The increasing amounts of gambling advertising within Sweden have generated discussions about the harm it may cause to the Swedish population, and how responsibility needs to be taken by the government in order to minimize the damage made by the encouragement of this hazardous consumption. This essay will present arguments in favor of coercive paternalistic action in the shape of a ban on all gambling advertisement, and put forward further arguments as to why this approach is not only justified and necessary, but favorable to soft paternalistic action and libertarian paternalistic action. It will be concluded that coercive paternalism is the level of paternalism which will have the greatest possible impact with the smallest possible cost, this in terms of balancing wellbeing with autonomy. As such, the population of Sweden will be able to continue exercising their freedom to gamble, but will not be exposed to encouragement of doing so by companies existing to exploit the financial desperation and disposition to addiction of persons.

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This dissertation explores the nineteenth century paternal relationship between industrialists and their predominantly skilled workers in a small northern community. As an archaeological analysis, artifacts such as houses and ceramics demonstrate the economic and consumption patterns observable throughout the United States during its industrialization. Discussion centers around the West Point Foundry, which operated in the Village of Cold Spring from 1818 to 1911 and originally owned half of the village’s property and employed half of its workers. Privately owned, it manufactured a variety of iron products including heavy ordnance for both the country’s Navy and Army. Methodological analysis paired documentary research, landscape and spatial analysis, and a reanalysis of several related archaeological collections from different social and economic classes of workers and owners. The Foundry and village is placed within a broader context of religious tolerance, paternalistic control, community planning and architecture, market accessibility, and worker turnover. It shows that the industrial paternalism of West Point Foundry owners was evident in Cold Spring’s development and generally decreased over the course of the nineteenth century. Among other signs, paternalism was visible in company housing built in half the area and the provision of land for a majority of local churches. Unlike other industrial communities where ceramic patterns can be explained by paternalism, consumption patterns better explain the ceramics archaeologically recovered from several Foundry related households. West Point Foundry worker ceramic assemblages display an abundance of tea wares and predominantly more bowls than plates, suggesting a diet that favored less expensive cuts of meat and investment in limited types of ceramics. An electronically attached Excel file details the original state of assemblages examined (WPFceramicsOriginal.xls) and a second one details the final analysis of assemblages including vessel lists (WPFceramicsEN.xls). Economic indexes and capital consumption patterns in this industrial community as well as others explored were lower than their urban counterparts. Based on existing research by archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, architects, and urban designers, this research suggests different cultural practices within a single manufacturer industrial community from those in rural or urban contexts.

Every time we act in an effort to attain our epistemic goals, we express our epistemic agency. The present study argues that a proper understanding of the actions and goals relevant to expressions of such agency can be used to make ameliorative recommendations about how the ways in which we actually express our agency can be brought in line with how we should express our agency. More specifically, it is argued that the actions relevant to such expressions should be identified with the variety of actions characteristic of inquiry; that contrary to what has been maintained by recent pluralists about epistemic value, the only goal relevant to inquiry is that of forming true belief; and that our dual tendency for bias and overconfidence gives us reason to implement epistemically paternalistic practices that constrain our freedom to exercise agency in substantial ways. For example, we are often better off by gathering only a very limited amount of information, having our selection of methods be greatly restricted, and spending our time less on reflecting than on simply reading off the output of a simple algorithm. In other words, when it comes to our freedom to express epistemic agency, more is not always better. In fact, less is often so much more.

Alleghany County, an extractive community, has depended heavily upon a single paper mill known as MeadWestvaco for over a century. The purpose of this study is to explore the degree to which MeadWestvaco utilizes paternalism and economic coercion as forms of power to control and maintain community quiescence regarding the company's negative environmental impact in Alleghany County. This paper mill has negatively affected Alleghany County relative to other Virginia communities. However, there has been very little local action against the paper mill's environmental impact. To define and recognize paternalism and economic coercion, I undertake a historical analysis of the cotton textile industry of the Southern Piedmont and coal mining industry of Southern Appalachia, where these systems of power have been documented. In applying the indicators of paternalism and economic coercion found in these nearby Southern industries to Alleghany County, Virginia, I find that MeadWestvaco utilizes both strategies to some degree to control and influence community awareness of and response to the company's environmental damage. / Master of Science

For people with a functional disability, the everyday life can consist of various limitations that affect the ability to self-determination. These people are often in need of help and support and are forced to rely on other people’s goodwill. In homes with special services the personnel have an important task because their will and abilities for a good nursing care determines the life of the clients. The purpose of this study is to understand how personnel in homes with special services relate to the clients self-determination in their work, both in concept of their interpretation and application of the term. The study was conducted through interviews with seven different personnel from six different group homes, all of them working with individuals that have moderate to severe functional disabilities. With the help from the interviews, we got an understanding of how our respondents look at the term self-determination, how they implement this in their work and what factors may affect the clients self-determination. The result indicate that the personnel we interviewed all agreed that the client’s self-determination is something they consider to be important, but that it’s difficult to work with this because there is different factors that affect the clients self-determination. These factors can for example be linked to the resources that are available, the personals attitude or the clients ability to express their will.

Bakgrund: Användandet av informellt tvång riskerar begränsa patientens självbestämmande i   utformandet av sin vård. Trots detta vidmakthåller vårdpersonal användandet av informellt tvång på grund av dess effektivitet för patientens följsamhet till föreslagen behandling och för att upprätthålla en säker vårdmiljö. Att begränsa patientens självbestämmande utöver vad som regleras i lag är i gråzonen till vad som kan betraktas vara tillåtet. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av informellt tvång samt beskriva alternativ som främjar personcentrerad vård.  Metod: En systematisk integrativ litteraturöversikt av nio kvalitativa artiklar. Dataanalysen genomfördes utifrån Whittemore och Knafls metod.   Resultat: Två övergripande teman identifierades; Vårdens inverkan på informellt tvång och Konsekvenser av informellt tvång med två respektive tre subteman som inspirerades av   NANDA-I; Otillräcklig relation, Potential för förbättrad stresshantering, Risk för hotad värdighet, Maktlöshet samt Defensiv- och ineffektiv stresshantering. Slutsats: Vårdpersonalens användande av informellt tvång har medfört negativa upplevelser och   hanteringsstrategier för patienterna. Ur patienternas beskrivningar återfanns alternativ till det informella tvånget som är kunskap vårdpersonal kan använda sig av för att arbeta enligt principer för personcentrerad vård. / Background: The use of informal coercion poses a risk to limit the patient’s autonomy in the formation of their care. Regardless of this, healthcare personnel maintain the use of informal coercion due to its effectiveness in compliance, and maintaining a safe care environment. This restrictive act of patient’s autonomy is in a grey area to what can be considered as allowed.  Aim: To describe patients’ experiences of informal coercion and alternatives that promote person-centered care. Method: A systematic integrative review of nine qualitative articles. The data analysis was performed based on the method by Whittemore and Knafl. Results: Two major themes were identified; The impact of care on informal coercion and Consequences of informal coercion with two, respective three minor themes inspired by NANDA-I; Ineffective relationship, Readiness for enhanced coping, Risk for compromised human dignity, Powerlessness, Defensive- and ineffective coping.  Conclusions: Healthcare personnels’ use of informal coercion has led to negative experiences and coping for the patients. From the patients’ descriptions, alternatives were found, which is knowledge that   healthcare personnel can use to work according with principles for person-centered care.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om lagen om introduktionsersättning ger möjligheter till ökat självbestämmande och därmed en ökad grad av empowerment för den enskilde flyk-tingen, sett ur ett socialarbetarperspektiv. Uppsatsen börjar med en beskrivning det arbete som legat till grund för lagen om introduktionsersättning för flyktingar och vissa andra utlänning-ar. Här redovisas även definitionen av vem som ses som en flykting och några korta bestånds-delar i Svensk flyktingpolitik. Uppsatsens teoridel behandlar begreppen empowerment och paternalism där vi urskiljer självbestämmande som ett enskilt begrepp. Resultaten bygger på intervjuer med yrkesverksamma inom tre olika kommuners flyktingverksamhet. Resultaten analyseras utifrån begreppen empowerment, paternalism och självbestämmande. Uppsatsen visar att både empowerment och självbestämmande är svåra att definiera i en kontext av soci-alt arbete inom myndighetsutövning. I de kommuner vi har intervjuat verkar det finnas ett samband mellan introduktionsersättning och ökat självbestämmande. Självbestämmandet be-gränsas dock till det som de yrkesverksamma socialarbetarna anser är realistiskt och rimligt. Det finns här också en tydlig koppling till det begränsade handlingsutrymme som lagarna an-ger. / The aim of this study is to explore and analyze whether a special Swedish law for refugees, called lag om introduktionsersättning (a subsidy for refugees during their introduction), gives opportunities for an increased self-determination and whether it is thereby, a way of empow-ering refugees. The study applies a social workers’ point of view. The study starts with a de-scription of the government bill that led forward to the law. We also provide a definition of the term refugee and a short description of the Swedish immigration policy. The main theory in the study is the theory of empowerment, narrowed down to self-determination and paternal-ism as the opposite to empowerment concept. The results are based on interviews made with professionals in three different municipalities. These results are being analyzed in terms of empowerment, paternalism and self-determination. The study indicates that booth empower-ment and self-determination are hard to use in a context of social work that is based on regula-tions. One of the results is that the municipalities in the study have seen a connection between the new system and increased self-determination among refugees. The self-determination is however, limited by what the professionals assess as realistic and reasonable. This assessment associates strongly with what the law stipulates.

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om lagen om introduktionsersättning ger möjligheter till ökat självbestämmande och därmed en ökad grad av empowerment för den enskilde flyk-tingen, sett ur ett socialarbetarperspektiv. Uppsatsen börjar med en beskrivning det arbete som legat till grund för lagen om introduktionsersättning för flyktingar och vissa andra utlänning-ar. Här redovisas även definitionen av vem som ses som en flykting och några korta bestånds-delar i Svensk flyktingpolitik. Uppsatsens teoridel behandlar begreppen empowerment och paternalism där vi urskiljer självbestämmande som ett enskilt begrepp. Resultaten bygger på intervjuer med yrkesverksamma inom tre olika kommuners flyktingverksamhet. Resultaten analyseras utifrån begreppen empowerment, paternalism och självbestämmande. Uppsatsen visar att både empowerment och självbestämmande är svåra att definiera i en kontext av soci-alt arbete inom myndighetsutövning. I de kommuner vi har intervjuat verkar det finnas ett samband mellan introduktionsersättning och ökat självbestämmande. Självbestämmandet be-gränsas dock till det som de yrkesverksamma socialarbetarna anser är realistiskt och rimligt. Det finns här också en tydlig koppling till det begränsade handlingsutrymme som lagarna an-ger.</p> / <p>The aim of this study is to explore and analyze whether a special Swedish law for refugees, called lag om introduktionsersättning (a subsidy for refugees during their introduction), gives opportunities for an increased self-determination and whether it is thereby, a way of empow-ering refugees. The study applies a social workers’ point of view. The study starts with a de-scription of the government bill that led forward to the law. We also provide a definition of the term refugee and a short description of the Swedish immigration policy. The main theory in the study is the theory of empowerment, narrowed down to self-determination and paternal-ism as the opposite to empowerment concept. The results are based on interviews made with professionals in three different municipalities. These results are being analyzed in terms of empowerment, paternalism and self-determination. The study indicates that booth empower-ment and self-determination are hard to use in a context of social work that is based on regula-tions. One of the results is that the municipalities in the study have seen a connection between the new system and increased self-determination among refugees. The self-determination is however, limited by what the professionals assess as realistic and reasonable. This assessment associates strongly with what the law stipulates.</p>

In times of crisis and disaster, history can testify to humanity's tendency to burst at the seamsof morality. This thesis aims to investigate and prove that the introduction of vaccinepassports can be considered ethically justified on the basis of a theory whose basic values canbe said to be furthest from such a conclusion. Based on paternalism, freedom and autonomy, Iintend to examine whether the state is justified in introducing measures that restrict people'sfreedom with the aim of preventing them from harming others. The discussion is based onJason Brennan's ‘clean hands principle’ and examines arguments concerning collectivelyharmful activities and unacceptable risk. What does it really say about libertarians'propensity, or obligation, to accept vaccine passports? The conclusion is that libertarians donot have to be too sure that the justification of vaccine passports is beyond reason, but neithermust those who have been convinced abandon the basic values of libertarianism.