Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a corrente de fuga de modo comum em inversores monofásicos sem transformador utilizados para a conexão de sistemas fotovoltaicos (FV) à rede de distribuição de energia elétrica. O estudo se concentra em inversores do tipo fonte de tensão que empregam a topologia em ponte completa. A partir da adequada modelagem do sistema (rede, conversor e módulo fotovoltaico) identifica-se e quantifica-se a contribuição das tensões de modo comum e modo diferencial para a corrente de fuga. Conclui-se que a tensão de modo comum de alta frequência produzida pelo inversor, que depende da estratégia de modulação por largura de pulso (PWM Pulse Width Modulation) empregada, fornece a maior contribuição para produção da corrente de fuga. Esse estudo mostra que os inversores sem transformador, com topologia em ponte completa e modulação que produz tensão de saída com três níveis, necessitam de medidas adicionais para a minimização da corrente fuga quando aplicados em sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede. Algumas soluções propostas na literatura para a minimização da corrente de fuga baseadas em topologias modificadas e filtros de modo comum são listadas e discutidas. Neste trabalho é proposto um filtro integrado de modo comum e modo diferencial com amortecimento passivo de baixas perdas, para minimizar a corrente de fuga produzida por um inversor monofásico sem transformador. Um exemplo de aplicação do filtro proposto é apresentado juntamente com seu procedimento de projeto, resultados de simulação e experimentais que validam a proposta. Além disso, a influência da variação da indutância da rede elétrica e da capacitância parasita do sistema fotovoltaico no comportamento do filtro proposto é analisada. A influência da variação da indutância da rede no comportamento do sistema de controle e o impacto da corrente de modo comum no projeto dos indutores do lado do conversor também são analisados. / This paper presents a study on the common mode leakage current in single-phase transformerless inverters for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The study focuses on voltage source inverters (VSI) employing the full-bridge topology. The common mode and differential mode voltages that contribute to the leakage current are identified and quantified from the analysis of the system model (utility grid, converter and PV module). The system model analysis shows that the high frequency common mode voltage produced by the inverter, which depends on the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategy, is the main source contributing to the leakage current. This work shows that transformerless inverters employing the full-bridge topology and a modulation strategy that produces a three-level output voltage require some leakage current minimization strategy when they are employed in grid-connected PV systems. Some solutions proposed in the literature for leakage current minimization based on modified topologies and common mode filters are listed and discussed. In this dissertation an integrated common and differential filter with low loss passive damping is proposed to minimize the leakage current produced by a single-phase transformerless PV inverter. An application example of the proposed filter is presented with design procedure, simulation and experimental results validating the proposal. Additionally, the influence of grid inductance and PV module parasitic capacitance variations on the behavior of the proposed filter is analyzed. The behavior of the control system considering the grid inductance variation and the impact of the common mode current on the converter side inductors design are also analyzed.

Cette thèse s’intéresse au développement d’éléments finis solide–coques dédiés à la modélisation de structures multicouches sollicitées en vibrations. En effet, la plupart des modèles multicouches dans la littérature présentent des limitations dans certaines configurations géométriques et matérielles. Face à ce constat et dans un souci de proposer un outil moins coûteux en temps de calcul, nous avons proposé une approche basée sur le concept solide–coques. Il s’agit d’éléments finis tridimensionnels dont le comportement a été amélioré par l’Assumed Strain Method. Dans un premier temps, nous avons formulé le problème de vibrations de structures sandwichs à cœur viscoélastique. La dépendance en fréquence a ainsi été prise en compte en utilisant une loi constitutive complexe. Pour résoudre le problème discrétisé, la Méthode Asymptotique Numérique, couplée à l’homotopie, et utilisant l’approche DIAMANT, a été adoptée pour les excellents résultats qu’elle offre par rapport aux autres méthodes. Des tests ont permis de valider les modèles proposés et de montrer l’avantage par rapport aux éléments ayant la même cinématique. Poursuivant nos travaux, et dans un souci d’augmenter l’amortissement, nous nous sommes orientés vers un contrôle actif des vibrations. Pour ce faire, deux éléments finis piézoélectriques ont été formulés. Il s’agit des éléments SHB8PSE et SHB20E qui sont des extensions des éléments finis SHB8PS et SHB20, respectivement. Le couplage électromécanique a consisté en l’ajout d’un degré de liberté à chacun des nœuds des dits éléments. Quelques exemples en statique et en vibrations menés sur des structures multicouches allant de simples poutres aux structures présentant des non-linéarités géométriques ont permis de valider les éléments solide–coques proposés. Pour finir, une synthèse des acquis des chapitres 2 et 3 a permis de proposer une modélisation de structures multicouches comprenant des couches élastiques, viscoélastiques et piézoélectriques. À l’amortissement passif provenant du pouvoir amortissant des matériaux viscoélastiques, on ajoute un contrôle actif qui découle du courant électrique généré au cours de la déformation des couches piézoélectriques. Ainsi, un filtre a été installé entre les capteurs et actionneurs. Ce filtre permet d’amplifier ou d’atténuer le potentiel électrique généré dans le but de réduire les amplitudes de vibrations. Pour résoudre le problème résultant nous avons étendu le solveur utilisé au chapitre 2. Pour valider les modèles proposés, des tests de contrôle actif–passif ont été menés sur des structures plaques multicouches. Enfin, quelques lois de contrôle découlant de filtres ont permis de montrer comment cette procédure permet de réduire ou même d’éviter l’amplification des vibrations / This thesis deals with the development of solid–shell finite elements for vibration modeling of multilayer structures. Indeed, most of multilayer models in the literature show some limitations in certain geometric and material configurations. Considering these restrictions and in order to develop a more efficient calculation tool, we proposed an approach based on the solid–shell concept. This consists of three-dimensional finite elements enhanced through the Assumed Strain Method. First of all, we have formulated the problem of vibrations of sandwich structures with viscoelastic core. The frequency dependence has been taken into account by using a complex constitutive law. To solve the discretized problem, the Asymptotic Numerical Method, coupled with the homotopy technique and the DIAMANT toolbox approach, was adopted due to the excellent results it provides compared to other methods. Benchmark tests have validated the models and highlighted their advantages over existing elements having the same kinematics. In order to increase damping properties, we directed our attention towards an active vibration control. For this purpose, two piezoelectric finite elements have been developed. These finite elements SHB8PSE and SHB20E are extensions, of the elements SHB8PS and SHB20, respectively. The electromechanical coupling consisted in adding an electrical degree of freedom to each node of these elements. A variety of test problems both in static and vibration analysis conducted on multilayer structures ranging from simple beams to structures involving geometric nonlinearities allowed validating the proposed solid–shell elements. Finally, combining the achievements made in chapters 2 and 3, we proposed a modeling approach for multilayer structures composed of elastic, viscoelastic and piezoelectric layers. Active control is introduced using the piezoelectric properties in order to improve the reduction in vibration amplitudes. Thus, a filter has been mounted between the sensors and actuators. This filter allows amplifying or attenuating the generated electric potential in order to reduce the vibration amplitudes. To solve the resulting problem, we extended the resolution method used in chapter 2. To validate the proposed models, active–passive control tests have been conducted on multilayer plate structures. Finally, some control laws, associated with filters, have shown how this procedure can allow reducing or even avoiding amplification of vibrations