e do limiar de tratamento da dor, para cada participante, representa uma evidência importante sobre a interpretação da EFD-R. / The Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) is one of the most recommended tools in measuring the intensity of acute pain in children. The aim of this study was to assess validity, interpretability and preference of the Brazilian version of the FPS-R (FPS-R-B), in two different clinical samples. The first sample contained seventy-seven children, 6 to 12 years old and both sexes, undergoing venipuncture for blood sample (procedural pain). These children estimated their perceived pain intensity in FPS-R-B before and after venipuncture. Furthermore, after venipuncture, children were asked: a) to evaluate the intensity of their needle pain using the Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS), b) to indicate on the Faces scale the intensities representing the mild, moderate and severe pain, and c) to choose the scale they preferred and indicate the reasons for the preference. The second sample included fifty-three children, 6 to 12 years old and both sexes, undergoing minor surgery (postoperative pain). Following surgery, children were asked: a) to provide a rating of their current pain intensity using the FPS-R-B and the CAS, b) to indicate on the Faces scale the intensities representing the mild, moderate and severe pain, c) to estimate, on the FPS-R-B, the intensity of pain that their felt to warrant pharmacologic intervention (pain treatment threshold), and d) to choose the scale they preferred and indicate the reasons for the preference. The degree of concordance between FPS-R-B and CAS ratings (convergent validity), for both samples, was high and statistically significant Kendall\'s tau value was 0.75 for the first sample, and 0.79 for the second sample, (p<0.05) . FPS-R-B reflected the changes in pain intensity before and after venipuncture (concurrent validity): Wilcoxon Test z=- 6.24; p< 0.05. On the 0-10 scale for the FPS-R-B, the median and interquartile range (IQR) of the intensities that represented mild, moderate and severe pain were 2 (2-2), 4 (4-6) e 10 (10-10) respectively, for the first sample, and 2 (2-2), 6 (4-8) e 10 (10-10) respectively, for the second sample. The median and IQR for pain treatment threshold were 6 (4-10). Fifty-seven percent of children in the first sample and 64.8% in the second sample preferred the FPS-R-B. These proportions were statistically significant for the second sample (X²=5,453 p<0,05). Our data show that the FPS-R-B has similar statistical properties to the original. New evidences were presented regarding interpretability of the FPS-R by determining each children\'s treatment threshold and estimate of mild, moderate and severe pain. In this study, the FPS-R-B was preferred by the majority of children.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoMP_DISSERT.pdf: 24825408 bytes, checksum: a4d71b4273fcca93c12e78e5c44cd7cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de interfaces com o usu?rio para aplicativo m?vel smartphones com intuito de contribuir para a efici?ncia das atividades de profissionais e pesquisadores da ?rea de fisioterapia ao oferecer suporte ao acompanhamento cl?nico da dor no tratamento de pacientes fibromi?lgicos. Utilizando a abordagem de Design Centrado no Usu?rio - DCU, foram realizadas entrevistas e uma investiga??o contextual para a identifica??o inicial dos problemas e necessidades dos usu?rios. Verificou-se que as atividades de monitoramento e acompanhamento das sess?es do tratamento de pacientes fibromi?lgicos s?o, tradicionalmente, realizadas por meio de manipulando de formul?rios e fichas em papel (registro das condi??es de sa?de do paciente) e escalas de classifica??o da dor em formato impresso (apresentadas ao paciente para indica??o de sua dor percebida para cada ponto pr?-determinado do corpo). Os procedimentos envolvidos nestas atividades dificultam o gerenciamento do desempenho do tratamento, o que, segundo relatos, reflete no comprometimento dos pacientes na ades?o e frequ?ncia as sess?es. A partir da observa??o e do levantamento das necessidades desses profissionais diante de suas atividades, foi proposto um aplicativo para smartphone com a inten??o de minimizar os problemas ocasionados pelo uso das ferramentas convencionais e de prover informa??es r?pidas acerca dos dados coletados. Ent?o, seguindo a abordagem do DCU foi elaborado um modelo conceitual durante a etapa de concep??o de solu??es, o qual guiou a cria??o dos prot?tipos. A avalia??o das interfaces do prot?tipo foi realizada com o envolvimento dos usu?rios a partir da t?cnica de avalia??o cooperativa. Seus resultados proporcionaram o refinamento das interfaces e o desenvolvimento de uma nova proposta do design das interfaces em prot?tipo de alta fidelidade, produzido para o ambiente Android. Assim, esse trabalho faz parte do processo de desenvolvimento de um produto de software personalizado com foco na concep??o e avalia??o das interfaces com o usu?rio. Por meio da metodologia aplicada, observaram-se ind?cios os quais sugerem que as interfaces propostas apresentaram-se como um recurso facilitador e capaz de contribuir para efici?ncia das atividades no acompanhamento do tratamento de pacientes fibromi?lgicos

A Escala Facial de Dor - Revisada (EFD-R) é uma das escalas mais recomendadas na mensuração da intensidade da dor aguda em crianças. A versão original desta escala foi testada em crianças canadenses. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a validade, interpretação e preferência da versão brasileira da Escala Facial de Dor - Revisada (EFD-R-B), em duas amostras de crianças brasileiras: uma envolvendo dor aguda procedural e outra dor aguda pós-cirúrgica. Na primeira amostra participaram 77 crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, do sexo feminino e masculino, que foram submetidas à coleta de sangue (dor procedural). As crianças estimaram a intensidade da sua dor, antes e após a punção venosa, na EFD-R-B. Na estimação após a punção venosa, a Escala Colorida Analógica (ECA) foi administrada junto com a EFD-R-B e, além disso, as crianças indicaram as faces que expressavam uma dor leve, moderada e severa, a escala que preferiam e o porquê. Na segunda amostra, participaram 53 crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, do sexo feminino e masculino, que tinham sido submetidas a pequenas cirurgias (dor pós-cirúrgica). Nesta amostra, as crianças estimaram, na EFD-R-B e na ECA, a intensidade da dor que estavam sentindo no momento da entrevista. Também indicaram as faces que expressavam uma dor leve, moderada e severa, o limiar de tratamento da dor, a escala que preferiam e o porquê. Na comparação entre as pontuações obtidas na EFD-R-B e na ECA (validade convergente), nas duas amostras, os valores dos coeficientes Kendall\'s tau foram altos e significativos: =0,75 para o grupo de dor procedural e =0,79 para o grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica (p=0,00 nas duas amostras). No grupo de dor procedural, a EFD-R-B refletiu as mudanças na intensidade da dor vivenciada pelas crianças antes e após a punção venosa (validade concorrente): Teste de Wilcoxon z=-6,65; p=0,00. Considerando uma escala de 0 a 10 para a EFD-R-B, a mediana e a amplitude interquartil (AIQ) para as faces indicadas como expressivas de intensidade leve, moderada e severa, foram 2 (2-2), 4 (4-6) e 10 (10-10) respectivamente, no grupo de dor procedural, e 2 (2-2), 6 (4-8) e 10 (10-10) respectivamente, no grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica. Na estimação do limiar de tratamento da dor (grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica), a mediana (AIQ) foi 6 (4-10). No grupo de dor procedural, a EFD-R-B foi a escala preferida por 57,1% das crianças e a ECA por 41,6%; no grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica, a EFD-R-B foi escolhida por 66% das crianças e a ECA por 34%. Estas proporções somente foram significativas no grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica (X²=5,453 p=0,02). Nossos resultados mostram que a EFD-R-B possui propriedades similares à escala original e boa aceitação entre as crianças entrevistadas. A determinação dos valores das diferentes intensidades de dor e do limiar de tratamento da dor, para cada participante, representa uma evidência importante sobre a interpretação da EFD-R. / The Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) is one of the most recommended tools in measuring the intensity of acute pain in children. The aim of this study was to assess validity, interpretability and preference of the Brazilian version of the FPS-R (FPS-R-B), in two different clinical samples. The first sample contained seventy-seven children, 6 to 12 years old and both sexes, undergoing venipuncture for blood sample (procedural pain). These children estimated their perceived pain intensity in FPS-R-B before and after venipuncture. Furthermore, after venipuncture, children were asked: a) to evaluate the intensity of their needle pain using the Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS), b) to indicate on the Faces scale the intensities representing the mild, moderate and severe pain, and c) to choose the scale they preferred and indicate the reasons for the preference. The second sample included fifty-three children, 6 to 12 years old and both sexes, undergoing minor surgery (postoperative pain). Following surgery, children were asked: a) to provide a rating of their current pain intensity using the FPS-R-B and the CAS, b) to indicate on the Faces scale the intensities representing the mild, moderate and severe pain, c) to estimate, on the FPS-R-B, the intensity of pain that their felt to warrant pharmacologic intervention (pain treatment threshold), and d) to choose the scale they preferred and indicate the reasons for the preference. The degree of concordance between FPS-R-B and CAS ratings (convergent validity), for both samples, was high and statistically significant Kendall\'s tau value was 0.75 for the first sample, and 0.79 for the second sample, (p<0.05) . FPS-R-B reflected the changes in pain intensity before and after venipuncture (concurrent validity): Wilcoxon Test z=- 6.24; p< 0.05. On the 0-10 scale for the FPS-R-B, the median and interquartile range (IQR) of the intensities that represented mild, moderate and severe pain were 2 (2-2), 4 (4-6) e 10 (10-10) respectively, for the first sample, and 2 (2-2), 6 (4-8) e 10 (10-10) respectively, for the second sample. The median and IQR for pain treatment threshold were 6 (4-10). Fifty-seven percent of children in the first sample and 64.8% in the second sample preferred the FPS-R-B. These proportions were statistically significant for the second sample (X²=5,453 p<0,05). Our data show that the FPS-R-B has similar statistical properties to the original. New evidences were presented regarding interpretability of the FPS-R by determining each children\'s treatment threshold and estimate of mild, moderate and severe pain. In this study, the FPS-R-B was preferred by the majority of children.