O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o cálculo das partições para espaços topológicos. Essa área trata do estudo de resultados do seguinte tipo: \"dados os espaços topológicos X e Y, um número natural n e um cardinal kappa, para qualquer que seja a partição de [X]^n em kappa pedaços, existe um subespaço H de X homeomorfo ao Y tal que [H]^n está contido num mesmo pedaço\". Iremos estudar esse tipo de afirmação, principalmente no caso em que n = 1 e Y é igual a um ordinal enumerável ou igual ao omega_1. Também veremos resultados que envolvem o cubo de Cantor. / The purpose of this work is to present the partition calculus for topological spaces. This area deals with the study of results of the following type: \"given the topological spaces X and Y, a natural number n and a cardinal number kappa, for whatever the partition of [X]^n into kappa pieces, there is a subspace H of X homeomorphic to Y such that [H]^n is contained in the same piece\". We will study results of this type mainly in the case where n = 1 and Y is a countable ordinal or the omega_1. We will also see results involving the Cantor cube.

Atualmente, no que concerne as problemáticas pertinentes à engenharia estrutural, o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) é a principal ferramenta utilizada para obter soluções aproximadas de Problemas de Valor de Contorno (PVC). No entanto, tal metodologia exige um elevado custo computacional ao demandar malhas muito refinadas para solucionar problemas que apresentam singularidades, ou seja, que apresentam regiões onde ocorrem gradientes de deformação fortemente localizados. Para superar esse inconveniente, o Método dos Elementos Finitos Generalizados (MEFG) propõe a expansão do espaço de aproximação do MEF mediante a inserção de funções (conhecidas como funções de enriquecimento) que melhor representem localmente o comportamento da solução procurada. Tais funções podem apresentar características específicas ou mesmo serem geradas numericamente. Neste caso, dispensam-se malhas muito refinadas. Entretanto, o aumento do espaço de aproximação de modo irrestrito pode introduzir dependências lineares no sistema de equações do MEFG, tornando a solução obtida imprecisa ou mesmo impedindo a solução do sistema por métodos diretos. A chamada versão estável do MEFG explora uma modificação imposta às funções de enriquecimento a fim de melhorar o condicionamento da matriz de rigidez. Contudo, tal modificação não se configura como condição suficiente para garantir uma redução efetiva do número de condição. Neste trabalho, considera-se uma proposição recente para a modificação do espaço das funções de forma do MEFG associadas ao enriquecimento: trata-se do emprego de funções do tipo flat-top e trigonométricas como Partição da Unidade (PU), as quais são empregadas exclusivamente na construção das funções de forma enriquecidas (essas partições são definidas para elementos finitos quadrilaterais e triangulares). Exemplos numéricos são selecionados para evidenciar as vantagens dessas novas versões do MEFG em relação às anteriores e ao MEF convencional. Demonstra-se que tanto a PU flat-top quanto a PU trigonométrica, preservam as excelentes propriedades de convergência do MEFG. Além disso, mostra-se que o condicionamento da matriz de rigidez associada é próximo ao apresentado pelo MEF (uma vez que o enriquecimento, mesmo polinomial, não gera dependências) e que a formulação apresenta-se robusta na consideração de descontinuidades fortes. / Currently, regarding structural engineering issues, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is the main tool used to obtain approximate solutions of Boundary Value Problems (BVP). However, such methodology requires very refined meshes to solve problems that have singularities, i.e., that have regions where strongly localized deformation gradients occur, which leads to a high computational cost. To overcome this drawback, the Generalized Finite Element Method (GFEM) proposes the expansion of the FEM approach space by inserting functions (known as enrichment functions) that best represent locally the behavior of the searched solution. Such functions may have specific characteristics or even be generated numerically. In this case, very refined meshes are dispensed. However, the increase of the unrestricted approach space can introduce linear dependencies in the system of equations of the GFEM, making the solution imprecise or even preventing the solution of the system by direct methods. The so-called stable version of the GFEM exploits a modification imposed on the enrichment functions in order to improve the conditioning of the stiffness matrix. However, such a modification is not a sufficient condition to ensure an effective reduction in the condition number. In this work, it is considered a recent proposition to modify the space of the shape functions of GFEM associated with enrichment: the use of flat-top and trigonometric functions such as Partition of Unity (PU), which are used exclusively in the construction of the enriched shape functions (these partitions are defined for finite elements quadrilateral and triangular). Numerical examples are selected to highlight the advantages of these new versions of the GFEM over the previous ones and the conventional FEM. It is demonstrated that both flat-top PU and trigonometric PU preserve the excellent convergence properties of GFEM. In addition, it is shown that the conditioning of the associated stiffness matrix is close to that presented by FEM (since enrichment, even polynomial, does not generate dependencies) and that the formulation is robust in the consideration of strong discontinuities.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise muito importante acerca dos limites estaduais, do Federalismo e Federalismo Brasileiro, bem como das propostas de redivisão ou reorganização territorial do Brasil e dos movimentos emancipacionistas estaduais que objetivam a fusão ou criação de novos Estados e Territórios Federais no país. A criação dessas novas unidades federadas enfrenta grande oposição das forças políticas estaduais vigentes, que no seio dessas disputas políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais evidencia-se um embate emblemático entre a divisibilidade e indivisibilidade dos territórios estaduais no Brasil. O objetivo principal desta obra é analisar como isso tem acontecido ao longo da história brasileira, especialmente nas últimas três décadas, notadamente tendo como marco a Constituição de 1988. Sendo assim, a questão principal é: diante da possibilidade assegurada pela Constituição de 1988 de ocorrer o desmembramento, incorporação e subdivisão de unidades federadas, quais são as possibilidades reais disso ocorrer? Outros questionamentos também são importantes para se entender este quadro pol í t ico- ter r i tor ial , como por exemplo: É possível conseguir alterar os limites internos no Brasil? Teríamos limites estaduais realmente fixos e perpétuos em razão da grande dificuldade em mudá-los? Por que isso ocorre? E por que mudá-los? Que interesses se escondem por trás das forças políticas que pregam a redivisão do território brasileiro ou de determinados Estados? Quais os interesses daqueles que se opõem a qualquer tipo de revisão dos territórios estaduais ou daqueles lutam pela separação? Quem são os atores desse processo? Qual o posicionamento da população sobre a questão? Quais são os principais obstáculos à redivisão do território nacional? Com base na bibliografia consulta e nas considerações elaboradas acerca das possibilidades de criação de novas unidades federadas no Brasil, observa-se uma tendência nas últimas décadas à manutenção da unidade dos territórios estaduais graças aos entraves constitucionais, às questões políticas, econômicas e culturas envolvidas no processo de desmembramento, subdivisão e incorporação dos atuais Estados-membros da Federação brasileira. / This thesis presents a very important analysis about the state limits, the Federalism and the Brazilian Federalism, as well as the proposals for Brazil\'s revision or territorial reorganization and the state emancipation movements to merger or the creation of new states and federal territories in the country. The creation of these new federal units faces a major opposition from the current state political force, where in the core of these political, economic, social and cultural disputes highlights a symbolic clash between divisibility and indivisibility of the state territories in Brazil. The main goal of this work is to analyze how it has happened throughout the Brazilian history, especially in the last three decades, and having as an important mark the Constitution of 1988. Thus, the main question is: as the Constitution of 1988 allows the partition, subdivision and annexation of federated units, what are the real possibilities of this happening? Other questions are also important to understand this issue, such as: is it possible changing the internal limits in Brazil? Are State limits really \"fixed and perpetual\" because of the great difficulty in changing them? Why? And why try to change these limits? What are the interests behind the political forces that advocate revision of the Brazilian territory or a revision in determined states? What are the interests of those who block any kind of review of state territories or those who are fighting for separation? Who are the actors in this process? What is the opinion of the population about this issue? What are the main obstacles to the further revision of this country? Based on the literature consulted and the considerations elaborated on the possibilities of creating new federal units in Brazil, we observe the tendency in recent decades to support or keep up the state unity because the constitutional barriers, the political, economic and cultural questions involved in the process of partition, subdivision and annexation of current states members of the Brazilian Federation.

O enriquecimento isotópico de nitrogênio-15 por troca química no sistema NO/HNO3 foi estudado através de duas teorias distintas. Os fatores de fracionamento isotópicos, obtidos pela teoria de contracorrente e os estimados pela teoria da eqüipartição isotópica, foram confrontados através de um modelo. Construiu-se uma coluna de contracorrente, em escala de laboratório, e parâmetros tais como: número de placas teóricas, altura equivalente de uma placa teórica, tipo de enchimento, altura total da coluna, produção de H15NO3/semana, obtidos em condições de equilíbrio dinâmico isotópico, foram estudados comparativamente aos da literatura / Nitrogen-15 isotope enrichment by chemical exchange in NO/HNO3 system was studied using two different theories. The isotope fractionation factors obtained by the countercurrent theory was compared to those estimated by the isotope equipartition theory were confronted through a model. It was built a column in countercurrent at laboratory scale and parameters such as: number of theoretical plates, height equivalent to a H15NO3week, obtained under isotope dynamic equilibrium conditions, were studied in comparison to those in the literature

Sindhi Hindus comprise the world's most widespread South Asian diaspora. When the British divided their Indian empire in 1947, unlike Punjab, Bengal, and Assam, they did not partition Sind (today a part of Pakistan), despite the minority campaign for a partition of the region. Sind's partition in 1947 was a deterritorialised and demographic one, producing over a million 'non-Muslim' refugees who resettled in India and abroad. A frequently overlooked region in histories of South Asia, Sind is of profound importance to the history of the partition of India. In the decades preceding partition Sind formed the core of the demand for the creation of 'Muslim majority' provinces that later gave Pakistan its territorial basis. This thesis outlines a new history of partition from the pre-partition Sindhi movement for separation from the Bombay Presidency. It explores the hardening of communal identities in a province renowned for its blurred religious boundaries and the ambiguities of defining a 'Muslim majority' province in the run-up to the foundation of Pakistan. Partition histories emphasise the role of sudden and unexpected genocidal violence in creating refugees. The processes of nation-formation and establishing new political-legal sovereignties also shaped refugee flows. Sindhi Hindu migration at the time of partition is also located within their older histories of mobility and suggests a more complex picture of displacements at the time of partition. Largely unwelcome in India, Sindhi refugees exercised a considerable amount of initiative, in rehabilitating themselves and in challenging the state's slow response to their demands for rehabilitation. Using rarely studied legal archives, this thesis charts how, despite being a stateless minority, Sindhi refugees' legal campaigns shaped the Indian constitution and informed broader notions of Indian citizenship. Refugee initiatives to create a 'new' Sind and port in Kutch collided with the governmental agenda to secure the integration of the princely states and harness their economic resources to the Indian Union. By investigating the 'failures' of this attempt to re-establish 'Sind in India', this thesis provides unique insights into the fraught interaction between refugee resettlement and the birth of a new nation.

Nesta dissertação estudamos --- do ponto de vista algorítmico --- o seguinte problema, conhecido como problema da partição conexa balanceada. Dado um grafo conexo G com pesos atribuídos a seus vértices, e um inteiro q >= 2, encontrar uma partição dos vértices de G em q classes, de forma que cada classe da partição induza um grafo conexo e que, ao considerar as somas dos pesos dos vértices de cada classe, a menor das somas seja o maior possível. Em outras palavras, o objetivo é encontrar q classes cujos pesos sejam tão balanceados quanto possível. Sabe-se que este problema é NP-difícil. Mencionamos alguns resultados sobre complexidade computacional e algoritmos que são conhecidos para este problema. Apresentamos algumas heurísticas que desenvolvemos, todas elas baseadas no uso do algoritmo polinomial para árvores, devido a Perl e Schach, que apresentamos com detalhe. Implementamos quatro heurísticas e um algoritmo de 3/4-aproximação conhecido para o caso q=2. Exibimos os resultados obtidos com os vários testes computacionais conduzidos com instâncias aleatórias, com grafos de diferentes pesos e densidades. Os resultados computacionais indicam que o desempenho dessas heurísticas --- todas elas polinomiais --- é bem satisfatório. No caso especial em que q=2, observamos que a heurística mais onerosa sistematicamente produziu soluções melhores ou iguais às do algoritmo de aproximação / In this dissertation we study algorithmic aspects of the following problem, known as the balanced connected partition. Given a connected graph G with weights defined on its vertices, and an integer q >= 2, find a partition of the vertices of G into q classes such that each class induces a connected graph, and furthermore, when we consider the sum of the weights of the vertices in each class, the smallest sum is as large as possible. In other words, the q classes must have weights that are as balanced as possible. This problem is known to be NP-hard. We mention some computational complexity and algorithmic results that are known for this problem. We present some heuristics that we designed, all of them based on the use of the polynomial algorithm for trees, due to Perl and Schach, which we show in detail. We implemented four heuristics and a 3/4-approximation algorithm that is known for q=2. We run tests on many random instances, of graphs with different weights and densities. The computational results indicate that the performance of these heuristics --- all of polynomial time complexity --- are very satisfactory. For q=2, we observed that the most expensive heuristic produced solutions with values which are systematically better or equal to those produced by the approximation algorithm.

Le sanctuaire de Delphes a connu pendant toute la période une vie musicale effervescente, notamment par la tenue périodique des prestigieux concours pythiques Cependant, on ne s’était jamais demandé pourquoi la musique y a connu une telle faveur. Il faut remarquer que bien des aspects des musiques données à Delphes sont communs à d’autres sanctuaires : l’Apollon citharède honoré à Delphes est panhellénique et les offrandes qui lui sont consacrées, instruments comme compositions, se trouvent sur d’autres sites. Mais Delphes a ses spécificités : l’interaction d’un environnement sonore adéquat, de la pratique oraculaire et de la volonté amphictyonique de distinguer les concours de pythiques, dans la mesure de leur liberté, en font un cas unique. C’est ainsi que l’on peut parler de « centre musical », au sens où Delphes est une étape obligée des parcours géographiques et sociaux des musiciens et un terrain d’échanges privilégié tant dans la pratique que la théorie musicales. Au terme de cette étude, il paraît clair que Delphes a occupé une place originale dans l’histoire de la musique antique, éminemment paradoxale : c’est un site incontournable pour les musiciens, alors même qu’il n’y eut jamais d’école de musique locale forte à Delphes. C’est là que se trouve sans doute la réponse à notre question : la prospérité musicale de Delphes peut venir de ce que le sanctuaire est un terrain qui était perçu comme neutre par tous les musiciens du monde grec, où ils se retrouvaient égaux par les règles spécifiques en usage à Delphes et qui n’avantageaient aucun musicien originaire des lieux. / The musical life was particularly brilliant in the sanctuary of Delphi, especially during the prestigious Pythian contests. Indeed, no scholar has ever wondered why music was so pregnant in Delphi. Many aspects of the musical life in Delphi are common in comparison to other Greek sanctuaries: Apollo Kitharoidos is a panhellenic god and votive offerings for him (instruments and scores) can be found elsewhere. However, there are some specific features: due to the interaction between an impressive soundscape, the oracular cult and the decision of the Amphictiony to make a distinction between Pythian contests and other ones, Delphi is unique. That is why Delphi can be considered as a “musical centre”: all Greek musicians travel to Delphi, so as to increase their social status; furthermore, there were lots of musical transferts between musicians; so that they may change their own way of playing or understang music. At the end of our study, it is obvious that Delphi has got a specific place in the history of ancient music, but it is quite paradoxical: it is necessary for musicians to come to Delphi, although there is no local music school at all in Delphi. It could be the answer to our preliminary question: Delphi may have been seen by all of the Greek musicians as a neutral site, where no advantage was given to anybody else. In fact, all musicians were equally treated because of the specific rules used in Delphi.

O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a estrutura de um projeto para produção de alvenarias de vedação com enfoque na construtibilidade e aumento da eficiência na produção e ainda ilustrar a estrutura proposta por meio de exemplos reais de implantação de projetos para produção de alvenarias de vedação. Inicialmente discorre-se sobre as características da indústria da construção civil e as ações que têm sido tomadas rumo à sua industrialização. São apresentados os conceitos de processos construtivos tradicionais, processos construtivos racionalizados, processos construtivos industrializados, inovações incrementais, processos de produção, sistemas de produção e construtibilidade. Aborda-se ainda a inserção dos projetos para produção no ciclo de vida do empreendimento e sua importância como integrador do sistema de produção. Adicionalmente é apresentado o escopo desejável para o projeto para produção, destacando-se sua potencialidade como ferramenta indutora da vantagem competitiva das construtoras e é elaborada uma nova definição para projeto para produção. A partir da análise crítica dos projetos para produção de alvenarias de vedação disponíveis no mercado, complementada pela experiência desta autora e pela revisão bibliográfica realizada, são identificadas oportunidades de melhoria e é feita a proposta de uma estrutura de um projeto para produção de alvenarias de vedação com enfoque na construtibilidade e aumento da eficiência na produção. Conclui-se com a análise do atendimento aos objetivos propostos, a influência e as dificuldades previstas na implantação de projetos para produção de alvenarias de vedação em empresas construtoras. / This dissertation presents a structure of design for production of partition walls approaching constructability and increase of efficiency in production. The proposed structure is illustrated by means of real examples. The construction industry characteristics are described as well as the actions of the construction community in order to develop its actual stage of industrialization. The main concepts related to building production systems as rationalization, industrialization, project-based production systems, construction technology development, buildability and constructability are presented. The concept of an integrated design of product and process provided by the early insertion of the design for production in the development of new projects is discussed pointing out its importance as a production system integrator. Additionally, the desirable scope of design for production of partition walls is presented, indicating its potentiality as an inductive tool for providing competitive advantage for constructors. A new definition for design for production is proposed. A critical analysis of the current design for production of partition walls, available in the Brazilian building construction market, based on a review of the literature, on the professional experience of this author and on case studies experience leads to the definition of the proposed structure.

In a large class of distributed embedded systems, most of the code generation models in use today target at object-oriented applications. Distributed computing using procedural language applications is challenging because there are no compatible code generators to test the partitioned programs mapped on to the multi-processor system. In this thesis, we design a code generator to produce procedural language code for a distributed embedded system. Unpartitioned programs along with the partition primitives are converted into independently executable concrete implementations. The process consists of two steps, first translating the primitives of the unpartitioned program into equivalent code clusters, and then scheduling the implementations of these code clusters according to the data dependency inherent in the unpartitioned program. Communication and scheduling of the partitioned programs require the original source code to be reverse engineered. A reverse engineering tool is used for the creation of a metadata table describing the program elements and dependency trees. This data gathered, is used by Parallel Virtual Machine message passing system for communication between the partitioned programs in the distributed environment. The proposed Code Generation Model has been implemented using C and the experimental results are presented for various test cases. Further, metrics are developed for testing the quality of the results taking into consideration the correctness and the execution of time.

Inorganic contaminants, while transported through the bentonite layer, are chemically adsorbed onto the particle surfaces and exhibit a delay in solute breakthrough in hydraulic barriers. Transport of inorganic leachate contaminants through bentonite occurs by advection, diffusion or a combination of these two mechanisms. During the process of chemical solute transport through low permeability bentonite, the amount of cation exchange on the clay particle surface is directly related to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of montmorillonite and other mineral constituents. The process of diffusion and advection of various inorganic leachate contaminants through bentonite is thoroughly investigated in this study. Diffusion characteristics are of specific interest as they have a prominent effect on the long term properties of bentonite compared to advection. This is mostly true if the hydraulic conductivity of the material is less than 10-8 cm/s and if the thickness of the barrier is small. Chemical reactions in the form of cationic exchange on the clay particle surfaces has been incorporated in the analysis of the diffusion process. Adsorption-desorption (sorption) reactions of chemical compounds that influence the concentrations of inorganic leachates during transport in bentonite clay have been modeled using the Fick's fundamental diffusion theory. Partition coefficients of the solutes in pore space, which affect the retardation factor of various individual ions of chemical solutions, have been investigated during transient diffusion and advection processes. Several objectives have been accomplished during this research study. An evaluation has been carried out of the hydraulic conductivity of bentonite with respect to single species salts and various combinations of electrolyte solutions. Diffusion properties of inorganic leachates through bentonite have been characterized in terms of apparent and effective diffusion coefficients. Time-dependent behavior of the diffusive ions has been analyzed in order to determine the total retention capacity of bentonite before electrical conductivity breakthrough and steady-state chemical stability are reached. An analytical solution of the attenuation of various inorganic ions concentrations through bentonite has been developed. Finally, recommendations were made for landfill liners exposed to highly concentrated inorganic leachates.