Veränderungsblindheit tritt auf, wenn das Bewegungssignal einer Veränderung verdeckt wird oder der Betrachter von der Veränderung abgelenkt wird. In beiden Fällen kann die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit, mangels Hinweisreiz, nicht zum Ort der Veränderung gelenkt werden. Nach einer Erörterung von Augenbewegungen und ihrem Zusammenhang mit Veränderungsblindheit werden drei explorative Untersuchungen zur Veränderungsblindheit im Kontext des Straßenverkehrs vorgestellt. Untersuchung 1 befasst sich mit einem direkten Vergleich dreier unterschiedlicher Verdeckungsarten (Lidschläge, Blicksprünge, Blanks) bei statischem Stimulusmaterial (Fotos). Insgesamt führen die Ergebnisse zu dem Schluss, dass Veränderungsblindheit, unabhängig von der Verdeckungsart, ein Grund für zu spät oder nicht erkannte Gefahren im Straßenverkehr sein könnte, wenngleich sie für die gefährlichsten Situationen (relevante Additionen) am geringsten ausfällt und künstliche Blanks sich, zumindest in einer statischen Bedingung, gut zur Simulation von Lidschlägen und Sakkaden eignen. Darüber hinaus zeigen sich deutliche Hinweise zur impliziten Veränderungsentdeckung. Untersuchung 2 überprüft Teile von Untersuchung 1 in dynamischer Umgebung (Fahrsimulator) und findet überraschenderweise einen umgekehrten Effekt von Veränderungsblindheit. Die Echtheit des Effektes wird angezweifelt und auf die Nutzung von Abzählstrategien zurückgeführt. Unabhängig davon zeigen sich erneut Hinweise zur impliziten Entdeckung. Untersuchung 3 stellt schließlich einen direkten Vergleich zwischen statischer (Fotos) und dynamischer Umgebung (Filme) vor und zeigt, dass das Ausmaß an Veränderungsblindheit, unabhängig von Verdeckungsdauer und Veränderungsart, in dynamischer Umgebung größer ist als in statischer (85% vs. 64%) und daher eine Gefahr im Straßenverkehr darstellt. Wieder zeigen sich Hinweise auf eine implizite Entdeckung. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem grundlagen- und anwendungsorientierten Ausblick.

As alterações do equilíbrio postural representam um dos principais sintomas relatados pelos pacientes com Esclerose Múltipla (EM), surgem logo no início da doença em pacientes minimamente comprometidos e são consideravelmente incapacitantes . Esses déficits são muitas vezes pouco valorizados pelas avaliações clínicas neurológicas convencionais. Os objetivos desse estudo foram descrever as alterações de equilíbrio em pacientes com diagnóstico de EM e diferenciar as alterações clínicas entre pacientes com e sem queixa de desequilíbrio. Foram avaliados 98 pacientes, classificados através da Escala Expandida do Estado de Incapacidade (EDSS) entre 0 e 4,5. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com a presença da queixa de desequilíbrio (Grupo sem queixa - GS; Grupo com queixa - GQ). O protocolo de avaliação constou de escalas observacionais do equilíbrio (Escala de equilíbrio de BERG: EEB e Índice de marcha dinâmica: DGI), avaliação da percepção de vertical visual subjetiva (VVS), Escala de Severidade da Fadiga (FSS) e através do Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI). Os grupos GS e GQ foram compostos por 49 pacientes cada um. Não houve diferença estatística na idade dos indivíduos entre os grupos, porém encontramos diferença significativa entre o tempo de diagnóstico da EM entre ambos. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre GS e GQ para os valores de EDSS, no entanto ambos os grupos permaneceram dentro da classificação de incapacidade leve da escala. Esse dado reforça a ideia de que o EDSS é insensível para detectar déficits funcionais sutis. Também foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos testes clínicos de equilíbrio, refletindo que o GQ apresenta pior equilíbrio estático e dinâmico, EEB e DGI, respectivamente. O GQ apresentou pior percepção da vertical gravitacional, VVS, com valor estatisticamente significativo, além de um pior relato nas avaliações de fadiga (FSS), e depressão (BDI). Adicionalmente, observamos correlações negativas significantes entre os valores de EDSS os testes de equilíbrio (EEB e DGI), e correlações positivas significantes entre o EDSS e a avaliação da VVS e FSS. Não observamos correlação entre o EDSS e BDI. A relação entre o teste da VVS e os testes observacionais do equilíbrio também se mostrou estatisticamente significante. Os resultados do nosso estudo evidenciaram que vários aspectos devem ser considerados para caracterizarmos adequadamente as alterações de equilíbrio em indivíduos com EM. Os testes clínicos do equilíbrio postural e a avaliação da fadiga devem ser adicionados à avaliação funcional de pacientes com EM, permitindo dessa forma, que os déficits funcionais mais sutis sejam detectados. Nenhum teste clínico isolado é capaz de avaliar com precisão tais alterações. Sendo assim, concluímos que os testes propostos contemplam a avaliação da complexa rede de informações responsáveis pela manutenção do controle postural e contribuem para a melhor caracterização das alterações do equilíbrio postural na EM, facilitando a elaboração de protocolos individuais de reabilitação física e o seguimento do curso clínico da doença. / Abnormal balance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) represents one of the major symptoms reported and emerging since the onset of the disease in MS patients with subtle impairments. These deficits are usually underestimated by common neurological clinical evaluation. In this study, our objective was to report balance alteration in MS patients and distinguish clinical alterations between MS patients with and without balance disorders complaints. Ninety eight MS patients were evaluated, with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score between 0 and 4.5. Patients were divided into two groups according to their complaint about balance disorders (Without complaint - GS; with complaint - GQ). Patients were evaluated by qualitative balance assessments (Berg Balance Scale - BERG and Dynamic Gait Index - DGI), perception of subjective visual vertical test (SVV), fatigue severity scale (FSS) and Beck depression inventory (BDI). Both groups were constituted by forty-nine patients. GQ patients had higher EDSS score than GS patients, however, both were classified with mild impairments by the scale. These data reinforce the concept that EDSS is not sensitive to detect subtle impairments. GQ had worse performance in balance clinical tests (BERG and DGI) than GS patients. They had also worse perception of verticality and high levels of fatigue and depression than patients without balance disorders complaints. In addition, significant correlations were found between EDSS and BERG, DGI, SVV test and FSS. EDSS and BDI were not significantly correlated. These results showed that several clinical features must be considered to characterize balance disorders in MS. Balance clinical assessments and fatigue evaluation must be added to functional classification, allowing subtle impairments to be detected. Better characterization of balance disorders in MS improves the development of individual rehabilitation programs and allows the clinical course of disease follow-up

This thesis focuses on the problematics of examination of visual perception in children with visual impairment. There are three parts to this thesis. The first part is dedicated to visual perception. It starts by describing the physiological development of eyesight and the examinations of it in childhood. It is followed by a description of visual functions and functional vision assessment. It also deals with individual parts of visual perception and the support of their development. The second part describes the In-Sight test in detail, including the instructions to its use. The third part introduces the research: the diagnostics of visual perception in children with sight impairment through In-Sight test. Its core method is a foreign standardised In-Sight test. This test is used to evaluate visual operations in children with visual impairment and to perform a screening of theirs higher visual abilities in relation to the process of education. The aim of this thesis is to describe the usefulness of this test in this target group. The research also attempted to find new ways to use the test. An observation was made as to which areas the children found most difficult and which they found non-problematic, what actions can be taken to support them based on the results and whether it is feasible to...

As alterações do equilíbrio postural representam um dos principais sintomas relatados pelos pacientes com Esclerose Múltipla (EM), surgem logo no início da doença em pacientes minimamente comprometidos e são consideravelmente incapacitantes . Esses déficits são muitas vezes pouco valorizados pelas avaliações clínicas neurológicas convencionais. Os objetivos desse estudo foram descrever as alterações de equilíbrio em pacientes com diagnóstico de EM e diferenciar as alterações clínicas entre pacientes com e sem queixa de desequilíbrio. Foram avaliados 98 pacientes, classificados através da Escala Expandida do Estado de Incapacidade (EDSS) entre 0 e 4,5. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com a presença da queixa de desequilíbrio (Grupo sem queixa - GS; Grupo com queixa - GQ). O protocolo de avaliação constou de escalas observacionais do equilíbrio (Escala de equilíbrio de BERG: EEB e Índice de marcha dinâmica: DGI), avaliação da percepção de vertical visual subjetiva (VVS), Escala de Severidade da Fadiga (FSS) e através do Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI). Os grupos GS e GQ foram compostos por 49 pacientes cada um. Não houve diferença estatística na idade dos indivíduos entre os grupos, porém encontramos diferença significativa entre o tempo de diagnóstico da EM entre ambos. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre GS e GQ para os valores de EDSS, no entanto ambos os grupos permaneceram dentro da classificação de incapacidade leve da escala. Esse dado reforça a ideia de que o EDSS é insensível para detectar déficits funcionais sutis. Também foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos testes clínicos de equilíbrio, refletindo que o GQ apresenta pior equilíbrio estático e dinâmico, EEB e DGI, respectivamente. O GQ apresentou pior percepção da vertical gravitacional, VVS, com valor estatisticamente significativo, além de um pior relato nas avaliações de fadiga (FSS), e depressão (BDI). Adicionalmente, observamos correlações negativas significantes entre os valores de EDSS os testes de equilíbrio (EEB e DGI), e correlações positivas significantes entre o EDSS e a avaliação da VVS e FSS. Não observamos correlação entre o EDSS e BDI. A relação entre o teste da VVS e os testes observacionais do equilíbrio também se mostrou estatisticamente significante. Os resultados do nosso estudo evidenciaram que vários aspectos devem ser considerados para caracterizarmos adequadamente as alterações de equilíbrio em indivíduos com EM. Os testes clínicos do equilíbrio postural e a avaliação da fadiga devem ser adicionados à avaliação funcional de pacientes com EM, permitindo dessa forma, que os déficits funcionais mais sutis sejam detectados. Nenhum teste clínico isolado é capaz de avaliar com precisão tais alterações. Sendo assim, concluímos que os testes propostos contemplam a avaliação da complexa rede de informações responsáveis pela manutenção do controle postural e contribuem para a melhor caracterização das alterações do equilíbrio postural na EM, facilitando a elaboração de protocolos individuais de reabilitação física e o seguimento do curso clínico da doença. / Abnormal balance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) represents one of the major symptoms reported and emerging since the onset of the disease in MS patients with subtle impairments. These deficits are usually underestimated by common neurological clinical evaluation. In this study, our objective was to report balance alteration in MS patients and distinguish clinical alterations between MS patients with and without balance disorders complaints. Ninety eight MS patients were evaluated, with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score between 0 and 4.5. Patients were divided into two groups according to their complaint about balance disorders (Without complaint - GS; with complaint - GQ). Patients were evaluated by qualitative balance assessments (Berg Balance Scale - BERG and Dynamic Gait Index - DGI), perception of subjective visual vertical test (SVV), fatigue severity scale (FSS) and Beck depression inventory (BDI). Both groups were constituted by forty-nine patients. GQ patients had higher EDSS score than GS patients, however, both were classified with mild impairments by the scale. These data reinforce the concept that EDSS is not sensitive to detect subtle impairments. GQ had worse performance in balance clinical tests (BERG and DGI) than GS patients. They had also worse perception of verticality and high levels of fatigue and depression than patients without balance disorders complaints. In addition, significant correlations were found between EDSS and BERG, DGI, SVV test and FSS. EDSS and BDI were not significantly correlated. These results showed that several clinical features must be considered to characterize balance disorders in MS. Balance clinical assessments and fatigue evaluation must be added to functional classification, allowing subtle impairments to be detected. Better characterization of balance disorders in MS improves the development of individual rehabilitation programs and allows the clinical course of disease follow-up

Final thesis titled Visual Literacy in the Digital Era is primarily focused on understanding image in the context of contemporary digital era, which is characterized particularly by abundance of visual images. Using analysis of principles of New Media and Surface Aesthetics, which is based on visual communication strategies, it tries to define new demands on viewers' perceptional capabilities and emerging consequences for their cognitive functions. Farther there are applied findings of contemporary cognitive psychology and neurobiology on artistic movements of 20th and 21st century and general artistic tendencies. In dependence on the analysis and application of gained findings there is in conclusion reassessed Visual Literacy in its existing definition, which is not sufficient for new demands that has arisen and do not take account of current level of viewers' literacy.

Recently, two attentional modes have been associated with specifi c eye movement patterns during scene processing. Ambient mode, characterized by short fi xations and long saccades during early scene inspection, is associated with localization of objects. Focal mode, characterized by longer fi xations, is associated with more detailed object feature processing during later inspection phase. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of these attentional modes. More specifi cally, we examined whether indications of ambient and focal attention modes are similar in infants and adults. Therefore, we measured eye movements in 3- to 12-months-old infants while exploring visual scenes. Our results show that both adults and 12-month-olds had shorter fi xation durations within the fi rst 1.5 s of scene viewing compared with later time phases (>2.5 s); indicating that there was a transition from ambient to focal processing during image inspection. In younger infants, fi xation durations between two viewing phases did not differ. Our results suggest that at the end of the fi rst year of life, infants have developed an adult-like scene viewing behavior. The evidence for the existence of distinct attentional processing mechanisms during early infancy furthermore underlines the importance of the concept of the two modes.

<p>Ovim se istraživanjem na primeru osnovnih predikata (glagola) percepcije ruskog i srpskog jezika odgovara na pitanja vezana za sistemske odnose u oblasti leksike, klasifikaciju jezičkih jedinica, definisanje leksema, međusobnu zavisnost značenja leksema i njihovih morfolo&scaron;kih i sintaksičkih obeležja. Osnovni predikati (glagoli) percepcije ruskog i srpskog jezika pozicioniraju se unutar semantičkih paradigmi, zasnovanih na interakciji diferencijalnih i zajedničkih komponenata značenja svojih članova. Članovi paradigmi izdvajaju se na osnovu kriterijuma određenih u skladu s principima organizacije centra i periferije leksičkog sistema. Pozicioniranje izdvojenih predstavnika vizuelne, auditivne, olfaktorne, gustativne i taktilne percepcije, kao i njihovih vidskih korelata, rezultira utvrđivanjem strukture paradigmi i smerova semantičke derivacije u njima.</p> / <p>This dissertation focuses on systemic relationships among the basic predicates (verbs) of perception in Russian and Serbian. It investigates issues related to the lexicon, the classification of linguistic units, the relationships between the meanings of lexemes and their morphological and syntactic features, as well as the definition of the main members of the analysed lexico-semantic group. The basic predicates of perception in Russian and Serbian are positioned within the semantic paradigms, based on the interaction of differential and general components of meaning of their members. The members of the paradigms are selected based on criteria established in accordance with the principle of the organization of lexical systems into core and periphery. The positioning of the selected representatives of visual, auditory, olfactory, gustative and tactile perception, as well as their aspectual correlates, results in determining the structure of the paradigms and the directions of semantic derivation in them.</p>