Current European legislation aims to limit vehicle noise emissions since many people are exposed to road traffic noise in urban areas. Vehicle pass-by noise is measured according to the international standard ISO 362 in Europe. More recent investigations of urban traffic have led to the proposal of a revised ISO 362 which includes a constant-speed test in addition to the traditional accelerated test in order to determine the pass-by noise value. In order to meet the legal pass-by noise requirements, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers must analyse and quantify vehicle noise source characteristics during the development phase of the vehicle. In addition, predictive tools need to be available for the estimation of the final pass-by noise value. This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of vehicle pass-by noise and of the characteristics of the vehicle noise sources contributing to pass-by noise. This is supported through an extensive literature review in which current pass-by noise prediction methods are reviewed as well. Furthermore, three vehicle noise sources are replicated experimentally under laboratory conditions. This involves an orifice noise source, represented by a specially designed loudspeaker on a moving trolley, shell noise, represented by a metal cylinder structure, and tyre cavity and sidewall noise, represented by an annular membrane mounted on a tyre-like structure. The experimentally determined directivity characteristics of the acoustically excited noise sources are utilised in the pass-by noise prediction method. The predictive results are validated against experimental measurements of the three vehicle-like noise sources made within an anechoic chamber.

In this study, a method to predict vehicle pass-by noise in a finite dimensioned, semi-anechoic chamber with chassis dynamometer has been developed. Vehicle noise has been modeled as the summation of the individual contributions regarding the principal noise components, namely, engine including air intake, front tire and rear tire noises. This method employs wave propagation, Doppler shift, and time delay in the estimation of the sound pressure due to each component at points of interest specified by relevant standards. An acoustical simulation model has been developed in MaTLAB environment. The model has been applied on two different vehicles. Finally, the predicted sound pressure values are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding values acquired in outdoor measurements addressed in ISO 362 for vehicle pass-by noise measurement standard.

Environmental noise has for decades been a well known problem, especially in urban areas. As noise requirements for vehicles are sharpened, noise reducing concepts are needed in early design stages requiring accurate simulations to support the design. Specifically for optimization of noise treatments, the absorber performance must be simulated correctly. So called noise encapsulations are placed below the powertrain on heavy vehicles to enclose the engine and reduce noise radiation. The attenuation of the absorbers on these shields must be represented correctly in simulations, even in environments with complex sound field, cooling flow and high temperature variations which may affect the absorber performance. This thesis studies the performance variation due to different absorber representations and due to these factors and how to include this in simulations. It is shown that the material representation significantly affects the attenuation performance in the simulations. Assuming locally reacting absorbers neglects the full interaction between the sound field and the material, which was shown to affect the noise reduction considerably. A measurement method to determine the angular dependent surface impedance was evaluated. It was shown sensitive to small samples and a method to improve accuracy was suggested. Including the angular dependence, either by full resolution or an angular dependent impedance, the field-absorber interaction is included in the simulations and more accurate results are obtained. The influence of flow and temperature fields on the absorber performance was also investigated. A method to include these effects was developed and the attenuation performance shown significant, especially for materials with bulk reaction. In conclusion, thorough knowledge of the material behavior and the field in the applications is required to choose appropriate material representation to enable reliable simulation results.​ / <p>QC 20160311</p>

In the modern urban lifestyle, more and more people are exposed to noise pollution in form of traffic noise. As a response to this, the automotive OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer) are put under pressure to reduce the emitted noise from vehicles. To be able to meet the upcoming, stricter regulations, the automotive OEMs seeks new techniques to be able to front load the pass-by noise engineering in the vehicle development process and to identify and understand the different sources that contributes to the exterior noise.Earlier exterior sources ranking using ASQ (Airborn Source Quantification) with an energetic approach during pass-by noise test has yielded very good and reliable results for an ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) vehicle.In this Master Thesis, two exterior source ranking methods have been tested and evaluated for an electric vehicle during in-room pass-by noise test. The two methods were: ASQ and OPA (Operational Path Analysis). In total, five models were built from the two methods and each model was evaluated for, in total, three driving conditions corresponding to the current ISO362-1:2007 and the proposed, revised version.The results show that the ASQ models are not capable to correctly estimate the engine contribution due to its high tonality. Moreover, it was seen that the energetic ASQ model is very sensitive to small changes. Both ASQ models underestimated the tire noise.The OPA model on the other hand managed to estimate the total contribution very well. Both the engine contribution and the tire contributions are well estimated. Nevertheless, OPA as method has several weaknesses and building an OPA model is not a straightforward task. Its weaknesses and the process to reach a final OPA model are discussed in this thesis.It was seen that one of the most crucial steps in an OPA model is to have clean references to get meaningful results. A MIMO-FIR filter was therefore used to filter out engine harmonics from the tire references. Its principles and importance for the end results are also discussed.Included is also an overview of the basic principles in TPA (Transfer Path Analysis), ASQ, OPA and in room pass by noise test as well as a description of the test campaign.

Pour commercialiser un véhicule, les constructeurs automobiles doivent se soumettre à la réglementation sur le bruit extérieur. Le règlement de la commission économique pour l'Europe, ECE R51.03, spécifie les niveaux admissibles que peut rayonner un véhicule automobile en roulage. Ce règlement est entré en vigueur depuis le 1er juillet 2016 pour remplacer l'ancien règlement ECE R51.02 (changement de méthode d’essai et sévérisation des niveaux de bruit admissibles). La diminution drastique des niveaux sonores tolérés se fait en trois étapes : passage de 74 dB (A) sous l'ancien règlement, à 68 dB (A) en 2024. Par conséquent, les constructeurs ainsi que les fournisseurs automobiles seront confrontés à un grand défi pour atteindre cet objectif. Ainsi, l'objectif de ces travaux de thèse consiste à développer une aide à la modélisation totale du bruit de passage d’un véhicule, comme le préconisent les essais réglementaires. Le but est de construire des modèles optimaux pour prévoir et évaluer avec précision le bruit que peut rayonner un véhicule en roulage plus tôt dans son cycle de développement, i.e. avant l'étape d'industrialisation. Il faut alors se placer dans la recherche d'un compromis entre précision des estimations, sensibilité aux paramètres, robustesse de la méthode et efficacité numérique. / Currently, to put a vehicle on market, car manufacturers must comply to a certification test of exterior noise. The regulation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ECE R51-03, specifies permissible levels a rolling motor vehicle can emit. This regulation is applied since July 1st, 2016, to replace the old regulation ECE R51-02 (test method change and tightening of permissible levels). The drastic reduction in noise levels will be done in 3 steps: from 74 dB (A) under the old regulation to 68 dB (A) in 2024. Therefore, manufacturers as well as their suppliers will face a great challenge to achieve this goal. The objective of this thesis is to develop an aid to the modeling of the pass-by noise of a vehicle, as called for in regulatory testing. The goal is to predict and evaluate accurately the noise emissions earlier in the vehicle development cycle, i.e. before the industrialization stage. We must then seek a trade-off between accuracy of estimates, sensitivity to parameters, robustness of the method and numerical efficiency.

Noise pollution is a growing concern due to its harmfulness to human health. Heavy vehicles powered by internal combustion engines stands for a major part of the environmental noise, why noise reduction is an increasing priority in enginve development. Within this study, an optimization problem is posed in order to minimize acoustic output without impairing the engine's overall performance. In our quest to diversify out noise reduction strategies, innovative ways of investigating this complex subject are essential. Here, we use simulations to investigate the possibility to reduce noise by component settings, as well as methods available to achieve that. Regarding the methods, the results indicates that a built in optimization tool within the simulation software used works well, despite the high complexity of the problem. A significant noise reduction is achieved when adjusting the settings of two of the parameters studied. This is a first attempt to tackle noise reduction in internal combustion engines by component settings. From the promising results, further improvements are expected as the simulation methods are refined and more components can be investigated accurately. / Bullerreducering är en allt viktigare fråga i samhället idag på grund av den negativa påverkan oljud kan ha på vår hälsa. Tunga fordon som driva av förbränningsmotorer står för den största delen av buller i vår omgivning, varför bullerreducering är ett alltmer prioriterat område vid utveckling av dessa motorer och fordon. I denna studie arbetar vi utifrån ett optimeringsproblem för att minimera ljudnivåerna utan att försämra motorns övergripande prestanda. I vår strävan att diversifiera strategier för bullerreducering behövs innovativa sätt att undersöka detta komplexa problem. Här används ett simuleringsverktyg för att undersöka möjligheterna att reducera ljudnivåerna genom att justera komponenternas beskaffenhet. Metoderna för att uppnå detta undersöks och utvärderas också. Resultaten pekar på ett inbyggt optimeringsverktyg i det simuleringsprogram som används hanterar optimeringsproblemet väl, trots dess höga komplexitet. En signifikant bullerreducering uppnås genom justering av inställningar hos två av de komponenter som undersökts. Detta är ett första försök att hantera bullerreducering inom förbränningsmotorer genom simulering av olika komponentinställningar. Med tanke på de lovande resultaten från denna första undersökning förväntas ytterligare förbättringar om simuleringsmodellen kan förfinas och fler komponenter kan undersökas.

Le bruit rayonné par le trafic maritime étant la principale source de nuisance acoustique sous-marine dans les zones littorales, la Directive-Cadre Stratégie pour le Milieu Marin de la Commission Européenne promeut le développement de méthodes de surveillance et de réduction de l'impact du bruit du trafic maritime. Le besoin de disposer d'un système industriel d'imagerie du bruit rayonné par les navires de surface a motivé la présente étude, il permettra aux industriels du naval d'identifier quels éléments d'un navire rayonnent le plus de bruit.Dans ce contexte, ce travail de recherche porte sur la mise en place de méthodes d'imagerie acoustique sous-marine passive d'un navire de surface au passage au-dessus d'une antenne linéaire et fixe au nombre réduit d'hydrophones. Deux aspects de l'imagerie acoustique sont abordés : la localisation de sources acoustiques et l'identification de la contribution relative de chacune de ces sources dans la signature acoustique du navire.Tout d'abord, une étude bibliographique sur le rayonnement acoustique d'un navire de surface au passage est menée afin d'identifier les principales sources acoustiques et de pouvoir ensuite simuler des sources représentatives d'un navire. La propagation acoustique est simulée par la théorie des rayons et intègre le mouvement des sources. Ce simulateur de rayonnement acoustique de navire au passage est construit afin de valider les algorithmes d'imagerie acoustique proposés et de dimensionner une configuration expérimentale. Une étude sur l'influence du mouvement des sources sur les algorithmes d'imagerie acoustique a conduit à l'utilisation d'un algorithme de formation de voies pour sources mobiles pour la localisation des sources et une méthode de déconvolution pour accéder à l'identification de la contribution des sources. Les performances de ces deux méthodes sont évaluées en présence de bruit de mesure et d'incertitudes sur le modèle de propagation afin d'en connaître les limites. Une première amélioration de la méthode de formation de voies consiste en un traitement d'antenne à ouverture synthétique qui exploite le mouvement relatif entre le navire et l'antenne pour notamment améliorer la résolution en basses fréquences. Un traitement de correction acoustique de la trajectoire permet de corriger la trajectographie du navire au passage qui est souvent incertaine. Enfin, la dernière partie de cette thèse concerne une campagne de mesures de bruit de passage d'une maquette de navire de surface tractée en lac, ces mesures ont permis de valider les méthodes d'imagerie acoustique proposées ainsi que les améliorations proposées, dans un environnement réel maîtrisé. / Since the surface ship radiated noise is the main contribution to the underwater acoustic noise in coastal waters, The Marine Framework Strategy Directive of the European Commission recommends the development of the monitoring and the reduction of the impact of the traffic noise. The need for developing an industrial system for the noise mapping of the surface ship have motivated this study, it will allow the naval industries to identify which part of the ship radiates the stronger noise level.In this context, this research work deals with the development of passive noise mapping methods of a surface ship passing-by above a static linear array with a reduced number of hydrophones. Two aspects of the noise mapping are considered: the localization of acoustic sources and the identification of the relative contribution of each source to the ship acoustic signature.First, a bibliographical study concerning the acoustic radiation of a passing-by surface ship is conducted in order to list the main acoustic sources and then to simulate representative ship sources. The acoustic propagation is simulated according to the ray theory and takes the source motion into account. The simulator of the acoustic radiation of a passing-by ship is built in order to validate the proposed noise mapping methods and to design an experimental set-up. A study about the influence of the source motion on the noise mapping methods led to the use of the beamforming method for moving sources for the source localization and a deconvolution method for the identification of the source contribution. The performances of both methods are assessed considering measurement noise and uncertainties about the propagation model in order to know their limitations. A first improvement of the beamforming method consists of a passive synthetic aperture array algorithm which benefits from the relative motion between the ship and the antenna in order to improve the spatial resolution at low frequencies. Then, an algorithm is proposed to acoustically correct the trajectography mismatches of a passing-by surface ship. Finally, the last part of this thesis concerns a pass-by experiment of a towed-ship model in a lake. These measurements allowed us to validate the proposed noise mapping methods and their proposed improvements, in a real and controlled environment.