FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O presente estudo traz um levantamento sobre a prática fotográfica no ciberespaço, tendo como foco as publicações realizadas em 03 (três) perfis administrados por alguns moradores e moradoras de Fortaleza que fotografam e compartilham suas visões sobre a cidade no aplicativo de fotografia e rede social, Instagram. Procuro entender as lógicas sócio-culturais que orientam os agenciamentos sobre o mesmo dispositivo à partir do contexto de produção das fotografias, dos relatos sobre suas ações e da sua recepção. Partindo de uma visão que compreende o fotógrafo como âdiretorâ (Soulages 2010) e a fotografia como âevento de comunicaçãoâ (Prosser 2004), discutimos os rituais e gestos que envolvem o ato de fotografar e compartilhar imagens da cidade. Visionando as fotografias, as narrativas que as acompanham, as interações geradas pelas publicações e os significados que os próprios atores atribuem às suas ações no Instagram, procuro discutir se a fotografia praticada por eles se configura como um tipo de âperformance fotográficaâ, que aponta para o desenvolvimento de uma âpoética da cidadeâ. / This study provides a survey of photographic practice in cyberspace, focusing on publications made on three (03) profiles administered by some locals and residents of Fortaleza wich photographs and share their visions of the city in the photo app and social network, Instagram. I try to understand the socio-cultural logics that guide the agencies on the same device from the context of photographsâs production, speeches of their actions and their reception. From a vision that includes the photographer as director (Soulages 2010) and photography as âcommunication eventâ(Prosser 2004), we discussed the rituals and gestures that involve the act of shooting and sharing images of the city. Envisioning photographs, narratives that accompany them, the interactions generated by the publications and the meanings that the actors themselves attach to their actions on Instagram, I discuss if the photography practiced by them could be understand as a kind of photographic performance, pointing for the development of a poetics of the city."

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2015-10-22T19:00:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Simone de Miranda - 2015.pdf: 1737597 bytes, checksum: dae2d4d11fbafef9d823be9e0dee78c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-23T11:02:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Simone de Miranda - 2015.pdf: 1737597 bytes, checksum: dae2d4d11fbafef9d823be9e0dee78c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-23T11:02:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Simone de Miranda - 2015.pdf: 1737597 bytes, checksum: dae2d4d11fbafef9d823be9e0dee78c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-28 / This dissertation aims to verify how does the formation of the pianist in the course of Bachelor of Music Qualification in Instrument - Piano, the School of Music and Performing Arts at the Federal University of Goiás (EMAC/UFG), keeping in view the demands of the current job market. For this, some issues that permeate the main theme have been described, including: the contemporary musician labor market, the various Pianist possibilities of action and competencies/skills, the objectives of higher education in music and some specific information about course in question, such as: history of the institution, physical space, Political Pedagogical Project, faculty evaluation to enter the course and graduate's profile. In addition to the literature was carried out field research, with questionnaires and observation of some subjects in order to see how the musical education of these students happens in practice throughout the course. This step included the participation of teachers and students of Bachelor of Music Qualification in Instrument - Piano EMAC/UFG. It was found that the labor market for the pianist is increasingly expanded, since these professionals can come to work in different ways and many different contexts to be in as a performer and/or as a teacher. In addition, it was observed that the course in question is also aware of demand in this market, however some changes in the performance of the student and the teacher will be necessary for the proposal of the Pedagogical Project politico does occur. / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo verificar como ocorre a formação do pianista no curso de Bacharelado em Música Habilitação em Instrumento – Piano, da Escola de Música e Artes Cênicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (EMAC/UFG), tendo em vista as demandas do mercado de trabalho atual. Para isso, alguns assuntos que permeiam o tema principal foram explanados, entre eles: o mercado de trabalho do músico contemporâneo, as diversas possibilidades de atuação do pianista e suas competências/habilidades, os objetivos do ensino superior em música e algumas informações específicas sobre o curso em questão, tais como: história da instituição, espaço físico, Projeto Político Pedagógico, corpo docente, avaliação para ingressar no curso e perfil do egresso. Além do levantamento bibliográfico foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, com a aplicação de questionários e a observação de algumas disciplinas, com o intuito de verificar como a formação musical destes alunos acontece na prática ao longo do curso. Tal etapa contou com a participação de professores e alunos do curso de Bacharelado em Música Habilitação em Instrumento - Piano da EMAC/UFG. Foi possível constatar que o mercado de trabalho para o pianista está cada vez mais expandido, já que este profissional pode vir a atuar de diversas maneiras e nos mais diversos contextos, seja como performer e/ou como professor. Além disso, observou-se que o curso em questão também está atento a demanda deste mercado, entretanto, algumas mudanças na atuação do aluno e do professor serão necessárias para que a proposta do Projeto Político Pedagógico ocorra de fato.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-08-17T15:47:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alan Douglas Azevedo de Farias.pdf: 663089 bytes, checksum: 5a5f68c7a46bb12a56e94b259793dbd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-18T19:32:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alan Douglas Azevedo de Farias.pdf: 663089 bytes, checksum: 5a5f68c7a46bb12a56e94b259793dbd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-18T19:36:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alan Douglas Azevedo de Farias.pdf: 663089 bytes, checksum: 5a5f68c7a46bb12a56e94b259793dbd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-18T19:36:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alan Douglas Azevedo de Farias.pdf: 663089 bytes, checksum: 5a5f68c7a46bb12a56e94b259793dbd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-29 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Sur l’ influence de la concurrence croissante entre les entreprises, motivées par l'ouverture croissante de l'économie brésilienne dans les années 1990, de nombreux secteurs de l'économie ont dû être restructurées. Dans le contexte des changements dans la structure du marché de l’agro-industrie du lait, cette étude a pour but générale d’analyser l'état de l'agro-industrie de produits laitiers dans l'Etat d'Amazonas. Ainsi, visant surtout: a) à étudier les caractéristiques principales de la structure de l'industrie agroalimentaire, et son degré de concentration, b) d’identifier les stratégies dominantes pour la croissance des entreprises et c) d'étudier la performance économique à travers le comportement de la production, de revenus ou de profits. Le modèle a été basé sur le concept de l'agro-industrie et de la chaîne de production. La méthode d'analyse s’est appuyé sur le modèle Structure-Comportement-Performance, qui préconise que la structure du marché détermine le comportement (stratégie) des fournisseurs, ce qui, à son tour détermine la performance économique. Donc, nous avons utilisé des données primaires recueillies auprès des 11 établissements d’un échantillon de 47 établissements prévus, situés dans la ville de Manaus et dans les villages d’Autazes, Careiro da Várzea, Iranduba et Apuí. Les résultats ont montré que la structure du marché de l'agro-industrie en question, lors de l’enquête était oligopolisé et présentait une concentration «extrêmement élevé» ou «élevé», selon la référence adoptée dans ce travail. En ce qui concerne les stratégies de croissance, nous avons observé la diversification de la production pratiquée par les établissements "A", "C", "H" et "M", qui se trouvaient dans plus d'un secteur du marché du lait, et la différenciation des produits, pratiquée par 10 des établissements sondés, parmi lesquels nous avons identifiés: l'utilisation et la publicité de marque propre, la variété de l'emballage en ce qui concerne la taille, la couleur et la forme, contrôle de la qualité et de la fabrication de produits de la gastronomie régionale très diversifiés et modifiés, en particulier, pour la production de yaourt. Par rapport à la performance économique définie par le revenu annuel brut, l'étude a montré une augmentation de R$ 19,1 millions de Reais à R$ 23,8 millions pour la période 2005/2007, c’est à dire une croissance de 24,5%, ce qui pourrait avoir été plus importante si le gain des établissements "B" et "C", entre 2006 et 2007, n'avait pas diminué de 6% et 55%, respectivement. Finalement, même si l'agro-industrie laitière présentait une forte concentration dans sa structure de marché, cela ne serait pas suffisant pour garantir une bonne performance économique des établissements qui appartenaient à ce secteur de la chaîne de production de lait d’Amazonas. / Com o aumento da competição entre as empresas, ocasionado pela maior abertura da economia brasileira no início da década de 1990, muitos setores da economia foram reestruturados. No contexto das mudanças na estrutura de mercado do agronegócio do leite, este estudo teve como objetivo geral diagnosticar a situação da agroindústria processadora de leite e derivados no Estado do Amazonas. Portanto, especificamente buscou-se: a) estudar as características predominantes da estrutura desta agroindústria, além do grau de concentração; b) identificar as estratégias dominantes de crescimento dos estabelecimentos e; c) estudar o desempenho econômico por meio do comportamento da produção, do faturamento ou do lucro. O marco referencial assentou-se no conceito de agronegócio e cadeia produtiva. O método de análise pautou-se no Modelo de Estrutura-Conduta-Desempenho, o qual enfatiza que a estrutura de mercado determina a conduta (estratégia) dos agentes ofertantes, e esta determina o desempenho econômico. Para tanto, utilizou-se os dados primários coletados junto a 11 estabelecimentos pertencentes a uma amostra planejada de 47 estabelecimentos, os quais estão sediados na cidade de Manaus e nos municípios de Autazes, Careiro da Várzea, Iranduba e Apuí. Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura de mercado da agroindústria em questão, no momento da pesquisa, era oligopolizada apresentando concentração do tipo “extremamente alta” ou “alta”, segundo referência adotada neste trabalho. Quanto às estratégias de crescimento, constatou-se a adoção da diversificação da produção, praticada pelos estabelecimentos “A”, “C”, “H” e “M”, que atuavam em mais de um mercado do setor de laticínios; e a adoção da diferenciação do produto, praticada por 10 dos estabelecimentos entrevistados, dentre os quais se identificou: o uso e divulgação da marca própria; a diversificação das embalagens no tocante ao tamanho, cores e formato; o controle da qualidade; e a fabricação de produtos com sabores regionalizados, diversificados e modificados, principalmente no que se refere à produção de iogurtes. Em relação ao desempenho econômico medido pelo faturamento bruto anual, o estudo revelou aumento de R$ 19,1 milhões para R$ 23,8 milhões no período 2005/2007; ou seja, houve um crescimento de 24,5%, que poderia ter sido maior se o faturamento dos estabelecimentos “B” e “C”, entre 2006 e 2007, não tivesse diminuído 6% e 55%, respectivamente. Enfim, conclui-se que embora a agroindústria de laticínios em estudo apresentasse alta concentração em sua estrutura de mercado, isso não foi suficiente para garantir bom desempenho econômico aos estabelecimentos pertencentes a tal segmento da cadeia produtiva do leite no Amazonas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:31:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Luiza Helena Barreira Machado 2008.pdf: 790841 bytes, checksum: ed1645f882390aeff01614bf7bb8825c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-19 / Understanding the relation between society and nature is to seek the meaning of the source and uses that humans have given the natures. During the existence of human beings on Earth we have observed that the representations and, consequently, the use of nature have changed according to the needs and over time. This work has been done according to the approach of the Cultural Geography trying to understand the relation of the rooters (people who sell and produce roots) in the city of Goiania with the nature. Identifying themselves, their origins, their knowledge, but also their eyes and representations of nature by using medical plants. Thus, the objectives like revealing the representations and medical uses that the rooters do with the natures in their professional activity, doing a map of the occurrence of the rooters in the city of Goiania, and identifying their areas of occurrence and concentration, identify the people that buy medical plants, their belief on the effectiveness of them and highlighting the various networks that are related to the collection, distribution and sale of medical plants were also in this search. The methodology has begun with the looking for the bibliographic searches and related topics. It has also researched the city hall departments (such as the Department of City Development - SEDEM) the register of rooters at fairs and other places. Employing a qualitative approach the exploratory visits have been executed in order to produce the places where the rooters acted and the interviews were executed. The final considerations are presented in three main areas: the representations, the uses and knowledge, the organization and how this is spread of the places where they sell the roots, the relation of the society and nature and the role of the rooters in this relation. As a result it highlights the importance of the family as a link in the transmission of the knowledge, but also as a generator of expansion of the sales of medical plants, materialized in stalls of fairs and markets and shops. It was evident that the Center district and some points in Campinas district concentrate the trade of medical plants in the city. The Politics of Medical Plants and Phytotherapic is an important step, but it still shows up that a set of intentions needs to be put into practice in a complete way. In conclusion, this research ends showing the importance and influence that the recent term "biodiversity" and its speech, has in mediation of representations of nature. / Entender a relação sociedade/natureza é buscar a origem do(s) significado(s) e usos que os seres humanos têm dado as naturezas. Durante a existência do ser humano na Terra observa-se que as representações e, conseqüentemente, os usos das naturezas mudam de acordo com as necessidades e com o passar do tempo. Este trabalho realizado na perspectiva da abordagem da Geografia Cultural buscou compreender a relação dos raizeiros da cidade de Goiânia com as naturezas identificando os próprios raizeiros, suas origens, seus conhecimentos, como também seus olhares e representações das naturezas pelos usos de plantas medicinais. Sendo assim, os objetivos como desvelar as representações e usos medicinais que os raizeiros fazem das naturezas no exercício de sua atividade profissional, mapear a ocorrência de raizeiros na cidade de Goiânia, identificando suas áreas e de ocorrência e concentração, identificar os consumidores de plantas medicinais, sua crença e eficácia e evidenciar as várias redes que surgem relacionadas com a coleta, distribuição e venda de plantas medicinais também foram orientaram essa pesquisa. A metodologia iniciou-se com o levantamento bibliográfico sobre pesquisas e temas afins. Também levantou-se nos órgãos competentes da prefeitura (como a Secretaria de Desenvolvimento do Município - SEDEM) o cadastro de raizeiros em feiras e demais lugares. Empregando a abordagem qualitativa as incursões exploratórias foram executadas para que se elaborasse o mapeamento dos raizeiros e realizadas as entrevistas. Estão apresentadas as considerações finais em três principais eixos: as representações, os usos e os saberes; a organização e propagação das redes de comercialização; e a relação sociedade / naturezas e o papel dos raizeiros nesta relação. Dentre os resultados alcançados destaca-se a importância da família como elo de transmissão de saberes, mas também como geradora da ampliação da rede comercial de plantas medicinais, materializada em bancas de feiras e de mercados e lojas, como nós. Ficou evidenciado que os setores Centro e Campinas concentram os pontos comerciais de plantas medicinais da cidade. Que a Política de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos é um passo importante, mas ainda mostra-se como um conjunto de intenções que necessita ser colocado em prática de maneira completa. Encerra-se com a importância e influência que o recente termo biodiversidade e seu discurso, exercem na mediação das representações das naturezas.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T20:11:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcelo Fecunde de Faria - 2015.pdf: 6260416 bytes, checksum: 4dca3bb231aec3c8aa9c7a16ecbdcd74 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T13:35:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcelo Fecunde de Faria - 2015.pdf: 6260416 bytes, checksum: 4dca3bb231aec3c8aa9c7a16ecbdcd74 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T13:35:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcelo Fecunde de Faria - 2015.pdf: 6260416 bytes, checksum: 4dca3bb231aec3c8aa9c7a16ecbdcd74 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-06 / This dissertation deals with the carnival manifestation "Zé Pereira" in Itaberai- GO, analyzing it as a cultural performance adopting some concepts present in studies of cultural performances to understand how is the relationship and involvement that are coming and characteristic of performative action, linking the liminality concepts of Victor Turner, the theory of performance of Richard Schechner, Bakhtin and DaMata Carnival. The focus of the analysis are the events that take place 15-17 days before the national carnival, being a predecessor activity the carnival period, the performance is formed by a group of masked young people wearing horrifying masks, accompanied by a drumming group with several instruments percussion and prepared by a committee of support organization, all these characters are surrounded by an audience that accompanies the demonstration during ALL the days passing through different streets of the city gaining attention from citizens who are in their homes. This work aims to demonstrate that while performance “Zé Pereira” produces historical, social and cultural repercussions on people directly or indirectly involved. This context was accompanied by ethnographic experience and observation of the process of formation and constitution of the current “Zé Pereira” in Itaberaí. / Esta dissertação aborda a manifestação carnavalesca Zé Pereira no município de Itaberaí –GO, analisando-o enquanto performance cultural. Adotando alguns conceitos presentes nos estudos das performances culturais para compreender como se dá as relações e envolvimentos que são oriundos e característicos da ação performativa, interligando os conceitos de liminaridade de Victor Turner, da teoria da performance de Richard Schechner e do Carnaval de Baktin e DaMatta. O foco da analise são os eventos que acontecem de 15 a 17 dias que antecedem o carnaval nacional, sendo uma atividade antecessora ao período carnavalesco, a performance é formada por um grupo de jovens mascarados com máscaras horripilantes, acompanhada de uma batucada formada por vários instrumentos de percussão e preparada por uma comissão de organização de apoio, todos estes personagens estão envoltos de um público que acompanha a manifestação durante os dias de saída em que passa pelas diferenciadas ruas do município ganhando atenção dos moradores que estão em suas casas. Procura-se demonstrar que enquanto performance o Zé Pereira produz ressonâncias históricas, sociais e culturais nas pessoas envolvidas direta ou indiretamente. Este contexto foi acompanhado por meio da vivência etnográfica e observação do processo de formação e constituição do atual Zé Pereira em Itaberaí

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-06-29T17:52:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Grasielle Aires da Costa - 2015.pdf: 911952 bytes, checksum: c0ced5b7036e92c431253828b800dfc8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-30T11:26:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Grasielle Aires da Costa - 2015.pdf: 911952 bytes, checksum: c0ced5b7036e92c431253828b800dfc8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-30T11:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Grasielle Aires da Costa - 2015.pdf: 911952 bytes, checksum: c0ced5b7036e92c431253828b800dfc8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to analyze the concepts of ritual developed by Richard Schechner and Victor Turner. This is realized through the definition, analysis and discussion of the concepts looking for the dialog between Schechner and Turner. The research was developed by reading and analysing the major volumes published by these authors, what is Schism and Continuity; Forest of Symbols; The Ritual Process; Dramas, Fields and Metaphors and From Ritual to Theater by Turner and made by Schechner Environmental Theater; Essays on Performance Theory; Between Theater and Anthropology; The Future of Ritual and Performance Studies. Was not found any work like this. It is an inedited and presented an important review on Schechner‟s and Turner‟s written. The ritual concept needs this multiplicity look to take a new breath and look up different sea-lines. This job has a methodological richness because points out precisely the fact that the research belongs analyse the field "between" the theatre and anthropology. It is not remand to any discipline and the same time belongs to all of them. This is a bibliographic study what can provide theoretical support for various research fields. / Este trabalho visa à análise do diálogo interdisciplinar e liminar estabelecido entre Richard Schechner e Victor Turner através da definição, análise e discussão do conceito de ritual em suas obras. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida através da leitura e fichamento dos principais volumes publicados destes autores, sendo eles Schism and Continuity; Forest of Symbols; The Ritual Process; Dramas, Fields and Metaphors e From Ritual to Theater de Turner e de Schechner Environmental Theater; Essays on Performance Theory; Between Theater and Anthropology; The Future of Ritual e Performance Studies. Não foram encontrados registros de trabalhos semelhantes. Sendo esse um trabalho inédito e que oferece uma revisão dos escritos destes dois autores. Discutir o ritual por esta perspectiva multifacetada é abrir o leque de novas possibilidades de discussão de um conceito tão importante e que tendo sido já tão discutido necessita de novo fôlego para ganhar novos horizontes. Trata-se de um trabalho considerado liminar, pois sua riqueza metodológica está justamente no fato de a pesquisa localizar-se no "entre" o teatro e a antropologia. Não se prende a nenhuma disciplina e ao mesmo tempo pertence a muitas. Trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico que poderá servir de aporte teórico para os mais variados campos de pesquisa.

This diploma thesis deals with Friedrich Nietzsche philosophy, especially his two works - The Birth of Tragedy and Thus Spoke Zarathustra. The first work, The Birth of Tragedy, was chosen, because it is author's first work and it built the basis for writing of his work Thus Spoke Zarathustra. The second work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, was chosen, because it is the most important work from the philosophical point of view. The goal of the thesis is to examine both of these works and focus on Nietzsche's most important thoughts. The first work, The Birth of Tragedy, connects four important influences - the first is cultural interest that manifests itself on the artistic level through encounter of two elements - Apollonian and Dionysian, the second influence is the attempt to grasp the Greek antiquity in a new way in contrast to classicist insisting on the Greek harmony, the third is Shopenhauer philosophy and the last one is almost divine respectability to Richard Wagner, who was Nietzsche's loyal friend. The second work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, shows in itself in the form of aphorisms, legends and myths the basis thoughts of Nietzsche's philosophy - death of God, nihilism, the will to power, the creation of "Übermensch", eternal return and the critique of mass culture. The work is not a collection of...

Cette thèse étudie des problèmes de contrôle d'accès et de qualité de service (QdS) dans les réseaux ad hoc utilisant la norme IEEE 802.11. Dans la première partie de notre travail, nous proposons des améliorations pour la norme 802.11 de base qui ne tient pas compte de la QdS. Au niveau du contrôle d'admission, nous proposons un algorithme d'ordonnancement des flux multimédia qui attribue la priorité aux paquets de manière moins stricte que dans l'algorithme EDF et nous comparons les deux algorithmes par simulation. Au niveau du contrôle d'accès, nous proposons un algorithme qui modifie dynamiquement la fenêtre de contention, et nous effectuons des simulations pour montrer l'amélioration de l'équité entre les stations. Nous nous intéressons par la suite à la différenciation des services, et nous étudions la coexistence de deux classes de service, dont les fenêtres de contention évoluent de manière différente, et évaluons leurs performances en termes de débit et de délai moyen. Ce qui nous amène, dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, à présenter une étude complète de la différenciation des services de l'amendement 802.11e. Nous proposons un cadre analytique général modélisant la méthode d'accès EDCA à l'aide de chaînes de Markov, et définissons quatre méthodes de différenciation, et évaluons les performances des classes en termes de débit, délai moyen et taux de perte. Des approximations pour les réseaux de grande taille nous ont permis d'obtenir, pour un indice de performance fixé, une expression simple de celui de toutes classes en fonction de celui de l'une d'entre elles. Nous déterminons ensuite la relation entre les différents indices de performance des classes, et comparons les différentes méthodes de différenciation, malgré la nature différente de leurs paramètres. De plus, nous établissons analytiquement et vérifions par simulation les conditions d'équivalence, entre les méthodes de différenciation basées sur la distribution du temps de retrait, qui produisent les mêmes performances en termes de débit, délai moyen et taux de perte. Et dans ces conditions, nous analysons l'effet du choix de la distribution sur la gigue. Nos résultats représentent des outils importants pour l'aide à la décision en vue d'atteindre des objectifs de QdS. / This thesis deals with access control and quality of service (QoS) issues in ad hoc networks. In the first part, we propose enhancements of the legacy 802.11 standard which lacks of QoS. For admission control, we propose a scheduling algorithm for multimedia traffic, in which priority is provided to packets with a less strict way than the EDF algorithm, and we compare both algorithms by simulation. For access control, we propose an algorithm that tunes dynamically the contention window, and we use simulations to show improvement of fairness between stations. Then we are interested in service differentiation, and we analyze the coexistence of two service classes having their contention window evolving in different ways, and we evaluate their performances in terms of throughput and mean delay. This leads us, in the second part of this thesis, to present a complete study of service differentiation in the 802.11e amendment. We propose a general analytical framework in which we model the EDCA access scheme by Markov chains. We define and study four differentiation schemes and evaluate class performances in terms of throughput, mean delay and drop ratio. Using approximations for large networks, we derive, for a given class performance index, a simple expression of this index in the other classes. That allows us to determine the relationship between class performances, and compare the differentiation schemes even if the nature of their parameters is different. Moreover, we determine analytically and verify by simulation equivalence conditions, between differentiation schemes based on backoff time distribution, that produce the same performances in terms of throughput, mean delay and drop ratio. Then, in these conditions, we analyze the effect of backoff time distribution on jitter. Our results are important tools for decision making in order to meet QoS objectives.

Dans un contexte de changement climatique et d’augmentation de la variabilité du climat, une raison majeure qui freine le développement et l’adoption d’une gestion efficace des ravageurs des cultures est celle des caractéristiques thermiques des paysages agricoles, qui sont reconnues pour leur effet sur la dynamique ces ravageurs. De plus, la différence entre la taille des organismes considérés et les échelles auxquelles les données climatiques sont collectées et modélisées est une problématique clé pour comprendre et prédire la distribution des ravageurs des cultures. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous explorons la prise en compte des microclimats ressentis par les ravageurs des cultures dans leur environnement afin de mieux déduire leur distribution spatiotemporelle. Par conséquent, cette thèse s’est intéressée à: 1) réduire les différences d’échelles entre les prédictions des modèles climatiques globaux et la fine échelle spatiotemporelle des microclimats vécus par les organismes, 2) développer des approches techniques innovantes, comme la combinaison de caméras thermiques avec des drones aéroportés, pour faciliter l’étude de l’écologie thermique des ravageurs des cultures dans leur milieu, 3) déterminer dans quelle mesure la caractérisation de l’hétérogénéité thermique spatiotemporelle des paysages agricoles est utile pour comprendre les dynamiques des ravageurs des cultures et 4) comment intégrer les microclimats dans les modèles de prédiction des ravageurs des cultures. Ce travail montre que les microclimats conditionnent partiellement la dynamique des ravageurs des cultures dans les agrosystèmes et peuvent leur fournir des opportunités pour améliorer leur performances (et atténuer les effets du changement climatique) dans quelques centimètres carrées seulement. Par conséquent, cette thèse a montré l’importance d’une meilleure prise en compte des microclimats dans les modèles de distribution d’espèces (et de vulnérabilité face au changement climatique). Finalement, ce travail a révélé que l’étude des microclimats pourrait ouvrir de nouvelles voies de lutte intégrée agro-écologiques contre les ravageurs des cultures. / In the context of global warming and increasing climatic variability, a major uncertainty that hampers effective pest management is that related to the thermal characteristics of agricultural landscapes, which are known to have profound effects on insect pest dynamics. Moreover the spatial mismatch between the size of organisms and the scale at which climate data are collected and modeled is also a major barrier to better understand and predict pest distribution and dynamics. In this thesis, we addressed the issue of considering microclimates experienced by crop pests in their environments with the main objective to infer their spatiotemporal distribution. Therefore, we focused on the following questions: 1) How to bridge the gap between the predictions of coarse-scale climatic models and the fine-scale climatic reality experienced by organisms (i.e. microclimates), 2) How to develop innovative technological approaches such as thermal infrared cameras and unmanned aerial vehicle as a tool for the study of crop pest thermal ecology, 3) to what extent the fine spatiotemporal variability in thermal heterogeneity of natural and agricultural landscapes is useful to understand pest dynamics, and 4) how to integrate microclimatic data in models predicting the interrelation between pest organisms and the microclimate of their environments.This work revealed that microclimate substantially affects pest dynamics in agrosystems and may offer them opportunities to enhance their performances, as well as to buffer global warming effects within only few centimetres. Consequently, this thesis stresses the need of a better incorporation of microclimatic data into models of species distribution (and vulnerability to climate change) and evidences that microclimates might provide new insights towards agro-ecological pest management.

Cette thèse porte sur la mémoire transactive (Wegner, 1985), une forme de mémoire socialement partagée qui influence la performance collective grâce à une spécialisation, une coordination tacite et une confiance ou crédibilité dans les compétences de l'autre. Une revue de la littérature sur la mémoire transactive a permis de faire plusieurs constats. Premièrement, rares sont les recherches qui ont été réalisées sur la mémoire transactive dans les couples. Deuxièmement, les recherches ont négligé les niveaux d’explication positionnelle et idéologique, se centrant essentiellement sur des explications intra- et interindividuelles. Enfin, les effets de la diversité culturelle liée à la composition des couples et binômes et/ou à la nature de la tâche collaborative n'ont pas été étudiés sur la mémoire transactive. L’objectif de la thèse est donc d’examiner les effets de la composition culturelle des couples (et binômes « artificiels ») et du marquage culturel d’une tâche réalisée en collaboration sur la mémoire transactive. Les couples (et binômes) sont composés de personnes de même culture ou de cultures différentes (française et/ou marocaine). La tâche se présente sous la forme d’un jeu de « memory » qui comprend des cartes avec des images de culture marocaine et française. Une observation des comportements des participants à partir de vidéos, un rappel des cartes, et des mesures par questionnaires ont été combinés pour mettre en évidence une régulation culturelle de la mémoire transactive. La première étude examine les effets de la composition culturelle des couples sur la mémoire transactive et montre que la performance au jeu de « memory » est meilleure dans les couples biculturels que dans les couples mono-culturels, mais uniquement sur les cartes de culture française. La seconde étude examine cette forme de mémoire dans des binômes« artificiels », mono- ou biculturels, où les compétences des partenaires dans la réalisation de la tâche peuvent être inférées à partir de caractéristiques culturelles présentes dans la situation. Les résultats indiquent que les binômes biculturels ont une performance à la tâche inférieure aux binômes mono-culturels, alors que l’effet inverse est observé sur la spécialisation perçue. Ce résultat suggère qu’une mémoire transactive « illusoire » a été mobilisée par les partenaires des binômes biculturels en inférant leurs compétences respectives à partir de leur appartenance à une culture donnée. Enfin, une dernière étude montre qu’un entraînement collectif préalable a un effet bénéfique sur la performance au jeu de « memory » des binômes biculturels, mais uniquement lorsque les cartes de culture française ont servi de support à cet entraînement. Considérés dans leur ensemble, les résultats de ces trois études permettent d’envisager que la mémoire transactive dans les couples et les binômes peut être régulée par des facteurs culturels / This thesis focuses on the transactive memory model (Wegner, 1985), a form of socially shared memory that influences collective performance through specialization, tacit coordination and trust or credibility in the partner’s skills. A review of the literature leads to several observations. First, little research has been conducted on transactive memory in couples. Second, research has overlooked the levels of positional and ideological explanation, focusing primarily on intra- and inter-individual explanations. Finally, the effects of cultural diversity on transactive memory, linked to the composition of couples and dyads and/or the collaborative task have not been studied. The aim of the thesis is to study the effects of the cultural composition of couples (and "artificial" dyads) and a culturally marked collaborative task on the transactive memory system. Couples (and dyads) were composed of individuals with either the same or different cultural backgrounds (French and/or Moroccan). The task was a "Memory" game using cards with Moroccan and French cultural images. Video observations of the participants’ behavior, recall of cards, and questionnaires were combined to investigate the cultural regulation oftransactive memory. The first study examined the effects of the composition of couples on transactive memory and found that performance on the "Memory" game was better in bi-cultural than in mono-cultural couples, but only with French culturally marked cards. The second study examined this form of memory in mono- or bi-cultural "artificial" dyads. It was assumed that the partners’ skills for the task could be inferred from the cultural characteristics of the situation. The results indicate that the performance of the bi-cultural dyads was poorer than that of the mono-cultural dyads, while the reverse was observed for perceived specialization. This result suggests that an "illusory" transactive memory was involved in bi-cultural dyads by inferring cultural skills based on cultural characteristics. The third study shows that prior collective training had a positive effect on the performance of bicultural dyads, but only when the French cultural cards were used as the medium. Taken together, the results of these studies suggest that transactive memory in couples and dyads could be regulated by cultural factors