<p>The Norwegian Rom community (Gypsies) leads a life outside large society. Most of the members are illiterate and poor and they are dependent on social security. Moreover, the Rom children are not going to school because education is not a part of the Rom culture. This situation raises various ethical dilemmas regarding cultural rights and obligations. In this thesis the author asks which of the conflicting rights should weigh most: The parent’s right to bring up their children in accordance with their own culture and beliefs, or the child’s right to education? The author’s argument is structured around two main problem areas. First, what is it with education that is good for all people? The short answer to this question is that education is important for functioning in society. Knowledge provides for a wider range of opportunities, and how to use this knowledge is up to each person. The other problem area is the limits of cultural toleration in liberal societies. Here, the author argues that although the right to culture is important, liberalism cannot accommodate illiberal practices. Childrearing that restricts the child’s access to the world outside its original community is one example of intolerable practices. In order to get the Rom children in to school, dialogue is the preferable way to go. However, if the establishment of dialogue is impossible because of fundamentalist or non-dialogical attitudes, an alternative argument is provided: Discursive paternalism is a compulsion to argue on contested norms. This compulsion reconciles individual freedom (autonomy) and paternalism, and can therefore be justified by liberals. Main references are Will Kymlicka, Martha Nussbaum, Chandran Kukathas, Adeno Addis and May Thorseth.</p>

The purpose of this study was to describe how the doctrine of in loco parentis was operationalized at the University of Tennessee during the early 1920s and 1930s, through analysis of the minutes of the University of Tennessee Administrative Council, the administrative body charged with the major decisions concerning student life for the University. The phenomenon under examination in this single, descriptive, holistic case study design was the operationalization of the concept of in loco parentis, and the case was the University of Tennessee during the early 1920s and 1930s. The study identified the various issues with which the Administrative Council dealt in the early 1920s and 1930s, as well as outcomes of the various issues before the Council. The findings revealed that the University practiced standing in the place of students’ parents in various ways, including: a comprehensive class attendance policy and monitoring of class attendance; substantial monitoring and oversight of academic progress; mandated attendance at a religious chapel program; restrictions on travel outside Knoxville while classes were in session; regulation of social dancing; visitation and curfew restrictions in residential facilities for women; lecturing and verbal reprimanding of students who appeared before the Council; serving as a permission-granting or permission-denying body for various and sundry requests; disciplining of students for vague, non-specific matters of non-academic student misconduct; and extensive use of student probation and the associated restrictions which accompanied probation. As the first study to document the way in which the doctrine of in loco parentis was operationalized from an administrative perspective, the findings add significantly to the existing literature and to our understanding of the relationship between the student and the institution in the early part of the twentieth century.

The health care formulation of the principle of autonomy can be expressed as follows; ‘you shall not treat a patient without the informed consent of the patient, or his or her lawfulsurrogate, except in narrowly defined emergencies’. The principle of beneficence refers to a moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. In heath care, the good or benefit in question is the restoration of the health of the patient. In fulfilling this obligation of beneficence, the physician sometimes intentionally overrides the patient’s preferences or actions for the purpose of benefiting the patient. This is called paternalism. It therefore amounts to a violation of the principle of autonomy and hence there arises a tension or conflict between autonomy and beneficence. The principle of autonomy claims to be pre-eminent to the principle of beneficence and vice versa. Both have their arguments as well as their limitations. However, there is the need for at least weak paternalism for the mentally ill patients because of their diminished autonomy. But in the case of the temporarily mentally ill patient whose autonomy is both restored and diminished following the periodic and intermittent occurrence of his or her mental illness, there is a need to go deeper to find justification for paternalistic intervention. Both act and rule utilitarianism will find justification for paternalism in this case because the consequence of the action will be greater good for both the patient and the society. Kantianism will give it support from the point of view that the intention is to restore the autonomy of the patient by not using him or her as a means but as and end in himself or herself. Beauchamp and Childress will equally throw their weight behind the justification since prima facie obligations could be overridden in a conflict situation and since restricting a short term autonomy to protect and advance long term autonomy will appeal to common morality.

Humans have now amassed a sizable knowledge of widespread, nonconscious cognitive biases which affect our behavior, especially in social and economic contexts. I contend that a democratic government is uniquely justified in using knowledge of cognitive biases to promote pro-democratic behavior, conditionally justified in using it to accomplish ends traditionally within the scope of government authority, and unjustified in using it for any other purpose. I also contend that the government ought to redesign institutional infrastructure to avoid triggering cognitive biases where it is not permitted intentionally to manipulate such biases and to optimize the effects of such biases where permissible. I shall use the United States of America as an example throughout, but my conclusions apply equally to any democracy which values the political autonomy of its populace.

The aim of our study is to deepen our understanding of how both social workers and clients describe how user influence within substance abuse care for adults can work. What difficul-ties do they describe meeting, with regards to possibilities to influence the care? To achieve our purpose we had a qualitative approach for this study. It’s based on open thematic inter-views with 3 clients who have substance abuse problems, and with 3 social workers, working at Social Services in Stockholm. Our theoretical perspectives used to analyze the empirical data are democracy, paternalism and empowerment. Our results show that the client’s possi-bilities of user influence are limited, due to the very strict financial budget that they have. We also found that interpersonal relationships between user and social worker have a great impact on how the clients experience their possibilities of user influence. Another result showed that social workers often had a paternalistic view, which is something that comes from wanting to do good for their clients. Even so, paternalism decreases possibilities of user influence.

Civilekonomuppsats i företagsekonomi: controller och redovisning. Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet, 2012. Titel: Familjeföretags CSR arbete – en undervärderad företeelse? Datum: 2012-05-29Författare: Emma Lagerquist och Josefine Olofsson Handledare: Sven-Olof Yrjö Collin och Jenny Ahlberg Inledning: CSR har blivit ett omtalat ämne kring forskning och främst kring större börsnoterade företag. Små och medelstora företags relation till CSR har även fått en allt större del i forskningen, däremot har inte familjeföretags CSR arbete fått lika stor del. Denna studie kommer behandla familjeföretags karaktärsdrag och om dessa har någon inverkan på hur familjeföretag arbetar med CSR. Problemformulering: Hur arbetar familjeföretag med CSR? Går det att beskriva familjeföretags CSR arbete som omedvetet eller medvetet samt osynligt eller synligt CSR arbete? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva familjeföretag arbetar med CSR genom att ta fram olika aktiviteter företag kan syssla med som liknas vid CSR. Fokus ligger på att studera familjeföretags medvetna och omedvetna samt synliga och osynliga CSR arbete. Metod: Vår studie har genomförts genom en komparativ flerfallstudie där empiri samlats in genom tre fallföretag. Intervjuer, observationer och insamlande av externt material från lokala tidningar har utgjort en stor del av materialet till undersökningen. Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att de familjeföretag som vi har undersökt generellt är omedvetna och osynliga med sitt CSR arbete. Resultatet visar dock små och medelstora lokala familjeföretag vilket gör att resultaten inte kan hänföras till familjeföretag. Orsaken är att vissa karaktärsdrag vi tagit fram hör till små och medelstora lokala familjeföretag. Studien visar dock att socialt ansvar inom CSR är det som familjeföretag gör omedvetet, på grund av tradition från tidigare generationer. De vill vara goda samhällsmedborgare i den bygd de verkar inom. Långsiktighet inom familjen, att föra företaget vidare över nästa generation, tenderar till att vara starkare än i ett icke-familjeföretag och detta gör att deras mål blir långsiktiga. Långsiktiga mål är en stor del inom CSR.

Bakgrund: Intresset för förhållanden inom omsorgen ökar. Efter att ha jobbat med personer med funktionsnedsättningar i olika situationer har vi undersökt maktförhållanden på ett gruppboende för människor med vuxen-hjärnskada. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att belysa maktförhållandet mellan anställda och brukare och hur de anställda resonerar kring makt. Teoretiska perspektiv: Vi har använt oss av Hasenfelds organisationsteori i samband med ett empowermentperspektiv. Metod: Vi har gjort en fallstudie på två gruppbostäder för människor med vuxen-hjärnskada, genom observationer och intervjuer. Denna kombination har varit nödvändig för att få kunskap om anställdas attityder och se hur detta fungerar i det praktiska arbetet. Resultat: Attityderna från de anställda som kommer fram i intervjuerna tonar ner maktaspekten i omsorgen. Omsorgen är emellertid ofta av en paternalistisk art. Vi har undersökt olika omsorgsaspekter för att visa nyanser i maktförhållanden.

The Norwegian Rom community (Gypsies) leads a life outside large society. Most of the members are illiterate and poor and they are dependent on social security. Moreover, the Rom children are not going to school because education is not a part of the Rom culture. This situation raises various ethical dilemmas regarding cultural rights and obligations. In this thesis the author asks which of the conflicting rights should weigh most: The parent’s right to bring up their children in accordance with their own culture and beliefs, or the child’s right to education? The author’s argument is structured around two main problem areas. First, what is it with education that is good for all people? The short answer to this question is that education is important for functioning in society. Knowledge provides for a wider range of opportunities, and how to use this knowledge is up to each person. The other problem area is the limits of cultural toleration in liberal societies. Here, the author argues that although the right to culture is important, liberalism cannot accommodate illiberal practices. Childrearing that restricts the child’s access to the world outside its original community is one example of intolerable practices. In order to get the Rom children in to school, dialogue is the preferable way to go. However, if the establishment of dialogue is impossible because of fundamentalist or non-dialogical attitudes, an alternative argument is provided: Discursive paternalism is a compulsion to argue on contested norms. This compulsion reconciles individual freedom (autonomy) and paternalism, and can therefore be justified by liberals. Main references are Will Kymlicka, Martha Nussbaum, Chandran Kukathas, Adeno Addis and May Thorseth.

<p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong>Intresset för förhållanden inom omsorgen ökar. Efter att ha jobbat med personer med funktionsnedsättningar i olika situationer har vi undersökt maktförhållanden på ett gruppboende för människor med vuxen-hjärnskada.</p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Uppsatsens syfte är att belysa maktförhållandet mellan anställda och brukare och hur de anställda resonerar kring makt.</p><p><strong>Teoretiska perspektiv: </strong>Vi har använt oss av Hasenfelds organisationsteori i samband med ett empowermentperspektiv.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Vi har gjort en fallstudie på två gruppbostäder för människor med vuxen-hjärnskada, genom observationer och intervjuer. Denna kombination har varit nödvändig för att få kunskap om anställdas attityder och se hur detta fungerar i det praktiska arbetet.</p><p><strong>Resultat: </strong>Attityderna från de anställda som kommer fram i intervjuerna tonar ner maktaspekten i omsorgen. Omsorgen är emellertid ofta av en paternalistisk art. Vi har undersökt olika omsorgsaspekter för att visa nyanser i maktförhållanden.</p>

Thesis (D. Min.)--Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 2002. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-169).