The current study evaluated the effects of a Behavioral Skills Training (BST) package on parental implementation of escape extinction in a feeding clinic. Three parents of children enrolled in a clinic-based three-week intensive feeding disorder treatment program participated. The goal of the current study was to improve the already existing parent training component of the clinic’s program by utilizing BST to teach the participants critical skills needed to implement the feeding interventions at home. The BST package included verbal instruction, modeling, and role play with feedback. Generalization probes were conducted during parent-child feeding trials. A multiple baseline across behaviors design demonstrated the effectiveness of the BST package for all participants: percentage of steps implemented correctly increased to high levels for each skill. This study was limited by aspects of the experimental design and lack of generalization data. Future research should aim to close the gaps in the feeding disorder literature regarding parent training; additional research is needed in this subject area. / Applied Behavioral Analysis

Abstract It is estimated that approximately 16-20% of youth will develop a diagnosable behavior disorder. Behavioral parent training is a valuable approach to address disruptive behaviors by teaching parents how to effectively manage their child’s challenging behavior with non-physical disciplinary techniques. While these programs are generally effective, attrition rates have been found to be as high as 60% in some cases. This review provides information about the characteristics commonly associated with these programs, the attrition rates of each program, and the general effectiveness of the programs. Meta-analytic procedures were implemented to identify contributing factors leading to withdrawal from intervention. Keywords: parent training, behavioral parent training, parent management training, parent child interaction therapy

Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience difficulties with social communication and restrictive, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior patterns that place them at an increased risk for developing challenging behaviors that warrant early intervention (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These problems are unlikely to decrease without intervention. Research indicates that parents’ involvement in behaviorally based interventions improves the functioning of children with ASD (Horner, Carr, Strain, Todd, & Reid, 2002). . Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (Eyberg & Funderburk, 2011) is an empirically supported intervention for young children with disruptive behaviors. PCIT shares similarities with numerous proven ASD treatments including caregiver involvement, structure and predictable schedule, and the use of behavioral strategies (e.g., positive reinforcement, differential attention). As such, children with ASD are increasingly referred to PCIT. Researchers and clinicians have started to address the use of PCIT for targeting child compliance and social responsiveness in children with ASD. However, there is a need for research on the feasibility of PCIT for children with ASD and barriers to treatment participation for these families. The present study utilized a non-concurrent multiple baseline design with three parent-child dyads enrolled in PCIT to examine the degree of stability and immediacy of effect in caregivers parenting skill use and in patterns of challenging behaviors, ASD symptoms, and expressive communication exhibited by young children with ASD. Due to a significant attrition rate in the study, barriers to treatment participation were also examined. Findings suggested that PCIT improved children’s challenging behaviors and parent’s use of labeled praises.

This study assessed the feasibility of the newly manualized Prevent Teach Reinforce for Families (PTR-F) for use with Hispanic families of young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who have difficulty adjusting to family routine. The study involved three families of children with ASD ages 3 to 6 years old who participated in the 5-step PTR-F process and who implemented the PTR intervention plan during naturally occurring family routines. A multiple-baseline across participants design was employed to examine the preliminary evidence of efficacy of using the PTR-F for children with ASD. The results indicated that Hispanic parents successfully implemented intervention strategies with the help of a facilitator using the PTR-F manual. All children’s alternate desirable behavior increased and problem behavior reduced a significant amount when the PTR-F intervention was implemented by the parents. The parents reported high social validity when implementing the PTR-F intervention.

<p>Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa hos barn är ett växande folkhälsoproblem. Att upptäcka och sätta in insatser för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn är ett av barnhälsovårdens mål. Föräldrastödsmetoder för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa är en insats på folkhälsoområdet som lämpar sig väl för ett evidensbaserat förhållningssätt. Familjen är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att förebygga utvecklingen av psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa effekten avmanualbaserade föräldrastödsmetoder för prevention av psykisk ohälsa hos barn.Metod: Strukturerad litteraturstudie baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Studien inkluderar artiklar där föräldrastödsintervention med metoderna Active parenting, COPE, Komet och Marte Meo utvärderas. Resultat: I resultatet framkom följande effekter: a/ Förbättring för föräldrarna gällande förstärkning av föräldrarollen, psykisk hälsa och ökad tilltro till den egna förmågan i rollen som förälder, selfefficacy. b/ Barnens beteendeproblem förbättrades signifikant. c/ Påverkan på interaktionen mellan förälder och barn visade sig i form av en förbättrad relation.Slutsats: Resultatet från studien kan ligga till grund för att utveckladistriktssköterskans familjefokuserade arbete för prevention av psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Föräldrastödsmetoderna Active Parenting, COPE, Komet och Marte Meo resulterade i goda effekter för förstärkning av föräldrarollen, förbättring av föräldrars psykiska hälsa, förbättring av barns beteende samt förbättrad relation mellan förälder och barn.</p> / <p>Background: Mental health problems in childhood are an increasing problem for public health. A purpose for primary care in Sweden is to screen and prevent mental health problems for children. Parent training to prevent mental health problems is an intervention convenient for an evidence based attitude. The family is one of the most important factors to prevent mental health problems in childhood. Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate parent training based on manuals as prevention for mental health problems in childhood. Method: A structured literature study based on fifteen scientific articles was performed. The study included articles with evaluation of parent training intervention (Active Parenting, COPE, Komet and Marte Meo). Result: The result showed following categories a/ The parents improved considering the parent-role, the mental health and the self-efficacy. b/ The children significant improved considering behaviour problems. c/ The interaction between parent and child was improved.Conclusion: The results of the study could underlie the work for nurses in primary care to develop family-focused intervention to prevent mental health problems in childhood. Parent training resulted in good effects considering the parent-role and the mental health of the parents.The children improved considering behaviour problems and the relationship between parent and child was also improved.</p>

Family level data was collected from those served in a state-wide rollout of SafeCare® in Georgia between January of 2010 and November of 2011. Families who received SafeCare were trained in the intervention’s three modules: Parent-Child or Parent-Infant Interaction, Home Safety, and Child Health. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in parental skill demonstration by analyzing pre- and post-training assessments. Additionally, parental demographic characteristics were also assessed for associations with skill acquisition within each module. Follow-up analysis concluded that families displayed increases in parenting skills among all SafeCare modules. Moderator analysis showed that those with only one child showed greater decreases in home hazards as did those with two children. Also, it was found that income level moderated performance in the Parent-Child Interaction module with participants below the median income level exhibiting a greater increase in PCI skill demonstration than those above the median income level. Further research should consider modeling multiple parental characters (e.g. CPS status and income) with skill performance over time. Lastly, additional research should aim to determine if those who exhibit increases in parenting skills are also less likely to experience future child maltreatment reports.

Parental participation in parent training programs is necessary for success in behavioral parent training. Prior literature has demonstrated probabilistic reinforcement as an effective intervention for improving a wide variety of behaviors. In the present study, a probabilistic reinforcement program (i.e., lottery) was implemented in order to evaluate its efficacy as part of a behavioral parent training program. The behaviors targeted for increase included attendance, participation, homework completion, and performing role-plays or completing in-class assignments for two 10 week Tools for Positive Behavior Change courses. Participants earned lottery tickets for each of the dependent measures, and drawings took place at the end of each class. An alternating treatments design was employed to determine any differences in performance on the dependent measures between baseline and lottery sessions. Results showed that participants attended and participated more with parent training under the conditions of a lottery compared to baseline class sessions although the effect was minimal; furthermore, this effect was observed more clearly for one of the two classes. Further research is needed to explore the effect of a lottery intervention on parent participation in parent training programs.

This study evaluated a parent implemented in-situ pedestrian safety skills intervention for three individuals with autism. Specifically, this study examined the utility of using a behavioral skills training (BST) to help parents implement the most-to-least prompting procedures in training their children with autism pedestrian safety skills in community settings. A multiple baseline design across participants was used to assess parent implementation of in-situ pedestrian training as well as child participants' independently performed correct skills. Results indicated that parents implemented most-to-least prompting procedures with high levels of accuracy across streets during intervention and fading of BST. All child participants improved their safety skills significantly during intervention. For one child, the acquired skills maintained during follow- up. The percentages of their independent correct use of pedestrian safety skills were similar to those in baseline during generalization probes.

It is important to understand the development of depression, and how a family component to treatment affects early adolescent girls’ depression given the association between depression and negative future outcomes. A potential vulnerability to depression is the cognitive triad, which encompasses beliefs about the self, world, and future and is shaped by early learning experiences. Research indicates that the vulnerability originates from parent-child relationships and family messages, which are important in the development of youth cognitive styles. Previous research also indicates that family variables are important factors to consider in the treatment of depression. The purpose of the current study was to expand previous research by examining the roles of perceived family messages and the cognitive triad in the development of depression for early adolescent girls. The study also explored whether parent gender differentiated how family messages affect girls’ cognitions and depressive symptoms. The study evaluated how the addition of a parent training component to a school-based, group-administered CBT intervention affected change in the model’s variables in comparison to group-administered CBT intervention alone and a monitoring control condition. Participants included early adolescent girls diagnosed with depression and caregivers in the parental treatment component. Girls were randomly assigned to a CBT, CBT+PT, or minimal contact control condition. Ratings of girls’ perceptions of family messages, cognitions, and depressive symptoms were obtained at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Results from structural equation modeling indicated significant effects from perceived family messages to girls’ cognitions. Further, girls’ cognitions mediated the relation between perceived family messages and girls’ depressive symptoms at post-treatment for participants within the CBT and monitoring conditions. No significant differences were evident between parent gender and perceived messages. Results indicated that the addition of a parent component to the CBT intervention did not significantly differ from the CBT intervention alone in its effects on the variable relations within the model at post-treatment. Supplemental analyses highlighted parent attendance as a significant factor, with larger effects from the family messages on girls’ cognitions appearing when parents attended majority (six or more) of the eight parent training sessions. Implications, limitations, and areas for further research are discussed. / text

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa hos barn är ett växande folkhälsoproblem. Att upptäcka och sätta in insatser för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn är ett av barnhälsovårdens mål. Föräldrastödsmetoder för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa är en insats på folkhälsoområdet som lämpar sig väl för ett evidensbaserat förhållningssätt. Familjen är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att förebygga utvecklingen av psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa effekten avmanualbaserade föräldrastödsmetoder för prevention av psykisk ohälsa hos barn.Metod: Strukturerad litteraturstudie baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Studien inkluderar artiklar där föräldrastödsintervention med metoderna Active parenting, COPE, Komet och Marte Meo utvärderas. Resultat: I resultatet framkom följande effekter: a/ Förbättring för föräldrarna gällande förstärkning av föräldrarollen, psykisk hälsa och ökad tilltro till den egna förmågan i rollen som förälder, selfefficacy. b/ Barnens beteendeproblem förbättrades signifikant. c/ Påverkan på interaktionen mellan förälder och barn visade sig i form av en förbättrad relation.Slutsats: Resultatet från studien kan ligga till grund för att utveckladistriktssköterskans familjefokuserade arbete för prevention av psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Föräldrastödsmetoderna Active Parenting, COPE, Komet och Marte Meo resulterade i goda effekter för förstärkning av föräldrarollen, förbättring av föräldrars psykiska hälsa, förbättring av barns beteende samt förbättrad relation mellan förälder och barn. / Background: Mental health problems in childhood are an increasing problem for public health. A purpose for primary care in Sweden is to screen and prevent mental health problems for children. Parent training to prevent mental health problems is an intervention convenient for an evidence based attitude. The family is one of the most important factors to prevent mental health problems in childhood. Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate parent training based on manuals as prevention for mental health problems in childhood. Method: A structured literature study based on fifteen scientific articles was performed. The study included articles with evaluation of parent training intervention (Active Parenting, COPE, Komet and Marte Meo). Result: The result showed following categories a/ The parents improved considering the parent-role, the mental health and the self-efficacy. b/ The children significant improved considering behaviour problems. c/ The interaction between parent and child was improved.Conclusion: The results of the study could underlie the work for nurses in primary care to develop family-focused intervention to prevent mental health problems in childhood. Parent training resulted in good effects considering the parent-role and the mental health of the parents.The children improved considering behaviour problems and the relationship between parent and child was also improved.