Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as influências sazonais sobre as concentrações de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos e n-alcanos no material particulado MP10, em novembro de 2001 a junho de 2002 (n = 23), e entre abril de 2003 e maio de 2004 (n=31), em continuidade aos estudos realizados no inverno de 2000 na RMSP. Todas as coletas do aerossol atmosférico ocorreram no Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas da USP, situado na Cidade Universitária, na região oeste da cidade de São Paulo. Os parâmetros meteorológicos como temperatura, precipitação, umidade relativa, direção e velocidade do vento foram monitorados. Em média, nas estações mais frias foram obtidas as maiores concentrações de MP10, HPA e n-alcanos, em concordância com outros estudos. Os dados foram tratados com algumas ferramentas estatísticas, como análise de componentes principais e estudos das razões diagnósticas, sugerindo algumas fontes de emissões e apontando a emissão veicular como fonte majoritária destes poluentes atmosféricos. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Cette thèse présente un nouveau modèle SCRAM (Size and Composition Resolved Aerosol Model) pour simuler la dynamique des particules dans l'atmosphère (nucléation, coagulation, condensation / évaporation) en prenant en compte leur état de mélange, et elle évalue la performance de SCRAM dans des simulations 3D de qualité de l'air. Le travail peut être divisé en quatre parties. Premièrement, la notion de mélange externe est introduite, ainsi que la modélisation de la dynamique des aérosols. Ensuite, le développement du modèle SCRAM est présenté avec des tests de validation. Dans SCRAM, pour définir les compositions, on discrétise d'abord en sections les fractions massiques des composés chimiques des particules ou d'ensembles de composés chimiques. Les compositions des particules sont ensuite définies par les combinaisons des sections de fractions massiques. Les trois processus principaux impliqués dans la dynamique des aérosols (la coagulation, la condensation / évaporation et la nucléation) sont inclus dans SCRAM. SCRAM est validé par comparaison avec des simulations « académiques » publiées dans la littérature de coagulation et condensation/évaporation pour des particules en mélange interne. L'impact de l'hypothèse de mélange externe pour ces simulations est notamment étudié. L'impact du degré de mélange sur les concentrations de particules est ensuite étudié dans une simulation 0-D en utilisant des données représentatives d'un site trafic en Ile de France. L'influence relative sur l'état de mélange des différents processus influençant la dynamique des particules (condensation / évaporation, coagulation) et de l'algorithme utilisé pour modéliser la condensation / évaporation (hypothèse d'équilibre entre les phases gazeuse et particulaire, ou bien modélisation dynamique des échanges gaz/particules) est étudiée. Ensuite, SCRAM est intégré dans la plate-forme de qualité de l'air Polyphemus et utilisé pour effectuer des simulations sur l'Ile de France pendant l'été 2009. Une évaluation par comparaison à des observations a montré que SCRAM donne des résultats satisfaisants pour les concentrations de PM2.5/PM10 et l'épaisseur optique des aérosols. Le modèle est utilisé pour analyser l'état de mélange des particules, ainsi que l'impact des différentes hypothèses de mélange (mélange interne MI ou mélange externe ME) sur la formation des particules et leurs propriétés. Enfin, deux simulations, une avec l'hypothèse de MI et une autre avec l'hypothèse de ME, sont effectuées entre le 15 janvier et le 11 février 2010, pendant la campagne hiver MEGAPOLI (Megacities : Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) durant laquelle les compositions des particules individuelles ont été mesurées. Les concentrations simulées de composés chimiques (concentration massique totale de différents composés) et les concentrations des classes de particules individuelles (une classe est définie par sa taille et sa composition chimique) sont comparées avec les observations à un site urbain parisien. Un indicateur de la diversité des particules et de l'état de mélange est calculé à partir des simulations et comparé à celui calculé à partir des mesures. Le modèle se compare bien aux observations avec un état de mélange moyen simulé de 69% contre 59% dans les observations, indiquant que les particules ne sont pas en mélange interne sur Paris / This thesis present a newly developed size-composition resolved aerosol model (SCRAM), which is able to simulate the dynamics of externally-mixed particles in the atmosphere, and it evaluates its performance in three-dimensional air-quality simulations. The main work is split into four parts. First, the research context of external mixing and aerosol modelling is introduced. Secondly, the development of the SCRAM box model is presented along with validation tests. Each particle composition is defined by the combination of mass-fraction sections of its chemical components or aggregates of components. The three main processes involved in aerosol dynamic (nucleation, coagulation, condensation/evaporation) are included in SCRAM. The model is first validated by comparisons with published reference solutions for coagulation and condensation/evaporation of internally-mixed particles. The particle mixing state is investigated in a 0-D simulation using data representative of air pollution at a traffic site in Paris. The relative influence on the mixing state of the different aerosol processes and of the algorithm used to model condensation/evaporation (dynamic evolution or bulk equilibrium between particles and gas) is studied. Then, SCRAM is integrated into the Polyphemus air quality platform and used to conduct simulations over Greater Paris during the summer period of 2009. This evaluation showed that SCRAM gives satisfactory results for both PM2.5/PM10 concentrations and aerosol optical depths, as assessed from comparisons to observations. Besides, the model allows us to analyze the particle mixing state, as well as the impact of the mixing state assumption made in the modelling on particle formation, aerosols optical properties, and cloud condensation nuclei activation. Finally, two simulations are conducted during the winter campaign of MEGAPOLI (Megacities : Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) in January 2010 where the composition of individual particles was measured. One simulation assumes that particles are internally mixed, while the other explicitly models the mixing state with SCRAM. The simulation results of both bulk concentrations of chemical species and concentrations of individual particle classes are compared with the measurements. Then, the single particle diversity and the mixing-state index are computed using a quantification approach based on information-theoretic entropy, and they are compared to those derived from the measurements at a urban site in Paris: the simulated mixing-state index is equal to 69% against 59% from the measurements, indicating that particles are not internally mixed over Paris

This study aims to determine the distribution of particulates carrying heavy metals at selected sites on a college campus using dandelion leaves as collectors. As a comparison, sites far away from the campus surrounding Bristol Motor Speedway Car Racing Stadium were also monitored. To reduce the probability of memory effects from the long-term atmospheric deposition or absorption of metals from soil a seasonal plant, dandelion, was used to monitor the metal contents. The metals monitored are cadmium, calcium, copper, chromium, iron, lead, and zinc. Fourteen sites were monitored and samples were collected once a week initially (growing time of the plant), and later at 4-week interval from 28th March to 31st August of 2007. The metal contents of the nitric acid digested and appropriately diluted samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using the regular standard calibration curve and also the standard addition method. From the results obtained, and the careful log of the weather and human activities at the different sites, it is concluded that human activities played a major role in the distribution of metal-laden particulates. Also dandelion leaves were proven to be viable collectors of these particulates without memory effects and as indicators of current particulates generated rather than a long-term cumulative one.

An experimental study is presented here to understand the stress transmission characteristics under different geometrical arrangements of particulates inside a narrow chamber subjected to axial compression loading. The multi-grain systems considered here are face-centred, simple cubic and poly-dispersed structures, as well as inclusions embedded inside seeded, unseeded and cohesive powder bed of Durcal (calcium carbonate). The distribution of the maximum shear stress, direction of the major principal stress and shear stress concentration factor were obtained using photo stress analysis tomography (PSAT). The results show that the maximum shear stress distribution in the simple cubic structure is chain-like and self-repetitive, i.e., a single grain behaviour is representative of the whole system. This is not the case in the case of other granular packing. In the case of the inclusion surrounded by powder media, the maximum shear stress distribution in the inclusion occurs through ring-like structures, which are different from those observed in the structured granular packing. This tendency increases for an increase in the cohesivity of the surrounding particulates. In the granular systems, the direction of the major principal stress is mostly orthogonal to the direction of loading except in some particles in the random granular packing. In the case of inclusion surrounded by Durcal particulates, the directional of the major principal stress acts along the direction of the axial loading except in the ring region where this tends to be oblique to the direction of axial loading. Estimates of the shear stress concentration factor (k) show that, k tends to be independent of the structural arrangement of granular packing at higher load levels. In the case of inclusion surrounded by powder bed, k for the seeded granulated particulate bed is mostly independent of the external load levels. In the case of unseeded particulate (granulated) bed, a fluctuation in k is observed with the loading level. This suggests that the seeded granules could distribute stresses in a stable manner without much change in the nature of shear stress-transmitting fabric of the particulate contacts under external loading. An increase in the cohesion of particulate bed results in more plastic deformation as shown by the differential shear stress concentration factor. The results reported in this study show the usefulness of optical stress analysis to shed some scientific lights on unravelling some of the complexities of particulate systems under different structural arrangements of grains and surrounding conditions of the inclusions in particulate media.

In recent years, the rapid development of economy and industry in Xiamen Bay causes serious environmental problems, particularly poor air quality and visibility impairment. There are no large-scale industrial emission sources in Kinmen Island, however, its ambient air quality is always the poorest in Taiwan. Moreover, ambient air quality monitoring data showed that PM10 concentrations varied in daytime and at nighttime. Consequently, this study tired to ascertain the potential causes for this phenomenon. This study selected ten particulate matter (PM) sampling sites at Xiamen Bay, including five sites at Kinmen Island and five sites at metro Xiamen. Particulate matter sampling was conducted in daytime (8:00-17:00) and at nighttime (17:00-8:00), which included regular and intensive sampling. Regular sampling was conducted to collect PM10 with high-volume samplers three times a month from April 2009 to April 2010, while intensive sampling was conducted to collect fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles with dichotomous samplers and particle size distribution with a MOUDI at site B2 for consecutive 5 days in the spring and winter of 2009~2010. After sampling, the physicochemical properties of PM, including mass concentrations, particle size distribution, water- soluble ionic species, metallic elements, and carbonaceous contents were further analyzed. The level of atmospheric PM is affected by meteorological condition, thus PM10 concentrations in winter and fall was much higher than those in spring and summer. Results from backward trajectories showed that the concentrations of PM10 blown from the north were generally higher than those from the south. Furthermore, t-test analysis indicated that PM10 concentrations in daytime and at nighttime at site B3 were significantly different (p-value<0.05). During the intensive sampling periods, PM10 concentrations were mainly affected by coarse particles compared to fine particles. The highest concentration for fine and coarse particle modes occurred at the size ranges of 0.32~0.56 £gm and 3.2~5.6 £gm, respectively. The most abundant water-soluble ionic species of PM10 were secondary inorganic aerosols (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) which accounted for 85% of total ions. The daytime and nighttime PM10 concentration ratios (D/N) for Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, As, and V were in the same order of magnitude, however, the D/N ratios of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Ti in spring and summer varied higher than an order of magnitude, indicating that the emission sources of PM were different in daytime and at nighttime. Correlation analysis of OC and EC showed that OC and EC at nighttime had a higher correlation than those in daytime, while OC and EC had a higher correlation in Kinmen Island than those in metro Xiamen, indicating carbonaceous sources must be different in summer and winter at Xiamen Bay. Enrichment factor analysis revealed that ceramic industry, stone processing, and cement industry had higher correlation with PM10 concentration than utility power plants. Crustal dusts consisted of road dusts, farmland dusts, and constructive dusts, while biomass burning was not a negligible sources. Results obtained from PCA and CMB receptor modeling showed that major sources of PM in Xiamen Bay were secondary inorganic aerosols, fuel and biomass burning, marine aerosols, vehicular exhansts, and soil dusts. Besides, stone processing, cement industry, ceramic industry, and utility power plants had the highest contribution in winter. Their contributions in daytime and at nighttime were 38% and 45%, respectively.

The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanical behavior and its relation with processing and microstructure of the silicon carbide particulate (SiCp) reinforced aluminum matrix composite. Aluminum 7075 alloy is chosen as matrix alloy, in which zinc is the main alloying element. Four different additions of SiCp were used and the weight fractions were 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%. Composites were processed by with squeeze casting and the applied pressure during casting was 80 MPa. The mould is specially designed to produce both specimens ready for tensile and three point bending tests. Both as-cast and heat treated aluminum composites were examined and T6 heat treatment was applied. Three point bending tests were performed to reveal the fracture strength of aluminum composites. 10wt% SiCp aluminum composites showed the maximum flexural strength in both as-cast and heat treated composites. The mechanical test results revealed that precipitated phases in heat treated composites, behaved like fine silicon carbide particulates and they acted as barriers to dislocation motion. Maximum flexural strength increased about 40 MPa (10%) in as-cast and 180 MPa (44%) in heat treated composites. Tensile testing was also conducted to verify the results of the three point bending tests. Hardness tests were done to find the effect of silicon carbide addition and to find the peak hardness in heat treatment. For as-cast specimens hardness values increased from 133 to 188 Vickers hardness (10 kg.) with increase in SiCp content from 0 to 30wt% and for heat treatment specimens hardness values increased from 171 to 221 Vickers hardness (10 kg.). The peak hardness values were obtained at 24 hours precipitation heat treatment. SEM studies were carried out to examine the heat treated composites, to take SEM photographs and to obtain a general elemental analysis. Theoretical volume percentage addition of SiCp was checked with Clemex Image Analyzer program. Distribution of SiCp was determined by mettalographic examination. Second phases that were formed during heat treatment was searched by x-ray analysis.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T13:39:10Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T13:39:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:11/00769-7

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T13:39:10Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T13:39:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A emissão de poluentes em megacidades e áreas industriais pode ter fortes impactos no clima e na saúde. Nos últimos anos tem sido crescente a preocupação com emissões atmosféricas contendo partículas nanométricas, cuja presença, juntamente com compostos orgânicos voláteis, óxidos de nitrogênio e outros, pode resultar na formação de uma série de substâncias gasosas poluentes e na formação de aerossóis. Medições mais precisas da concentração e distribuição de tamanho de fuligem são importantes, não só do ponto de vista ambiental, mas também para a saúde humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a distribuição de tamanho de partículas na chaminé de uma refinaria em Cubatão. Para isso foi utilizada uma abordagem baseada nos métodos de inversão, tradicionalmente usados para calcular parâmetros de aerossóis atmosféricos, ao contexto dos aerossóis de tochas industriais. Os resultados se mostraram consistentes com a literatura científica, sendo possível determinar alguns parâmetros da distribuição do tamanho de partículas provenientes da chama de uma tocha industrial utilizando um sistema lidar de três comprimentos de onda com um nível de discrepância aceitável. Um estudo do expoente de Angström foi realizado com o objetivo de validar o algoritmo de inversão desenvolvido neste trabalho. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que os dados experimentais corroboram com as curvas teóricas e, portanto, o algoritmo pode ser utilizado como ferramenta para a medição de emissões atmosféricas provenientes de tochas industriais. O desenvolvimento deste projeto representará um passo importante, não somente do ponto de vista tecnológico, mas principalmente como recurso para tratar de problemas de emissões que futuramente poderão surgir, dentre as medidas voltadas ao controle de mudanças climáticas. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:11/00769-7

Die gesundheitsschädliche Wirkung unreiner Luft ist Gegenstand unzähliger Studien und wurde bereits hinreichend nachgewiesen. Der Straßenverkehr ist dabei eine der wesentlichsten Schadstoffquellen, denen der Mensch im Alltag ausgesetzt ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Schadstoffbelastung von Nutzern des Straßenverkehrs vertiefend abzubilden. Im Rahmen eines Literaturreviews werden insgesamt 50 wissenschaftliche Studien analysiert. Obwohl sich viele Studien mit dem Vergleich der Verkehrsmittel bezüglich der Immissionsexposition auseinandersetzen, widersprechen sich ihre Ergebnisse je nach Schadstoff regelmäßig hinsichtlich der Reihenfolge der Verkehrsmittel oder auch grundsätzlich bezüglich der Signifikanz der Verkehrsmittelwahl. Ursache dafür sind die zahlreichen Einflussfaktoren, die sich von Arbeit zu Arbeit unterscheiden und eine Vergleichbarkeit der Messergebnisse stark erschweren. Trotz einer steigenden Anzahl an Studien zum Thema mangelt es den Messmethoden an einem strengen Qualitätsstandard sowie einer ausführlichen Dokumentation der Messbedingungen. Eine Verallgemeinerung und Vergleichbarkeit der Forschungsergebnisse untereinander ist damit bislang nicht gewährleistet. Die Betrachtung der Luftqualität bildet die wissenschaftliche Grundlage, um Grenzwertüberschreitungen aufzuspüren, Gegenmaßnahmen zu erarbeiten und diese auf ihre Wirksamkeit zu kontrollieren. Die Werte stationärer Messeinrichtungen geben dabei ein nur unzureichend genaues Bild über die Immissionen, denen die Nutzer des Straßenverkehrs ausgesetzt sind. Um ein realistischeres Bild über die Immissionsbelastung von Verkehrsteilnehmern zu gewinnen, wird mittels eines mobilen Messgeräts die PM10-Belastung für Radfahrer in Teilen des Dresdner Straßennetzes bestimmt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die gemessene Schadstoffkonzentration sowohl räumlich innerhalb einer Messstrecke als auch zeitlich im Laufe des Tages variiert. Um den weitestgehend emissionsarmen Rad- und Fußverkehr weiter zu fördern und auszubauen, ist es nötig, die Schadstoffbelastung dieser Verkehrsteilnehmer noch besser zu verstehen und quantifizieren zu können. Nur dann sind Verkehrsplaner und Entscheidungsträger in der Lage, eine Infrastruktur zu schaffen, die ihre Nutzer so wenig wie möglich gesundheitlich beeinträchtigt.

This thesis focuses on particular materials and their flow properties. Handling of powder materials has an impact on technologic processes like storage, transport or dosage. In pharmacy flow properties are used for tabletting process of pills. For a correctly designed technologic process it is necessary to know the flow behaviour of powder materials. Measuring is the best way to study flow properties. The most commonly used instrument for measuring flowability are described in this thesis. Two different devices (Jenike shear device and Freeman FT4) were used to perform the experiments for the comparison of results. The tested materials were particular materials used in pharmacy. To further expand upon the research and to represent the importance of flowability, enclose to this work is a report regarding the examination of pyrolysis coke analyse from MOL Slovnaft.