Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Turismo é uma atividade que pode ser definida como uma prática social cooptada pelo mercado e que tem no espaço sua maior especificidade. De um lado, o turismo é apresentado enquanto uma atividade econômica como aporte ao desenvolvimento; de outro, ele se apresenta como uma atividade geradora de impactos. Enquanto atividade econômica, cada vez mais o turismo se afirma como consumo do/no espaço e do lazer, pautado em um tempo rápido, racionalizado e caro, independentemente dos lugares onde ele se realiza. No campo, o modo de vida camponês se realiza em um tempo lento, em oposição ao próprio turismo. As políticas brasileiras de implementação do turismo no campo tem como discurso a melhoria de condições de vida e aumento de ganhos para o pequeno agricultor familiar. Mas por trás da noção de agricultor familiar há uma tradição de análises da existência, desaparecimento e resistência do camponês em meio a projetos políticos de modernização do campo, a partir de uma tentativa de transformar o camponês em agricultor familiar. Uma análise do turismo não pode desconsiderar a complexidade das relações e dos processos sociais que ele engendra, sob o risco de produzir-se uma análise reducionista. Tivemos por objetivo geral analisar em que medida o avanço do turismo no município de Colombo/PR, com apoio de políticas públicas, se desenvolve com participação camponesa. Utilizamos o método dialético materialista, levando em consideração a complexidade da vida social e da coexistência de relações sociais que tem datas desiguais. Turismo e campesinato são analisados a partir de suas contradições, percebidos em constantes movimentos. Como resultado de nossa pesquisa, foi possível observar que, de maneira geral, não há desenvolvimento do turismo com participação camponesa. Isso porque há uma oposição entre a implementação da atividade turística e o modo de vida camponês, que acaba resistindo ao próprio turismo. / Tourism is an activity that can be defined as a social practice co-opted by the market and which has its major specificity in the space. On one hand, tourism is presented as an economic activity contributing to development; on the other hand it is presented as an activity that generates impacts. Tourism as an economic activity is increasingly seen as a consumption of/in space and of leisure, enjoyed in a quick, rationalized and expensive time, independently of the places where it takes place. In the countryside the peasants life style is slow paced, to the opposite of tourism itself. The Brazilian implementation policies for countryside tourism argue that it is to improve living conditions and earnings for the small family farmer. However behind the family farmer notion there is a tradition of analyses of the existence, disappearance and resistance of the peasants in the midst of political projects for the modernization of the countryside, to try and transform the peasants into farming families. An analysis about tourism must consider the complexity of the relationships and social processes that it generates, under the risk of producing a reductionist analysis. We had the general objective of analyzing just how the advance of tourism in the municipality of Colombo/PR, with the support of government policies, is developing with peasant participation. We utilized a materialistic dialectic method, taking into consideration the complexity of social life and of the coexistence of social relationships that have unequal dates. Tourism and countryside family social groups are analyzed from their contradictions, perceived in constant movements. It was possible to observe as a result, after our research, that in general there is no tourism development with peasant participation. This is because there is opposition between the implementation of tourist activity and the peasants way of life, which ends up resisting tourism itself.

The peasant movement that swept China in the mid 1920's originated in Kwangtung Province in 1922 when P'eng P'ai organized peasant unions in Haifeng hsien. The unions spread into neighboring hsien, but not until 1924, following the reorganization of the Kuomintang and its alliance with the Chinese Communist Party and the subsequent creation of the Peasant Bureau and Peasant Institute, did the peasant movement spread throughout the province. The peasant unions grew rapidly and by June 1927 they had enrolled perhaps 700,000 members. The very explosiveness of the movement's development and the increasingly violent tactics used by peasant organizers to mobilize the peasants aggravated a growing rift between factions within the Kuomintang. This rift led to the collapse of the United Front of the KMT and CCP and destroyed the peasant movement. Beginning in June 1926 counter-revolutionary forces attacked the unions. Peasant forces that survived these first onslaughts were crushed by regular Kuomintang troops in 1927 and 1928. This thesis is an examination of the peasant movement in Kwangtung from 1922 to 1928, and it seeks to explain why the movement ended in failure. To answer this question various characteristics of seven regions within the province are discussed, providing the material for an analysis (that appears in Chapter III) of why some regions organized peasant unions more successfully than others. The second chapter traces where and when unions developed and how strong they became. The third and concluding chapter of the thesis compares and contrasts the material presented in the preceding chapters, and it concludes that not only the breakdown of the United Front doomed the Kwangtung peasant movement to failure, but that the strength of the local, traditional society determined how successful the unions would be. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Rural China has gone through dramatic transformation from the Mao era to the post-Mao era. China scholars have been studying the institutional changes closely in the past few decades. However, Chinese peasants’ living experience and their memory and understanding of the past have not yet received enough attention and discussion. By examining personal writings of a peasant named Luo Xuechang in Jiande, Zhejiang province, this paper discusses the complex interactions between the state and the individual. This paper attempts to unfold the juxtaposition of state narratives and personal narratives embedded in Luo’s unpublished memoir, almanacs from 1972 to 1980, notebooks and other personal writings. By focusing on Luo’s writings on his family life, education, work and political perspectives, this paper reveals how Luo altered his personal narratives over time and how Luo carefully conformed with and digressed from state-produced national narratives to make sense of his own history.

<p> It is the purpose of this study to determine empirically the contribution of a set of variables to the observed variation in income per hectare on 100 peasant farms in Ecuador. Specific consideration will be given to the relationship between farm size and farm productivity.</p> <p> Twenty-four characteristics were chosen to describe the structure of peasant agriculture. An examination of the distribution of each characteristic over the 100 farms illustrated the heterogeneous nature of the farm sample. Regression analysis applied to the sample at the aggregate level yielded poor results. Large amounts of variability in the dependent variable remained unexplained, and the standard error of the estimate was relatively large in comparison to the observed mean value of the dependent variable. The model was improved when the sample was disaggregated by region, although the standard error remained high which greatly weakened the potential of the model as a predictor equation.</p> <p> To increase the power of the regression model, and to more effectively analyse the significance of the set of variables to variation in farm income, it was decided to type the farms using factor analysis.</p> <p> Principal axes factor analysis was performed on the matrix of correlation coefficients for the twenty-four standardized characteristics. The factors were then rotated using varimax rotation to obtain a more simplified loading matrix. Eight primary factors were produced which together accounted for 62.25 percent of the variance in the original matrix. Ward's hierarchical grouping algorithm was then applied to the matrix of factor scores for the principal eight factors, and a classification containing fourteen types of farming activity was produced.</p> <p> The relationship between income and farm size was then reconsidered by farming type. There was a slight improvement in the power of the model applied to farm type although the amount of explained variability remained small. Simple regression of income per hectare on farm size, then, failed to explain a large proportion of the variance in the dependent variable even when the sample was considered by farming type.</p> <p> In order to reduce the measure of 'non-explained' variability in the dependent variable, and to increase the potential of the regression model as a predictor equation, income per hectare was regressed on the rotated factors. Multiple step-wise regression was performed on (a) the complete sample, (b) the sample disaggregated by region, and (c) two major farming types. The multiple step-wise regression model greatly increased the amount of explained variability in the dependent variable and indicated the significance of the contribution of each independent variable to variation in income per hectare on the farms. The study is presented in five parts: Chapter 1 introduces the problem to be analysed. Chapter II presents the data base, and a simple linear regression analysis examines the relationship between income and farm size on the 100 farms. The results of the regression performed on the aggregate level are poor. The analysis is then repeated on the sample disaggregated by region. The power of the model is greatly increased when the sample is divided into regional subsets, but large amounts of variability are left unexplained and the standard error of the estimate remains high.</p> <p> Chapter III groups the 100 farms according to a typology based on an analysis of the structural and economic organization of the farming unit. A correlation analysis is performed on the twenty-four characteristics and simple correlations between the data are considered. Factor analysis is then performed on the matrix of correlations, and the major dimensions of variation in the data are enumerated. Finally, a grouping algorithm is applied to the matrix of factor scores on the principal factors, and a classification of the farms is produced.</p> <p> Chapter IV reconsiders the relationship between income and farm size by farming type. Multiple step-wise regression then examines the contribution of a set of variables to variation in income per hectare.</p> <p> Chapter V summarizes the merits and weakness in the methodological approach of the study and enumerates the major findings of the analysis.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Chaucer's fabliaux, particularly The Miller's Tale, The Merchant's Tale, and The Summoner's Tale, combine the crude humor associated with the genre with features of ?higher? genres, most notably the courtly romance tradition (for the first two tales), and the homiletic and scholarly debate traditions (for the last tale). The marriage of the scatology present in fabliaux with the characteristics of literary art is Chaucer's unique achievement and differentiates his tales from their analogues. This marriage occurs when characters of one class arrogate the types of discourse usually associated with another class. As a result of this discourse switching, the balancing of art and scatology in these three tales blurs the distinction between crudity and sophistication and makes the tales scatological art.

A presente pesquisa buscou compreender de que maneira o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) contribui para a reprodução camponesa. O trabalho foi feito a partir do estudo de caso de uma família de camponeses migrantes do Paraná para São Paulo, uma das responsáveis pela fundação, no ano de 1987, da Associação Comunitária Rural Alvorada (ACRA) que deu origem, no ano de 2008, à Cooperativa da Agricultura Familiar e Agroecológica de Americana, a COOPERACRA. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na coleta de dados por meio da história oral de vida dos camponeses estudados. O estudo dos principais teóricos que abordam o tema do campesinato também foi realizado, bem como das experiências existentes sobre o funcionamento do Programa, principalmente, no Estado de São Paulo. Dessa forma, foi possível um diálogo entre a realidade encontrada no estudo de caso e o que a teoria delimita, além de possibilitar uma análise comparativa das experiências estudadas. De maneira geral, é possível afirmar, diante dos estudos realizados ao longo desta pesquisa, que as leis e resoluções que regem o Programa, particularmente a Lei nº 11.947 de 2009, com todos os desafios apresentados para a sua implementação, possibilitam um empoderamento da agricultura camponesa. / This research aims to understand how the National Program of School Nutrition contributes for peasant reproduction. This work was based on a case study of a peasant family that migrated from Paraná to São Paulo. They were one of the people responsible for de foundation of the Rural Community Association Alvorada (ACRA) which originated the Cooperative of Familiar and agroecological agriculture of Americana (COOPERACRA). The methodology used in this work consisted in collecting data by listening to the peasants life stories and also studying the existing experiences about how the Program works, mainly, in the state of São Paulo. All this data was then analyzed based on the relevant literature on peasantry. Thus, it was possible to establish a relation between the realities found in the case study and what the theory delimits. Then, it was made a comparative analysis of the experiences that were studied. Finally, we can assert that, the laws and resolutions which rule the National Program of School Nutrition, particularly the law number 11.947 from 2009 even with all the challenges that had to be overcome for its implementation helped enable an empowerment of the peasant agriculture.

A presente pesquisa buscou compreender de que maneira o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) contribui para a reprodução camponesa. O trabalho foi feito a partir do estudo de caso de uma família de camponeses migrantes do Paraná para São Paulo, uma das responsáveis pela fundação, no ano de 1987, da Associação Comunitária Rural Alvorada (ACRA) que deu origem, no ano de 2008, à Cooperativa da Agricultura Familiar e Agroecológica de Americana, a COOPERACRA. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na coleta de dados por meio da história oral de vida dos camponeses estudados. O estudo dos principais teóricos que abordam o tema do campesinato também foi realizado, bem como das experiências existentes sobre o funcionamento do Programa, principalmente, no Estado de São Paulo. Dessa forma, foi possível um diálogo entre a realidade encontrada no estudo de caso e o que a teoria delimita, além de possibilitar uma análise comparativa das experiências estudadas. De maneira geral, é possível afirmar, diante dos estudos realizados ao longo desta pesquisa, que as leis e resoluções que regem o Programa, particularmente a Lei nº 11.947 de 2009, com todos os desafios apresentados para a sua implementação, possibilitam um empoderamento da agricultura camponesa. / This research aims to understand how the National Program of School Nutrition contributes for peasant reproduction. This work was based on a case study of a peasant family that migrated from Paraná to São Paulo. They were one of the people responsible for de foundation of the Rural Community Association Alvorada (ACRA) which originated the Cooperative of Familiar and agroecological agriculture of Americana (COOPERACRA). The methodology used in this work consisted in collecting data by listening to the peasants life stories and also studying the existing experiences about how the Program works, mainly, in the state of São Paulo. All this data was then analyzed based on the relevant literature on peasantry. Thus, it was possible to establish a relation between the realities found in the case study and what the theory delimits. Then, it was made a comparative analysis of the experiences that were studied. Finally, we can assert that, the laws and resolutions which rule the National Program of School Nutrition, particularly the law number 11.947 from 2009 even with all the challenges that had to be overcome for its implementation helped enable an empowerment of the peasant agriculture.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / On title page: MPhil (Ancient Cultures). Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-11-13T19:05:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Moreira Silva - 2013.pdf: 888306 bytes, checksum: 09393103090b46291dac37de73bcc946 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-11-14T18:54:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Moreira Silva - 2013.pdf: 888306 bytes, checksum: 09393103090b46291dac37de73bcc946 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-14T18:54:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Moreira Silva - 2013.pdf: 888306 bytes, checksum: 09393103090b46291dac37de73bcc946 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper examines the work and nature, in novelistic discourse Bernardeano under a geographic viewpoint, taking into account the novel Jurubatuba Carmo Bernardes.Thus, the research aims to verify how the author lives in Goiás represents the work in the relationship between human beings and nature, such as environmental changes are occurring in nature from the 1950s to the present day.For this reason, the research problem is how Carmo Bernardes represents the work and nature fictionally? The time frame covers the 1950s until the present.Therefore, we plotted some specific goals, such as understanding what the landscape is represented by goiana Carmo Bernardes writer in the 1950s and analyze the process of organization of rural space and the organization of peasant labor.In accordance with these objectives, the methodological tools used during the research were: literature review and theoretical.After conducting this study, we can conclude that the job search and nature through literature was essential to understand the rural and social relations of production and work in this world of the peasantry, can identify the motivating factor of migration Ramiro which leaves Minas Gerais depending on conflicts arising from the relationships established when planting a garden planted rice at midnight. / Este trabalho analisa o Trabalho e Natureza, no discurso romanesco Bernardeano, sob uma ótica geográfica, ao levar em consideração o romance Jurubatuba,de Carmo Bernardes.Assim, a pesquisa tem como finalidade verificar como o autor radicado em Goiás, representa o trabalho nessa relação entre ser humano-natureza, tal como as transformações socioambientais vêm ocorrendo na natureza desde a década de 1950 até os dias atuais. Em razão desse fato, o problema da pesquisa é: como Carmo Bernardes representa o Trabalho e a Natureza ficcionalmente? O recorte temporal compreende a década de 1950 até a contemporaneidade. Sendo assim, foram traçados alguns objetivos específicos, tais quais compreender como a paisagem goiana é representada pelo escritor Carmo Bernardes na década de 1950 e analisar o processo de organização do espaço rural e a organização do trabalho camponês. De acordo com estes objetivos, os instrumentos metodológicos utilizados durante a pesquisa foram: pesquisa bibliográfica e teórica. Após realizar este estudo, pode-se concluir que, pesquisar o Trabalho e a Natureza por meio da Literatura foi fundamental para compreender o rural e as relações sociais, de produção e de trabalho neste mundo do campesinato, na possibilidade de identificar o fator motivador da migração de Ramiro, que sai de Minas Gerais em função dos conflitos oriundos das relações estabelecidas quando do plantio de uma roça de arroz plantada à meia.