With the banking sector showing remarkable growth in Ghana, it is a probable target for liberalisation by the European Union to enable their banks to enter this market. The author addresses the following research questions: (1) What are the possible outcomes of increased foreign participation through commercial presence upon liberalising the banking sector under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)? (2) Which recognised human rights, that Ghana has an obligation to respect, could be affected by liberalising the banking sector in Ghana under EPAs? (3) What are the outcomes of liberalising the banking sector on poverty reduction and development in Ghana? / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr K.K.K. Ampofo, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Ambientes altamente dinâmicos, complexos e que envolvam conhecimento, alta tecnologia, e recursos diversos, estimulam acordos de parcerias, que passam a ser um meio de transferência de conhecimento e tecnologia, de acesso a ativos complementares e de busca da inovação. Neste trabalho, coloca-se a questão de como os acordos de parcerias e sua gestão, mais especificamente, os acordos das Parcerias de Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDPs), podem melhorar o desempenho das atividades de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (PD e I) na área de fármacos e medicamentos. A relevância da pesquisa está em realizar um estudo qualitativo que contribua com estudos teóricos, quantitativos e qualitativos anteriores sobre alianças no setor farmacêutico, mas buscando ampliar esse entendimento para as PDPs, que são estratégicas para o Complexo Econômico Industrial da Saúde (CEIS) e para o atendimento das demandas da sociedade, no que se refere à produção de medicamentos para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Para estudar esta questão, optou-se por mapear as PDPs, no setor de biotecnologia, por ser este setor altamente complexo e dependente de conhecimento multidisciplinar, caracterizando-se pela distribuição dos conhecimentos e recursos necessários entre os agentes, e que precisa estabelecer parcerias para acessar esses recursos e buscar capacidades complementares. Destaca-se também o fato de o governo brasileiro ter escolhido o setor de biotecnologia como um dos eixos centrais de sua política industrial, por meio de diversos programas de incentivo. Para a realização do estudo, utilizou-se a metodologia de estudos de casos múltiplos. Foram selecionadas PDPs de duas organizações de grande porte e entrevistados diretores e gerentes (níveis hierárquicos 2 e 3). Concluiu-se com esse estudo que há uma relação positiva entre os acordos de parceria e o bom desempenho nas atividades PD e I das organizações envolvidas, desde que haja uma boa capacidade de gestão dos acordos por parte dos parceiros, e ainda, que a boa capacidade de gestão desses acordos aumenta a credibilidade dessas organizações, colocando-as numa posição competitiva no mercado nacional. Adicionalmente, foi possível identificar que o bom desempenho das PDPs tende a garantir a produção de medicamentos no Brasil, atendendo as demandas da sociedade e contribuindo para desenvolvimento do CEIS. Nesse trabalho, também se confirmou evidências de estudos anteriores que demonstraram a importância da relação de confiança entre os parceiros para o bom desempenho das PDPs / Highly dynamic, complex and involving high-tech environments, with knowledge and resources distributed among different agents resources, stimulate partnership agreements, which become a mean of transferring knowledge and technology, and access to complementary assets and achieve innovation. In this work, the question is how the partnership agreements and their management, more specifically, the agreements of the Productive Development Partnerships (PDPs), can improve the performance of Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) activities in the area of drugs and medicines. The relevance of the research is to conduct a qualitative study in order to contribute to previous theoretical, quantitative and qualitative studies about alliances in the pharmaceutical sector, and also to expand this understanding for PDPs, which are strategic to the Economic Industrial Complex of Health (CEIS) in Brazil, as they stimulate the domestic production of medicines to meet the Unified System of Health (SUS) demands. In order to study this issue, we choose to map the PDPs in the pharmaceutical biotechnology sector, as this is a highly complex and multidisciplinary knowledge sector, characterized by the distribution of knowledge and resources among the agents that needs to establish partnerships to access these resources and seek complementary capabilities. It is also worth to note the fact that the Brazilian government has chosen the biotechnology sector as one of the central axes of its industrial policy through various incentive programs. For this study we choose the methodology of multiple case studies. PDPs were selected from two large organizations. Directors and managers were interviewed (hierarchical levels 2 and 3). It was concluded that there is a positive relationship between the partnership agreements and the good performance in the RD&I activities of the organizations involved in this study, since there is a good management capacity of the agreements by the partners. It was also concluded that good management capacity of these agreements increases the credibility of these organizations, putting them in a competitive position in the national market. Additionally, it was possible to identify that the good performance of the PDPs tends to guarantee the production of medicines in the national market, meeting the demands of the SUS and contributing to the development of the CEIS. In this study, it was also possible to confirm the evidences from previous studies that demonstrated the importance of the trust relationship between the partners for the good performance of partnerships

Ambientes altamente dinâmicos, complexos e que envolvam conhecimento, alta tecnologia, e recursos diversos, estimulam acordos de parcerias, que passam a ser um meio de transferência de conhecimento e tecnologia, de acesso a ativos complementares e de busca da inovação. Neste trabalho, coloca-se a questão de como os acordos de parcerias e sua gestão, mais especificamente, os acordos das Parcerias de Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDPs), podem melhorar o desempenho das atividades de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (PD e I) na área de fármacos e medicamentos. A relevância da pesquisa está em realizar um estudo qualitativo que contribua com estudos teóricos, quantitativos e qualitativos anteriores sobre alianças no setor farmacêutico, mas buscando ampliar esse entendimento para as PDPs, que são estratégicas para o Complexo Econômico Industrial da Saúde (CEIS) e para o atendimento das demandas da sociedade, no que se refere à produção de medicamentos para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Para estudar esta questão, optou-se por mapear as PDPs, no setor de biotecnologia, por ser este setor altamente complexo e dependente de conhecimento multidisciplinar, caracterizando-se pela distribuição dos conhecimentos e recursos necessários entre os agentes, e que precisa estabelecer parcerias para acessar esses recursos e buscar capacidades complementares. Destaca-se também o fato de o governo brasileiro ter escolhido o setor de biotecnologia como um dos eixos centrais de sua política industrial, por meio de diversos programas de incentivo. Para a realização do estudo, utilizou-se a metodologia de estudos de casos múltiplos. Foram selecionadas PDPs de duas organizações de grande porte e entrevistados diretores e gerentes (níveis hierárquicos 2 e 3). Concluiu-se com esse estudo que há uma relação positiva entre os acordos de parceria e o bom desempenho nas atividades PD e I das organizações envolvidas, desde que haja uma boa capacidade de gestão dos acordos por parte dos parceiros, e ainda, que a boa capacidade de gestão desses acordos aumenta a credibilidade dessas organizações, colocando-as numa posição competitiva no mercado nacional. Adicionalmente, foi possível identificar que o bom desempenho das PDPs tende a garantir a produção de medicamentos no Brasil, atendendo as demandas da sociedade e contribuindo para desenvolvimento do CEIS. Nesse trabalho, também se confirmou evidências de estudos anteriores que demonstraram a importância da relação de confiança entre os parceiros para o bom desempenho das PDPs / Highly dynamic, complex and involving high-tech environments, with knowledge and resources distributed among different agents resources, stimulate partnership agreements, which become a mean of transferring knowledge and technology, and access to complementary assets and achieve innovation. In this work, the question is how the partnership agreements and their management, more specifically, the agreements of the Productive Development Partnerships (PDPs), can improve the performance of Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) activities in the area of drugs and medicines. The relevance of the research is to conduct a qualitative study in order to contribute to previous theoretical, quantitative and qualitative studies about alliances in the pharmaceutical sector, and also to expand this understanding for PDPs, which are strategic to the Economic Industrial Complex of Health (CEIS) in Brazil, as they stimulate the domestic production of medicines to meet the Unified System of Health (SUS) demands. In order to study this issue, we choose to map the PDPs in the pharmaceutical biotechnology sector, as this is a highly complex and multidisciplinary knowledge sector, characterized by the distribution of knowledge and resources among the agents that needs to establish partnerships to access these resources and seek complementary capabilities. It is also worth to note the fact that the Brazilian government has chosen the biotechnology sector as one of the central axes of its industrial policy through various incentive programs. For this study we choose the methodology of multiple case studies. PDPs were selected from two large organizations. Directors and managers were interviewed (hierarchical levels 2 and 3). It was concluded that there is a positive relationship between the partnership agreements and the good performance in the RD&I activities of the organizations involved in this study, since there is a good management capacity of the agreements by the partners. It was also concluded that good management capacity of these agreements increases the credibility of these organizations, putting them in a competitive position in the national market. Additionally, it was possible to identify that the good performance of the PDPs tends to guarantee the production of medicines in the national market, meeting the demands of the SUS and contributing to the development of the CEIS. In this study, it was also possible to confirm the evidences from previous studies that demonstrated the importance of the trust relationship between the partners for the good performance of partnerships

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Legum - LLM / The EPA’s will have an impact on regional integration in Africa, especially in the SADC region. The region has been split between the SADC and ESA EPA configuration therefore impacting on regional integration objectives set out under the SADC Trade Protocol.The EPA’s will be concluded separately with six of the sub groupings under the ACP grouping. With the EU-SADC EPA negotiations has come a problem of overlapping of membership of the different regions which has created confusion and conflicts. Members of Southern African Development Cooperation (SADC) did not all enter into the EU-SADC EPA has one. The EU-SADC EPA configuration consists of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Tanzania. The rest of the SADC member states are negotiating with the EU-ESA configuration. With South Africa having been allowed into the negotiations, its role should be examined and what it can contribute to the negotiations. Another conflict that has been created is the fact that South Africa has its own bilateral agreement with the EU thus putting stain on the trade relationship between South African and the rest of the SADC countries.

Diploma thesis deals with the relations between the European Union and the Caribbean, principally with agreements forming their legal and institutional framework. It is theoretically based on the official rules of international trade agreed by the members of the World Trade Organization and on the Articles GATT and GATS. The first part gives information about the Caribbean region, its position in the world economy and about regional intergration, which is the corner-stone of Caribbean's external relations. The second chapter comprises analysis of the specifics of Caribbean countries that form their interests in the international field. Relations with the European Union, agreements that deal with them and specific treatment of developing countries are the subjects of chapter three. The thesis focuses on the Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU and CARIFORUM. Emphasis is on the basic provisions of this agreement on trade, compliance with WTO rules, impact on the Caribbean economies as well as the criticism and evaluation of its benefits. Attention is given to the development aspect of EPA. Last but not least, the thesis refers to the future cooperation under the provisions of this regional agreement.

This study is about the economic diplomacy of Namibia, as a small state, for the period 1990 – 2015. Liberalism, as a theory of International Relations (IR) studies, is the adopted analytical framework. Namibia’s economic diplomacy is anchored in the foreign policy principles enshrined in article 96 of her constitution, which advocate, inter alia, the maintenance of mutual beneficial relations. Namibia, further enacted laws and adopted policies that serve as domestic instruments of economic diplomacy. The stakeholders in Namibia’s economic diplomacy include both state and non-state actors. The study adopts a population of 8 million as the benchmark for small states, plus one of the following characteristics of small states: small size of the territory; low economy and the perception by the government leaders and nationals. Namibia’s bilateral economic diplomacy covers over one hundred countries. Her major trade partners, in terms of export trade and inward investments are Angola, Canada, China, Germany, The Netherlands, Spain, South Africa, Switzerland, The United Kingdom and the United States. Bilateral economic diplomacy is further pursued through the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) exports. The Namibian Government pursues multilateral economic diplomacy with the European Union, as part of the Africa Caribbean Pacific states and with regional and international economic and trade organisations such as the Southern Africa Customs Union, the Southern Africa Development Community, the United Nations Conference in Trade and Development and the World Trade Organisation. Namibia also adopts conference diplomacy as a form of multilateral economic diplomacy. The study makes an epistemological contribution to the study of IR, that the world is constructed under the hierarchical order that constrains power-based relations and minimises conflicts in international trade. A minimal trend of pursuing interests is, however, observed. The study further makes an ontological contribution to the study of IR, that the behaviour of state and non-state actors are inclined to cooperation on the continuum of conflict and cooperation. The study concludes that, contrary to the assumptions in small states literature, that small states have limitations of capacity and play an insignificant role in multilateralism, Namibia has skilled negotiators who have led negotiations in regional and international organisations. / Political Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (International Politics)

<p>This research paper pays particular attention to the EAC because of its unique composition of four LDCs46 and 1 DC47 and the fact that three of these countries are landlocked least developed countries (LLDCs).48 The EAC was notified as a RTA to the WTO under the Enabling Clause on 9 October 2000 and registered as a Custom Union49 under WT/COMTD/N/14.50 The notification of the EAC under the Enabling Clause is due to the nature of composition of members therein and to the fact that the Enabling Clause does not require regional trading arrangements to cover substantially all trade, or to achieve free trade in the bloc within ten years after notification. Additionally, it provides an avenue for giving special consideration to the LDCs through making concessions and contributions,51 allows automatic exemptions from MFN (non-discrimination) treatment in favour of DCs,52 and thus allows other WTO members to accord more favourable treatment to DCs in many cases without according the same treatment to other WTO members.53.</p>