Cette thèse s’intéresse à la mesure des pratiques éducatives et à leur capacité à rendre compte de ces pratiques. Notamment, la sensibilité des instruments à rendre compte des changements dans les pratiques éducatives suite à un programme d’entraînement aux habiletés parentales est abordée tout en tenant compte des facteurs déterminants de ces pratiques. Le corps de cette thèse est composé de deux articles. L’objectif de la première étude consiste à comparer deux instruments de mesure fréquemment utilisés pour mesurer les pratiques éducatives. Les deux instruments, comparés sur la base de données empiriques, sont le Parenting Practices Interview (PPI), un instrument développé afin de mesurer les changements suite au programme d’entraînement aux habiletés parentales Ces Années Incroyables, et l’Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ). Le premier s’adresse aux parents d’enfants de 3 à 8 ans alors que le second cible les parents d’enfants d’âge scolaire. Cent vingt parents ont complété le PPI et l’APQ. Des analyses corrélationnelles, une analyse en composante principale et des corrélations canoniques ont été utilisées afin de comparer les différentes pratiques mesurées par ces deux instruments. Les résultats indiquent que ces deux instruments mesurent sensiblement les mêmes pratiques parentales. Quelques sous-échelles du PPI ne sont pas mesurées par l’APQ et représentent des pratiques éducatives additionnelles. Puisque ces deux instruments mesurent sensiblement les mêmes pratiques, le choix du questionnaire devrait être fait en fonction de l’objectif de l’étude (p.ex. évaluer l’efficacité du programme Ces Années Incroyables ou non), de la facilité d’utilisation de l’instrument et de l’âge des enfants. Le deuxième article a pour objectif d’évaluer les changements dans les pratiques éducatives suite à la participation des parents à un programme d’entraînement aux habiletés parentales (PEHP) à l’aide d’une grille d’observation spécifiquement développée dans le cadre de ce projet. De plus, cette étude vise à identifier les facteurs modérateurs du changement dans les pratiques éducatives telles certaines caractéristiques de l’enfant et des parents. Soixante-dix-sept familles ayant un enfant de 6 à 9 ans avec un trouble du déficit d’attention/hyperactivité (TDA/H) ont été retenues pour cette étude. Les familles ont participé soit au PEHP, soit elles ont reçu du soutien téléphonique (ST), ou elles ont continué à recevoir les services dans la communauté. Les pratiques éducatives ont été évaluées avant et après l’intervention à l’aide d’une mesure observationnelle. Les résultats indiquent que seuls les parents ayant participé au PEHP utilisent davantage de pratiques positives et ont diminué les pratiques sévères et négatives suite à l’intervention. De plus, le sous-type de TDA/H, la présence ou non de comorbidité chez l’enfant et le cumul de risque à l’intérieur d’une famille, calculé à partir de caractéristiques des parents, ne modèrent pas le changement suite à l’intervention. Cette étude démontre donc la capacité de la mesure observationnelle à détecter des changements suite à l’intervention de même que l’efficacité du PEHP auprès des familles d’enfants d’âge scolaire ayant un TDA/H. / The purpose of this thesis was to examine various measures of parenting practices and their ability to account for these practices. The instrument’s sensitivity to changes following a parent training program is also examined while taking into account potential moderators of treatment response. Two studies constitute the body of this thesis. The first study compared two parenting practices questionnaire on the basis of empirical data. The Parenting Practices Interview (PPI) is a self-report questionnaire for 3 to 8-year old children used to evaluate changes in parenting practices following a parent training program (PTP). The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) is a self-report questionnaire for school-age children that has been used for multiple research purposes. One hundred and twenty parents completed both the PPI and APQ. Correlation analyses, principal component analysis and canonical correlations were performed, with results indicating that the PPI and APQ measure similar parenting practices. Only a few scales from the PPI were not measured by the APQ and represented additional content. Because both measures cover the same parenting practices aspects equally well, choice of questionnaire should be based on purpose of study, practicality and age of children. The second study examined changes in parenting practices following a parent training program for families of school-age children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Changes were examined with an observational measure specifically created for this project. Seventy-seven families were assigned to either the Incredible Years parent training program (PTP), a support phone call group (SPC), or to a community services (C) control group. Parenting practices were assessed before and after the intervention through direct observations. Results showed that parents in the PTP group reduced the percentage of harsh/negative parenting practices and increased the percentage of positive parenting practices used following the intervention while parents from the other two groups did not change. In addition, ADHD subtypes, comorbidity and cumulative risks based on parent’s characteristics did not moderate treatment response. Findings from this study show that the new observational measure is sensitive enough to detect changes following a PTP and also indicate that a parent training program is a valuable intervention for families of school-age children diagnosed with ADHD.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Aparecida Fernandes Martin.pdf: 2553749 bytes, checksum: 9db4d8bd1a7604c5e61f0923d578082b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-23 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The Williams Syndrome (WS) is caused by an aneusomia due to the deletion of multiple genes on the long arm of chromosome 7 (7q11.23 region), characterized by cognitive and behavioral changes, excessive sociability, language difficulties with better expressive language performance than receptive one and intellectual disability of varying degrees. For parents, the impact of having a child with changes on typical development, especially when correlated to cognitive and behavioral changes, is huge, affecting the family as a whole. Several studies have shown a higher incidence of mental health problems, especially higher level of anxiety, depression and stress in parents of children with intellectual disabilities compared to general population. This study aims to develop, implement and evaluate the effectiveness of a family support program, training of parenting styles and social skills for parents of children and adolescents with WS. For this, we assessed behavior problems (Adult Self-Report-ASR) and mental health indicators such as stress (ISSL), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory) as well as parenting styles (Inventory Parenting Styles), social skills (IHS), perception of Family Support (IPSF) and quality of life (WHOQOL-bref) in the group of parents. After that, occurred a group of family support, training of parenting practices and social skills for parents with seven weekly meetings that deal with each of the subjects evaluated. A space for discussion was constituted where each subject was treated by the group. After that, the instruments were again used to assess changes in indicators. Thirteen parents took initially part in this process but only eight have completed the entire process. Instrument data were analyzed through their standardization and compared before and after intervention. As results signs of anxiety and depression as well as characteristics of stress in the resistance stage, with psychological symptoms were observed in mental health indicators. With regard to the characteristics of parenting practices, social skills and quality of life, we observed that some parents showed positive monitoring practice as below average and inconsistent punishment practices with parental style of risk. Moreover, almost half of the participants had a repertoire for social skills below average or very deficient. Regarding the presence of behavior problems indicated by the ASR, there are indicators of problems related to anxiety/depression and isolation, and some indicators of aggressive behavior. Generally, many indicators evaluated after the intervention were reduced. As conclusions, these results demonstrated the effectiveness of the family support program, training in parenting practices and social skills to parents of children and adolescents with WS. / A Síndrome de Williams (SW) é causada por uma aneusomia segmentar devido à deleção de múltiplos genes no braço longo do cromossomo 7 (região 7q11.23), sendo caracterizada por alterações cognitivas e comportamentais, excessiva sociabilidade, com dificuldades de linguagem, tendo melhor desempenho na linguagem expressiva do que na receptiva, e déficit intelectual de graus variados. Para os pais, o impacto de ter um filho com alterações do seu desenvolvimento típico, especialmente quando associada a alterações cognitivas e comportamentais, é muito grande, trazendo nova realidade à família como um todo. Vários estudos têm demonstrado maior incidência de problemas de saúde mental, especialmente maior índice de sinais de ansiedade, depressão e estresse em pais de crianças com deficiência intelectual do que na população geral. Assim o presente trabalho se propôs a desenvolver, implementar e avaliar a eficácia de um programa de suporte familiar, treino de práticas parentais e habilidades sociais para pais de crianças e adolescentes com SW. Para isso, foram avaliados problemas de comportamento (Adult Self-Report-ASR) e indicadores de saúde mental como estresse (ISSL), ansiedade (Inventário de Ansiedade Beck), depressão (Inventário de Depressão Beck), além de estilos parentais (Inventário de Estilos Parentais), habilidades sociais (IHS), percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF) e qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-bref) no grupo de pais. Após isso, houve a implementação de um grupo de suporte familiar, treino de práticas parentais e habilidades sociais para pais com sete encontros semanais que trataram de cada um dos temas avaliados. Foi constituído assim um espaço de discussão onde cada um dos temas foi tratado pelo grupo. Após isso, houve nova aplicação desses instrumentos para avaliar mudanças nos indicadores. Participaram desse processo inicialmente treze pais dos quais oito concluíram todo o processo. Os dados dos instrumentos foram analisados por meio de suas padronizações e comparados antes e após a intervenção. Como resultados observaram-se, nos indicadores de saúde mental, presença de sinais de ansiedade e depressão além de características de estresse na fase de resistência, com sintomatologia psicológica. Com relação às características de práticas parentais, habilidades sociais e qualidade de vida no grupo de pais, foi possível observar que alguns pais demonstraram prática de monitoria positiva como abaixo da média e práticas de punição inconsistente com estilo parental de risco. Com relação aos índices de habilidades sociais, observou-se que quase metade dos participantes apresentaram um repertório para as habilidades sociais abaixo da média ou muito deficitário. Com relação à presença de problemas de comportamento indicado pelo ASR, há indicadores de problemas associados à ansiedade/depressão e isolamento, além de alguns indicativos de comportamento agressivo. De modo geral, após a intervenção, índices em muitas áreas avaliadas apresentaram redução. Demonstrando assim, como conclusão, eficácia do programa de suporte familiar, treino de práticas parentais e habilidades sociais para pais de crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Williams.

Contexte. Les instances de recherche en pédiatrie mentionnent que le temps d’écran crée des conséquences négatives immédiates et ultérieures sur la santé et les saines habitudes de vie des enfants et des adolescents. Ils suggèrent une supervision parentale, un encadrement du temps d’écran ainsi que des espaces et des moments sans écrans. Toutefois, nous savons que les pratiques parentales efficaces sont la source primaire de socialisation et établissent donc les habitudes de vie d’une famille. Les pratiques parentales sont aussi souvent utilisées dans des programmes de prévention pour les comportements et pour les habitudes de vie chez les jeunes. Objectif. Nous souhaitons examiner l’effet modérateur des pratiques parentales efficaces sur les liens entre la présence d’une télévision dans la chambre des garçons et filles au préscolaire et les saines habitudes de vie ultérieures (l’activité physique à l’extérieur des heures scolaires, les habitudes alimentaires et la durée du sommeil). Méthode. Les participants (929 garçons et 930 filles) proviennent d’une cohorte de naissances de l’Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ). La télévision dans la chambre (rapportée par l’enfant et confirmée par l’intervieweur) et les pratiques parentales efficaces (rapportées par la mère) ont été récoltées à 4 ans. Les saines habitudes de vies (rapportées par la mère) ont été récoltées à 10 ans. Des régressions linéaires ont été effectuées pour tester l’hypothèse d’une modération en faisant des analyses stratifiées par le sexe, tout en contrôlant pour des caractéristiques individuelles et familiales. Résultats. La télévision dans la chambre n’est pas associée significativement sur les saines habitudes de vies, tant chez les gars et les filles. Les pratiques parentales modèrent significativement le lien entre la télévision dans la chambre et l’activité physique à l’extérieur des heures scolaires chez les gars. Des pratiques parentales efficaces élevées chez les garçons augmentent l’activité physique à l’extérieur des heures scolaires quand un garçon a une télévision dans sa chambre, comparativement à des pratiques parentales efficaces faibles. Pour les filles, les pratiques parentales efficaces prédisent une plus grande durée de sommeil, en tant qu’effet direct. Les pratiques parentales modèrent significativement le lien entre la télévision dans la chambre et la durée du sommeil chez les filles. Les pratiques parentales efficaces élevées augmentent la durée du sommeil quand une fille a une télévision dans sa chambre, comparativement à des pratiques parentales efficaces faibles. Conclusion. Les pratiques parentales efficaces peuvent être considérées comme un facteur de protection sur les saines habitudes de vie associées avec une télévision de la chambre, améliorant ainsi les chances d’un développement optimal chez l’enfant. Ainsi, la parentalité est une cible pertinente pour les programmes de prévention, particulièrement pour l’activité physique à l’extérieur des heures scolaires chez les garçons et la durée du sommeil chez les filles. / Background. Community pediatricians and allied youth services report that screen time creates immediate and subsequent well-being and lifestyle risks in children and adolescents. In fact, current guidelines recommend parental supervision and monitoring of screen time as well as screen-free spaces and moments. Effective parenting practices are often targeted in prevention programs addressing behavioral development and diminishing risk for mental psychopathologies. Little is known regarding the role of parenting in effectuating guidelines. Objective. This study aims to examine the moderating effect of parenting practices on the relationship between the presence of a television in the preschool child’s bedroom and subsequent healthy lifestyle habits (physical activity outside school hours, healthy eating habits and sleep duration). Methods. Participants (929 boys and 930 girls) are from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD) birth cohort. Bedroom television (reported by children and confirmed by interviewer) and effective parenting practices (reported by mothers) were collected at age 4. Mothers reported on chilren’s healthy lifestyle habits at age 10. Linear regressions were conducted, stratified by sex, to test expected moderation hypothesis by controlling for child and family characteristics. Results. Bedroom television was not significantly associated with lifestyle risks, both in boys and girls. Parenting practices significantly moderated the relationship between bedroom television and physical activity outside school hours for boys. Better parenting practices were associated with increases in physical activity outside school hours when a bedroom television was present, compared with lower effective parenting practices. For girls, effective parenting for girls predicted higher sleep duration as a direct effect. Parenting practices significantly moderated the relationship between bedroom television and sleep duration for girls. Better parenting practices were associated with increases sleep duration in the presence of a bedroom television, compared with lower effective parenting practices. Conclusion. Effective parenting practices can be considered as a protective factor for lifestyle habits associated with the presence of a television in the preschool bedroom, thus bettering chances of optimal development. These findings support the role of parenting as a program target for risk prevention.

El estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la mentalización de padres y madres hacia sus hijos que se encuentran en edad preescolar y que residen en Lima Metropolitana. Con este fin, se realizó un estudio de tipo cualitativo y diseño fenomenológico, aplicando la entrevista a profundidad a progenitores primerizos (cuatro parejas y una madre), cuyas edades se encontraban entre los 27 y 44 años. Los principales hallazgos indican que la mayoría de padres y madres muestran buena capacidad de mentalización; evidenciando sensibilidad para asignar razones acertadas al comportamiento emocional de sus hijos; y, consecuentemente, responder con conductas validantes y empáticas. Por el contrario, se encontraron, en algunos participantes, fallas en la mentalización ante momentos de tensión emocional; hecho que dio paso a conductas restrictivas e impulsivas con sus niños. Se resalta la importancia del vínculo cercano y el apego seguro entre progenitores e hijos para el desarrollo de la mentalización. Los hallazgos obtenidos pueden orientar el desarrollo de futuras investigaciones, respaldar la importancia de la mentalización y fundamentar la implementación de estrategias mentalizadoras en la crianza. / The study aimed to understand the mentalization of parents to children who are of preschool age and who reside in Metropolitan Lima. To this end, a qualitative study with a phenomenological design was carried out, applying the in-depth interview to first-time parents (four couples and one mother), whose ages were between 27 and 44 years. The main findings indicate that the majority of fathers and mothers show good mentalizing capacity; demonstrating sensitivity to assign correct reasons to the emotional behavior of their children; and, consequently, respond with validating and empathetic behaviors. On the contrary, in some participants, failures in the mentalization on moments of emotional tension were found; a fact that gave way to restrictive and impulsive behaviors with their children. The importance of the close bond and secure attachment between parents and children for the development of mentalization is highlighted. The findings obtained can guide the development of future research, support the importance of mentalization and the implementation of mentalizing strategies in parenting. / Tesis

[pt] Um dos pressupostos deste trabalho é que o desenvolvimento humano se dá em contextos. Acedita-se que entender o desenvolvimento durante a Educação Infantil seja necessária à compreensão dos diferentes contextos que fazem parte da vida das crianças. Para tal, será utilizado o modelo de Urie Bronfenbrenner sobre o contexto social, em que as crianças se desenvolvem. Utilizou-se o conceito de Nicho de Desenvolvimento proposto por Sara Hrarkness e Charles Super que contribui para a compreensão do papel do contexto no desenvolvimento. A presente tese teve como objetivo investigar as relações das práticas educativas parentais e as características familiares com os comportamentos transgressores das crianças de três a cinco anos do município do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram do estudo 50 pais e 6 professoras de 1 creche localizada em uma favela da Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro e de 1 Espaço de Desenvolvimento Infantil na Zona Norte do Rio de Janeiro. Foram aplicados os instrumentos: Escala de Crenças Sobre Práticas Parentais na primeira infância, o Inventário do Clima Familiar – ICF e a ficha de dados sociodemográfica. Uma entrevista dirigida com as professoras foi realizada para investigar os objetivos propostos. A partir das análises feitas, pode-se perceber que a maioria dos pais e mães demonstra em suas respostas preocupações e cuidados com seus filhos, visto que para a maioria das afirmativas eles responderam nível 5 (sempre). Esse achado pode ser relacionado com as análises das entrevistas das professoras, que demonstram, de forma geral, que as crianças não apresentam comportamentos agressivos ou transgressores. Para a análise de dados foi utilizado o software Iramuteq. O corpus geral das entrevistas foi constituído por 50 textos, que representam as 50 entrevistas realizadas na pesquisa. Emergiram 8.745 ocorrências (preposições, palavras, formas ou vocabulários), sendo 1094 palavras distintas e 171.047 palavras com uma única ocorrência. Além disso, nos dados sociodemográficos encontram-se participantes com formações que variaram do Ensino Fundamental Incompleto (24 por cento) ao Superior Completo (4 por cento). Logo, como nos diz Bronfenbrenner (1992), pode-se verificar as possíveis influências na relação da criança com o ambiente onde está inserida. Acredita-se que, se a criança está inserida em um ambiente saudável para seu desenvolvimento, ela dificilmente apresentará comportamentos transgressores ou agressivos nesses espaços. A partir das análises das respostas dos pais e das professoras, pode-se dizer que os aspectos relacionados a crenças e práticas parentais estão de acordo com o perfil de comportamento apontado pelas professoras em suas entrevistas. Acredita-se que o presente estudo possa trazer benefícios tanto para a área de educação quanto para a área da psicologia do desenvolvimento e psicologia da educação. / [en] One of the assumptions of this work is that human development takes place in contexts. It is believed that understanding the development during Early Childhood Education is necessary to understand the different contexts that are part of children s lives. To this end, the model of Urie Bronfenbrenner on the social context, in which children develop, will be used. The concept of Development Niche proposed by Sara Hrarkness and Charles Super was used, which contributes to the understanding of the role of context in development. This thesis aimed to investigate the relationship between parental educational practices and family characteristics with the transgressive behaviors of children aged three to five years in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Fifty parents and 6 teachers from 1 daycare center located in a favela in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro and 1 Child Development Area in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro.The following instruments were applied: Scale of Beliefs on Parenting Practices in early childhood, the Family Climate Inventory - ICF and the sociodemographic data sheet. An interview directed with the teachers was carried out to investigate the proposed objectives. From the analyzes made, it can be seen that most fathers and mothers show concerns and care for their children in their responses, since for most statements they answered level 5 (always). This finding can be related to the analysis of the teachers interviews, which demonstrate, in general, that the children do not show aggressive or transgressive behaviors. Iramuteq software was used for data analysis. The general corpus of the interviews consisted of 50 texts, which represent the 50 interviews conducted in the research. 8,745 occurrences (prepositions, words, forms or vocabularies) emerged, with 1094 distinct words and 171,047 words with a single occurrence. In addition, the socio-demographic data includes participants with backgrounds ranging from Incomplete Elementary School (24 per cent) to Higher Education (4 per cent). Therefore, as Bronfenbrenner (1992) tells us, one can verify thepossible influences on the child s relationship with the environment where he is inserted. It is believed that, if the child is inserted in a healthy environment for his development, he will hardly present transgressive or aggressive behaviors in thesespaces. From the analysis of the responses of parents and teachers, it can be said that the aspects related to parenting beliefs and practices are in accordance with the behavior profile pointed out by the teachers in their interviews. It is believed that the present study can bring benefits both to the area of education and to the area of developmental psychology and educational psychology.

No description available.

This study aimed to gain insight into the nature and extent of traditional and cyberbullying among Grade Six and Seven learners in four public primary schools in Benoni. Using the Social Learning Theory as a basis for understanding bullying as a learned behaviour (socially learned through the observation of authoritarian parents), a quantitative research method was applied which utilised an online self-report questionnaire to examine the relationship between bullying and the Authoritarian parenting style. Results indicate that 50.4% of learners had been victimised, while 31.6% and 8.8% had engaged in perpetrating traditional and cyberbullying, respectively at least once (N = 279). Further results revealed that the Authoritarian parenting style is significantly related to the perpetration of both types of bullying. These results bring to the fore the reciprocal relationship between both types of bullying, and indicate a need for systemic intervention at the primary school level (involving parents/caregivers). Interventions should therefore not seek to separate types of bullying into discreet problems, but rather focus on their common underlying aspects, including parenting behaviours / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Les enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle (AS) peuvent présenter divers problèmes psychologiques (Beitchman, Zucker, Hood, DaCosta et al., 1991; Briere & Elliott, 1994). Ces difficultés peuvent d’ailleurs perdurer jusqu’à l’âge adulte (Putnam, 2003). Afin de favoriser le rétablissement de ces enfants et prévenir le cycle intergénérationnel de la maltraitance sexuelle, il est important de s’intéresser aux facteurs de protection pouvant diminuer leurs séquelles. Les pratiques parentales représentent un facteur clé dans le développement de l’enfant de façon générale (Campbell, 1995) et peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la capacité des victimes à s’adapter à l’AS qu’elles ont subie (Ullman, 2003; Yancey & Hansen, 2010). Des pratiques parentales moins étudiées dans ce domaine de recherche ont été examinées dans la présente étude, soit le contrôle psychologique (CP), le contrôle limitatif (CL) et le soutien de l’autonomie (SA). Par ailleurs, l’évaluation des variables pouvant être liées à la conduite parentale et des impacts de celle-ci sur le développement de l’enfant permettra de mieux comprendre les difficultés que peuvent présenter ces familles et d’intevenir adéquatement auprès de celles-ci. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient : 1) de valider une grille de codification des comportements parentaux auprès d’enfants d’âge préscolaire, 2) de documenter le lien entre le CP, le CL, un concept que nous avons proposé dans la présente étude, et le SA afin de clarifier des incohérences conceptuelles et des failles méthodologiques notées dans les études passées, 3) de comparer les pratiques parentales de mères d’enfants victimes d’AS avec celles de mères dont l’enfant n’a pas vécu d’AS, 4) d’examiner le lien entre les mauvais traitements et les événements traumatiques subis par les mères, leur détresse psychologique et leurs pratiques parentales et 5) d’évaluer la relation entre les pratiques parentales et l’adaptation psychologique des enfants de l’échantillon. Un échantillon formé de 22 enfants d’âge préscolaire victimes d’AS recrutés au Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent (CEMV) et de 79 enfants n’ayant pas vécu un tel événement recrutés dans des Centres de la petite enfance (CPE) de milieux défavorisés de Montréal, de même que leurs mères, a participé à l’étude. La détresse psychologique des mères, les mauvais traitements subis dans leur l’enfance, les expériences traumatiques vécues avant et après 18 ans et les comportements inductifs et coercitifs ont été mesurés à l’aide de questionnaires auto-rapportés par la mère. Les mères et les éducateurs-trices de garderie ont aussi complété un questionnaire sur la symptomatologie de l’enfant. Finalement, une grille de codification des comportements parentaux a permis de mesurer les pratiques des mères et ce, lors d’une procédure d’observation. Les résultats démontrent que la grille élaborée présente des qualités psychométriques satisfaisantes. Par ailleurs, les corrélations entre les échelles principales de la grille de même que les résultats de l’analyse factorielle révèlent que le CP, le CL et le SA constituent des construits indépendants, tel que prévu. La comparaison des comportements maternels montre que les mères d’enfants victimes d’AS présentent des pratiques similaires à celles des mères dont l’enfant n’a pas subi d’AS. De plus, des liens ont été obtenus entre les expériences traumatiques et les mauvais traitements passés de la mère, sa détresse psychologique et les pratiques qu’elle adopte envers son enfant. Finalement, l’utilisation de stratégies inductives est associée marginalement à moins de troubles extériorisés chez l’enfant alors que l’utilisation de stratégies coercitives est reliée à plus de troubles intériorisés, selon l’éducateur-trice de l’enfant. Afin d’augmenter les possibilités que l’enfant se développe de façon optimale et de prévenir la transmission intergénérationnelle des mauvais traitements sexuels, il est important de comprendre le fonctionnement et les pratiques parentales des mères non-agresseurs. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de mieux documenter la conduite des mères d’enfants victimes d’AS. Par ailleurs, des explications sont proposées concernant les facteurs distincts associés à l’utilisation d’une conduite centrée sur l’enfant (inductive) versus sur le parent (coercitive). L’identification de ceux-ci peut permettre une prévention et une intervention plus adéquate auprès de ces familles et est d’autant plus cruciale compte tenu de l’impact négatif de certaines pratiques sur l’adaptation de l’enfant, tel que démontré dans la présente recherche. / Child sexual abuse victims may present diverse adjustment problems (Beitchman et al., 1991; Briere & Elliott, 1994) that may persist into adulthood (Putnam, 2003). To promote the recovery of these children and prevent the intergenerational cycle of sexual abuse, it is important to focus on protective factors that can diminish their sequelae. Parenting practices constitute a key factor in child development and in the victims’ capacity to deal with the abuse suffered (Ullman, 2003; Yancey & Hansen, 2010). In the present study, focus was placed on parenting practices that are generally less studied, namely, psychological control (PC), limiting control (LC) and autonomy support (AS). Also, the examination of the factors associated with these practices and their impact on child development had for purpose to better understand the difficulties that these families may face so as to develop more adequate clinical interventions that are better suited for their specific needs. The objectives of this thesis were : 1) to validate a parental behavior coding system for preschool aged children, 2) to document the link between PC, LC, concept that we proposed in this study, and AS in order to clarify conceptual inconsistencies and methodological biases noted in previous studies, 3) to compare the parenting practices of mothers whose child has been sexually abused with those of mothers whose child has not been abused, 4) to examine the link between mothers’ childhood maltreatment and traumatic events, psychological distress and parenting practices and 5) to examine the relationship between parenting practices and children’s psychological adjustment. A sample composed of 22 preschool aged sexually abused children recruited at the Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent (CEMV) and 79 non abused children recruited in Centres de la petite enfance (CPE) of disadvantaged areas of Montreal, as well as their mothers, participated in the study. Mothers’ psychological distress, childhood maltreatment, traumatic experiences before and after 18 years of age and their inductive and coercive conduct were measured using self-reported questionnaires by the mothers. Mothers and nursery educators also completed a questionnaire on the child’s symptomatology. Finally, a parental behavior coding system allowed the measurement of parenting practices during an observational procedure. Results show that the psychometric properties of the proposed rating system are satisfactory. Also, correlations between the main scales of the rating system and the results of factor analyses reveal that psychological control, limiting control and autonomy support are independent constructs, as hypothesized. The comparison of maternal behavior show that mothers of sexually abused children display similar practices as those of mothers whose child has not been sexually abused. Also, links were found between traumatic experiences and past abuse by mothers, her psychological distress and the practices displayed with her child. Finally, inductive strategies are associated with less externalized problems reported by mothers while coercive strategies are related to more externalized problems, according to the child’s educator. In order to increase the potential for a child to develop optimally and prevent the intergenerational transmission of sexual maltreatment, it is important to understand non-perpetrating mothers’ functioning and their parenting practices. The results of this study allowed to better document the conduct of mothers whose child was sexually abused. Also, explanations are proposed in regards to the different determinants obtained for child-centered (inductive) versus parent-centered (coercive) conduct. The identification of these risk factors may contribute to a more adequate prevention and intervention with these families and is even more crucial given the negative impact of some practices on the adjustment of their child, as shown in the present research.

À ce jour, plusieurs études se sont penchées sur l’influence des comportements problématiques des enfants présentant un trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH) sur les pratiques parentales (Chronis-Tuscano et al., 2008), mais peu de recherches se sont intéressées à la relation entre ce que pensent les parents et la façon dont ils se comportent avec leur enfant (Rudy & Grusec, 2006). L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’étudier la relation entre les cognitions sociales des parents, les pratiques parentales et les caractéristiques comportementales de l’enfant présentant un TDAH. Une première étude examine la relation entre les cognitions sociales des parents (attributions causales, sentiment d’auto-efficacité parental (SAEP)), les caractéristiques comportementales de l’enfant (sous-type TDAH, symptômes concomitants) en lien avec les pratiques parentales utilisées. Cent dix familles dont l’enfant a un TDAH ont participé à l’étude. Les résultats indiquent que plus les parents ont un SAEP élevé, plus ils rapportent employer une discipline appropriée, une discipline verbale positive, des félicitations/récompenses et moins ils rapportent utiliser une discipline sévère/inconstante ou la punition physique. Les résultats montrent également que l’attribution des comportements de désobéissance de l’enfant soit à l’effort important du parent, soit au manque d’effort de l’enfant joue un rôle prédicteur en regard respectivement de l’utilisation d’une discipline verbale positive ou de l’utilisation d’une discipline sévère et inconstante par le parent. Par ailleurs, le fait de percevoir des symptômes d’opposition chez l’enfant TDAH prédit l’utilisation d’une discipline appropriée et d’une discipline verbale positive. Enfin, la présence de symptômes concomitants au TDAH prédit l’utilisation d’une discipline sévère et inconstante. L’objectif de la seconde étude est d’examiner le rôle des cognitions sociales des parents d’enfant ayant un TDAH en lien avec les pratiques parentales utilisées après leur participation à deux types d’intervention (programme d’entraînement aux habiletés parentales (PEHP) ou soutien téléphonique (ST)) comparativement à un groupe contrôle (GC). Les résultats suggèrent que dans certains cas, le SAEP ou les attributions causales prédisent différemment les pratiques parentales selon que les parents ont ou non participé à une intervention, mais il est prématuré de conclure que les cognitions sociales des parents d’enfant TDAH sont des modérateurs du changement des pratiques parentales. Les implications méthodologiques, conceptuelles et cliniques de ces deux études sont discutées. / Studies have confirmed that behavior of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects parents’ parenting practices (Chronis-Tuscano et al., 2008). However, only few studies have investigated the association between parental social cognition and parenting practices in parents of children with ADHD (Rudy & Grusec, 2006). The principal purpose of this thesis was to examine the association between parental social cognitions, parental practices and the behavioural characteristics of their child diagnosed with ADHD. The purpose of the first study was to examine the association between parental social cognitions (parental causal attributions, parental self-efficacy), behavioural characteristics of their child (ADHD subtypes, comorbidity symptoms) and parental practices. Multiple regressions indicate that parental self-efficacy is associated with more use of appropriate discipline, praise and incentives, positive verbal discipline, and less use of harsh and inconsistent discipline and physical punishment. Results also show that parental causal attributions for the child’s misbehaviour to their own efforts are a predictor of positive verbal discipline whereas parents’ causal attributions for the child’s misbehaviour to the child’s lack of efforts are a predictor of harsh and inconsistent discipline. Parents’ perception of their child’s oppositional symptom is a predictor of appropriate discipline and positive verbal discipline. Finally, the presence of comorbidity symptoms in ADHD children is a predictor of harsh and inconsistent discipline. The purpose of the second study was to examine the association between cognitions (self-efficacy, causal attributions) of parents of ADHD children about their child’s behavior and their parental practices following an intervention (parent training program (PTP), support phone call (SPC)) in comparison with a control group (CG). Multiple regressions indicated that in some instances parental self-efficacy and causal attributions were predictors of parenting practices after the intervention. However it would be premature to conclude to the moderating role of social cognitions with regard to parenting practices following an intervention. Clinical implications of these results are explored in the discussion.

This study aimed to gain insight into the nature and extent of traditional and cyberbullying among Grade Six and Seven learners in four public primary schools in Benoni. Using the Social Learning Theory as a basis for understanding bullying as a learned behaviour (socially learned through the observation of authoritarian parents), a quantitative research method was applied which utilised an online self-report questionnaire to examine the relationship between bullying and the Authoritarian parenting style. Results indicate that 50.4% of learners had been victimised, while 31.6% and 8.8% had engaged in perpetrating traditional and cyberbullying, respectively at least once (N = 279). Further results revealed that the Authoritarian parenting style is significantly related to the perpetration of both types of bullying. These results bring to the fore the reciprocal relationship between both types of bullying, and indicate a need for systemic intervention at the primary school level (involving parents/caregivers). Interventions should therefore not seek to separate types of bullying into discreet problems, but rather focus on their common underlying aspects, including parenting behaviours / Psychology / M. A. (Psychology)