Accurate assessment is the foundation on which effective nursing interventions rest. However, it is not known how accurately nurses identify and prioritize the needs of parents whose children have chronic conditions. When nurses proceed with interventions based on inaccurate assessments, the results can be unsuccessful interventions that neither meet parental needs nor provide optimal health care for this population of children. This descriptive comparative study was conducted to 1) examine parental needs identified and prioritized by parents of children with chronic conditions and their respective nurse care-givers, and 2) identify similarities and differences between the two groups. Patterns that evolved from these similarities and differences provide us with information related to where nurses have expertise or difficulty identifying and prioritizing the needs of parents. Kleinman's (1978) health care systems theory, which supports the premise that health care professionals and clients perceive health care episodes differently, provided the conceptual framework for this study. Study participants included 38 parents and 13 nurses who were affiliated with ten ambulatory programs in a Western Canadian pediatric hospital. Both groups completed the modified Family Needs Survey (Bailey & Simeonsson, 1988b) and socio-demographic tool developed by this investigator. Responses to the 35-item scale of the Family Needs Survey were described and ranked, in addition to being analyzed using inferential parametric statistics to determine differences between parents' and nurses' identification of parental needs. Responses to the open-ended question on the Survey were described and ranked. Research findings revealed some similarities and a number of striking differences between the responses of parents and nurses. On the 35-item scale, parents and nurses agreed that five parental needs were 1) information about current research, future services and treatments, 2) help locating competent regular or respite care providers, 3) reading material about other parents with a similar child, 4) opportunity to meet and talk with other parents, with a similar child, and 5) more time for self, spouse and other children. Both groups were consistent in their ranking of the first two needs as the most important needs in the information and community services subscales, respectively. However, nurses had generally higher responses on all subscales and identified eight more parental needs than did parents which were related to information, support, and family functioning. Parents and nurses repeated most of the above needs on the open-ended question, although nurses indicated that parents also had a number of needs related to psychosocial issues and family functioning. Nurses ranked counselling (child's condition, treatment, stress management) as the primary support need. Further, both groups differed in their prioritization of parental needs on the open-ended question. Where parents ranked information, community services, and support needs as the most important, nurses ranked support, information, and community services. The implications of these research findings for nursing practice and education are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

El estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la mentalización de padres y madres hacia sus hijos que se encuentran en edad preescolar y que residen en Lima Metropolitana. Con este fin, se realizó un estudio de tipo cualitativo y diseño fenomenológico, aplicando la entrevista a profundidad a progenitores primerizos (cuatro parejas y una madre), cuyas edades se encontraban entre los 27 y 44 años. Los principales hallazgos indican que la mayoría de padres y madres muestran buena capacidad de mentalización; evidenciando sensibilidad para asignar razones acertadas al comportamiento emocional de sus hijos; y, consecuentemente, responder con conductas validantes y empáticas. Por el contrario, se encontraron, en algunos participantes, fallas en la mentalización ante momentos de tensión emocional; hecho que dio paso a conductas restrictivas e impulsivas con sus niños. Se resalta la importancia del vínculo cercano y el apego seguro entre progenitores e hijos para el desarrollo de la mentalización. Los hallazgos obtenidos pueden orientar el desarrollo de futuras investigaciones, respaldar la importancia de la mentalización y fundamentar la implementación de estrategias mentalizadoras en la crianza. / The study aimed to understand the mentalization of parents to children who are of preschool age and who reside in Metropolitan Lima. To this end, a qualitative study with a phenomenological design was carried out, applying the in-depth interview to first-time parents (four couples and one mother), whose ages were between 27 and 44 years. The main findings indicate that the majority of fathers and mothers show good mentalizing capacity; demonstrating sensitivity to assign correct reasons to the emotional behavior of their children; and, consequently, respond with validating and empathetic behaviors. On the contrary, in some participants, failures in the mentalization on moments of emotional tension were found; a fact that gave way to restrictive and impulsive behaviors with their children. The importance of the close bond and secure attachment between parents and children for the development of mentalization is highlighted. The findings obtained can guide the development of future research, support the importance of mentalization and the implementation of mentalizing strategies in parenting. / Tesis

When children are diagnosed with developmental delays, their parents may experience psychological turmoil similar to that experienced by suicidal individuals. We sought to identify adaptive characteristics that may or may not be present in parents of children with developmental delays. Forty-nine children, with disabilities ranging from mild to severe, and their parents, were administered the Reasons for Living Inventory. No significant differences were revealed between men and women, or between individuals in 1-parent versus 2-parent households. The experience of having a disabled child may help to strengthen adaptive characteristics and, possibly, reduce the risk of suicide.

No description available.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1601. Adviser: Pamela M. Diamond. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:44:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5299.pdf: 1500823 bytes, checksum: 4a06c0a216b48bbab0d9d0b6a1481ca7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-12 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The engagement of parents, and adults in general, with the academic activities of children is an important factor for establishing adequate study conditions as early as possible, avoiding that this kind of learning happens by chance, through trial and error and coercive control. Based on the behavior analysis theory and the teaching technology denominated educational programming , the current work aims to develop and evaluate an individualized material for training adults for being agents that favor the studying behavior of children. The research was divided in two phases: 1. Elaboration of teaching material, based on teaching programming procedures and knowledge gathering already available. 2. Evaluation of the material regarding its efficiency as a condition for training agents for favoring the studying behavior. At the first step the following activities were done: a. description of the problem in which intervenes through the teaching programming; b. proposal of terminal teaching objectives, which could solve the problem, in a behavior form.; c. decomposition of the terminal objectives proposed in all the necessary actions to achieve them; d. identification of the working parts and intermediary objectives; e. definition of the starting repertoire of the apprentices in a behavior manner; f. teaching objectives sequencing according to complexity levels; g. teaching and evaluation planning; h. instructions, information, texts redacting for six modules of the teaching programming. The first phase results highlights the teaching programming potential, given that, compared to other subjects of the area, the defined teaching objectives seem more complete. During the second phase of the research, five participants used different parts of the individualized teaching material for training adults for being favoring behavioral studying agents; the same participants answered an evaluation form before, during and after the exposition to the teaching programming. The retrieved data allows affirming that the teaching programming material developed in this study is adequate as self-teaching material, with personalizes rhythm and composition, with an specific selection and sequencing of teaching units to be met. The systematic evaluation of the apprentices performance during the program activities shows some aspects of the programming teaching conditions that need to be reviewed. However, the verification of the training effects was impaired by the fact that the material was applied only partially for each participant and in a period near the children school holyday, preventing the conclusion of the practical activities. Finally, it is discussed aspects that should be considerate for future researches in this topic, such as: full teaching application programming; application period for the apprentices; development of all modules foreseen in teaching programming; review of the teaching conditions regarding the applied resources, amongst others. / O envolvimento dos pais, e de adultos em geral, com as atividades acadêmicas de crianças é fator importante para que condições de estudo adequadas sejam estabelecidas o mais cedo possível na vida escolar, evitando que esta aprendizagem ocorra ao acaso, por tentativa e erro e controle coercitivo. Com base na teoria da análise do comportamento e da tecnologia de ensino denominada programação de ensino o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um material programado individualizado para formação de adultos como agentes favorecedores do comportamento de estudos de crianças. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: 1. elaboração do material de ensino, a partir dos procedimentos da programação de ensino e levantamento de conhecimento já disponível sobre este tema; e 2. avaliação do material em relação à sua eficácia como condição para formação de agentes favorecedores do comportamento de estudo. Na primeira etapa foram realizadas as seguintes atividades: a. descrição do problema que se deve intervir por meio do programa de ensino; b. proposição dos objetivos terminais de ensino; c. decomposição dos objetivos terminais propostos em todas as ações necessárias para alcançá-los; d. indicação das partes funcionais dos objetivos intermediários; e. definição do repertório de entrada dos aprendizes; f. sequenciação dos objetivos de ensino de acordo com níveis de complexidade; g. planejamento das condições de ensino e avaliação; h. redação das instruções, informações, textos etc. para seis módulos do programa de ensino. Os resultados da primeira etapa evidenciam o potencial da programação de ensino, uma vez que, comparado a demais materiais da área, os objetivos de ensino definidos parecem mais completos. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, cinco participantes realizaram partes diferentes do material didático instrucional individualizado para formação de agentes favorecedores de comportamento de estudo e responderam a questionários e fichas de avaliação antes, durante e após a exposição a partes do programa de ensino. Os dados coletados permitem afirmar que o material do programa de ensino desenvolvido neste estudo é adequado como um material autoinstrutivo para formação individual, em ritmo e composição personalizadas, com seleção e sequenciamento particular das unidades de ensino a serem cumpridas. A avaliação sistemática do desempenho dos aprendizes nas atividades do programa indicaram alguns aspectos das condições de ensino do programa que precisam ser revistos. A verificação dos efeitos do treinamento foi prejudicada pelo fato do material ter sido aplicado apenas parcialmente para cada participante e em período próximo às férias escolares das crianças, impossibilitando a realização das atividades práticas previstas. Ao final, são discutidos aspectos a serem considerados para futuros estudos no tema, tais como: aplicação total do programa de ensino; período da aplicação do programa para os aprendizes; desenvolvimento de todos os módulos previstos na programação de ensino realizada; revisão das condições de ensino em termos de recursos utilizados, entre outros.

The purpose of this study was to examine parents’ management styles when caring for adult children with serious mental illness (SMI), as well as parents’ perspectives on what type of community-based mental health interventions would support and/or enhance overall family functioning. This qualitative descriptive study was undergirded by Knafl and Deatrick’s Family Management Style Framework. Thirty parents (N = 30) caring for adult children with SMI over age 18 were recruited as participants. Demographic data included age, gender, ethnicity, educational level, annual income, and National Alliance on Mental Illness membership. Parents were interviewed in their homes or other private setting. Verbal informed consent was obtained. Audio-recorded, individual, semistructured interviews were conducted until redundancy was achieved. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Four major themes emerged from the data. These themes described prolonged, difficult, and confusing phases that parents and the family undergo in caring for an adult child with SMI. These phases have a progressive nature, moving from parents recognizing that their child has a SMI to redefining family life as a result of caring for an adult child with SMI. Successful management of these phases must include increasing access to mental health information, mental health screening, early interventions, violence prevention, and various treatment options for adult children and their families.

Objetivos: Realizar uma avaliação das reações dos pais à internação do filho em unidade de terapia intensiva e desenvolver uma proposta de apoio psicológico. Casuística: Foram entrevistados 48 pais em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica e 27 em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, além dos pais que participaram nos grupos de pais. Métodos: 1) Realização de entrevistas semi-dirigidas com os pais, utilizando questionários previamente elaborados, à admissão do paciente e durante sua internação; 2) Avaliação do nível de ansiedade dos pais à internação do filho, pela aplicação do Inventário de ansiedade traço-estado; e 3) Realização de grupos de pais em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica, com a participação de equipe multiprofissional. Resultados: Em ambas as unidades de terapia intensiva as reações mais freqüentemente citadas pelos pais ao início da internação foram de desespero e tristeza, e citaram as necessidades de apoio psicológico como as mais importantes neste momento. Os principais sentimentos relatados no decorrer da internação foram de preocupação, medo e tristeza, e a maioria dos pais em ambas as UTIs ficaram assustados com a aparência do filho. Os níveis de ansiedade mostraram-se significativamente elevados à ocasião da internação do filho, não havendo diferença entre os pais em UTI pediátrica e neonatal. O grupo de pais revelou-se uma técnica eficaz de apoio psicológico em UTI. Conclusões: Há necessidade de apoio psicológico aos pais de pacientes pediátricos internados tanto em UTI pediátrica como neonatal, pelo elevado nível de ansiedade, desespero e tristeza que apresentam à internação do filho. As entrevistas semidirigidas com a aplicação dos questionários propostos para 11 avaliação dos pais mostraram-se estratégias adequadas para a investigação do estado emocional desses pais e constituem formas eficientes de fornecer apoio psicológico durante a realização das mesmas. O grupo de pais possibilitou o contato direto com profissionais de diversas áreas, com disposição a escutá-los, valorizá-los, compreender seus sentimentos e esclarecer suas dúvidas. Permitiu o convívio com outros pais em fases diferentes da mesma situação, mobilizando recursos para lidar com o período crítico da doença e internação e o apoio no processo de luto do filho saudável para conseguirem um vínculo satisfatório com o filho doente. A questão da morte, as dificuldades com a equipe, a falta de apoio de familiares e outras questões extremamente angustiantes puderam ser ampla e abertamente discutidas nos grupos, trazendo esclarecimentos e alívio. A reunião com a equipe após os grupos mostrou-se de extrema importância para a uniformização de condutas, entendimento das reações dos pais, e discussões relativas ao relacionamento entre eles e a equipe. Em relação às entrevistas individuais semi-dirigidas, o grupo de pais mostrou-se uma estratégia complementar, já que os mesmos problemas e queixas são discutidos de formas diferentes nos dois tipos de intervenção. / Objectives: Assessment of parents reactions to the admission of their child into an ICU and development of a proposal of psychological support. Sample: 48 interviewed parents in pediatric ICU and 27 in neonatal ICU were included besides the participants of the groups of parents. Procedures: 1) Semi-directed interviews were performed with parents, with the application of previously elaborated questionaires; 2) Assessment of the parents anxiety at the admission of the child in ICU, with the application of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; and 3) lead groups of parents were performed in pediatric ICU with the participation of multidisciplinary staff. Results: The most frequent reactions cited by the parents to the admission of the child in an ICU were despair and sadness. Moreover, psychological support was the most essencial need at that moment. The most important feelings cited during hospitalization were worry, fear and sadness, and most parents in both ICU were very scared of the appearance of their children. There was a significant increase in parents anxiety at the admission of the child, and there were no differences between the scores of parents anxiety in pediatric or neonatal ICU. The group of parents was a good technique of psychological support in ICU. Conclusions: Psychological support to parents of pediatric patients admitted to an ICU is necessary, because of high anxiety level, dispair and sadness that parents show at the admission of their child to an ICU. The semi-directed interviews with the appication of the proposed questionaires to the assessment of parents were good techiques for the investigation of the emotional state of these parents and constituted efficient ways of giving them psychological support. The group of parents permitted the direct contact with professionals of various areas, willing to listen to them, value them, understand their feelings and clarify their doubts. They permitted contact with other parents in different phases of the same situation, mobilizing resources for dealing with the critical period of the disease and admission, and giving support in the mourning process of the healthy child so that they could get a satisfactory attachment to the sick one. The subject of death, the difficulties with the staff, the lack of support from relatives and other highly anxious questions could be discussed during the group sessions widely, bringing clarity and relief. The meetings with the staff after the group sessions were very important to unify the procedures, understand the parents reactions, and discuss the relationship between them and the staff. In relation to the individual semi-directed interviews, the parents group revealed a complementary technique, as the same problems and complaints were discussed in different ways in both forms of intervention.

Objetivos: Realizar uma avaliação das reações dos pais à internação do filho em unidade de terapia intensiva e desenvolver uma proposta de apoio psicológico. Casuística: Foram entrevistados 48 pais em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica e 27 em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, além dos pais que participaram nos grupos de pais. Métodos: 1) Realização de entrevistas semi-dirigidas com os pais, utilizando questionários previamente elaborados, à admissão do paciente e durante sua internação; 2) Avaliação do nível de ansiedade dos pais à internação do filho, pela aplicação do Inventário de ansiedade traço-estado; e 3) Realização de grupos de pais em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica, com a participação de equipe multiprofissional. Resultados: Em ambas as unidades de terapia intensiva as reações mais freqüentemente citadas pelos pais ao início da internação foram de desespero e tristeza, e citaram as necessidades de apoio psicológico como as mais importantes neste momento. Os principais sentimentos relatados no decorrer da internação foram de preocupação, medo e tristeza, e a maioria dos pais em ambas as UTIs ficaram assustados com a aparência do filho. Os níveis de ansiedade mostraram-se significativamente elevados à ocasião da internação do filho, não havendo diferença entre os pais em UTI pediátrica e neonatal. O grupo de pais revelou-se uma técnica eficaz de apoio psicológico em UTI. Conclusões: Há necessidade de apoio psicológico aos pais de pacientes pediátricos internados tanto em UTI pediátrica como neonatal, pelo elevado nível de ansiedade, desespero e tristeza que apresentam à internação do filho. As entrevistas semidirigidas com a aplicação dos questionários propostos para 11 avaliação dos pais mostraram-se estratégias adequadas para a investigação do estado emocional desses pais e constituem formas eficientes de fornecer apoio psicológico durante a realização das mesmas. O grupo de pais possibilitou o contato direto com profissionais de diversas áreas, com disposição a escutá-los, valorizá-los, compreender seus sentimentos e esclarecer suas dúvidas. Permitiu o convívio com outros pais em fases diferentes da mesma situação, mobilizando recursos para lidar com o período crítico da doença e internação e o apoio no processo de luto do filho saudável para conseguirem um vínculo satisfatório com o filho doente. A questão da morte, as dificuldades com a equipe, a falta de apoio de familiares e outras questões extremamente angustiantes puderam ser ampla e abertamente discutidas nos grupos, trazendo esclarecimentos e alívio. A reunião com a equipe após os grupos mostrou-se de extrema importância para a uniformização de condutas, entendimento das reações dos pais, e discussões relativas ao relacionamento entre eles e a equipe. Em relação às entrevistas individuais semi-dirigidas, o grupo de pais mostrou-se uma estratégia complementar, já que os mesmos problemas e queixas são discutidos de formas diferentes nos dois tipos de intervenção. / Objectives: Assessment of parents reactions to the admission of their child into an ICU and development of a proposal of psychological support. Sample: 48 interviewed parents in pediatric ICU and 27 in neonatal ICU were included besides the participants of the groups of parents. Procedures: 1) Semi-directed interviews were performed with parents, with the application of previously elaborated questionaires; 2) Assessment of the parents anxiety at the admission of the child in ICU, with the application of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; and 3) lead groups of parents were performed in pediatric ICU with the participation of multidisciplinary staff. Results: The most frequent reactions cited by the parents to the admission of the child in an ICU were despair and sadness. Moreover, psychological support was the most essencial need at that moment. The most important feelings cited during hospitalization were worry, fear and sadness, and most parents in both ICU were very scared of the appearance of their children. There was a significant increase in parents anxiety at the admission of the child, and there were no differences between the scores of parents anxiety in pediatric or neonatal ICU. The group of parents was a good technique of psychological support in ICU. Conclusions: Psychological support to parents of pediatric patients admitted to an ICU is necessary, because of high anxiety level, dispair and sadness that parents show at the admission of their child to an ICU. The semi-directed interviews with the appication of the proposed questionaires to the assessment of parents were good techiques for the investigation of the emotional state of these parents and constituted efficient ways of giving them psychological support. The group of parents permitted the direct contact with professionals of various areas, willing to listen to them, value them, understand their feelings and clarify their doubts. They permitted contact with other parents in different phases of the same situation, mobilizing resources for dealing with the critical period of the disease and admission, and giving support in the mourning process of the healthy child so that they could get a satisfactory attachment to the sick one. The subject of death, the difficulties with the staff, the lack of support from relatives and other highly anxious questions could be discussed during the group sessions widely, bringing clarity and relief. The meetings with the staff after the group sessions were very important to unify the procedures, understand the parents reactions, and discuss the relationship between them and the staff. In relation to the individual semi-directed interviews, the parents group revealed a complementary technique, as the same problems and complaints were discussed in different ways in both forms of intervention.

Ethnic minority children living in relative poverty are a high-risk group for poor outcomes in all aspects of wellbeing. The relationship and interactions between child and parent are a key part of child development and a platform for providing positive experiences which can benefit a child’s wellbeing. There is therefore a need to identify what facilitates wellbeing for ethnic minority children in low-socioeconomic status families. By focusing on protective and promotive factors encompassing the parent-child relationship, factors can be identified which can use family strengths as a basis for interventions and practice within healthcare, social work and education, which is what this systematic literature review set out to do. Through a diligent search of the literature, 12 articles were identified for review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, containing research on African American, Roma, Native American and Hispanic/Latino youth. The results inform how child wellbeing can be facilitated through several parental factors, including parental involvement and support, maternal attachment, paternal warmth and ethnic identity and ethnic socialization. The findings also indicate a need for further studies on paternal influence on wellbeing in especially Native American and Roma youth, as well as the impact of ethnic socialization on youth wellbeing. Parents have an important role to play in child wellbeing and are vital partners alongside the child when planning interventions. Considerations naturally need to be shown for each ethnic minority, the child’s setting and its individual characteristics.