O fenômeno da fragilização dos papéis parentais, presente na família contemporânea, está relacionado a dificuldades que os pais possuem em educar seus filhos, na atualidade, devido à insegurança e dúvidas quanto ao posicionamento que devem assumir perante os mesmos. Frente o exposto acima, esta dissertação teve como objetivo compreender a correlação entre pais que apresentavam características da fragilização dos papéis parentais com o aparecimento de comportamentos freqüentes de agressividade, teimosia e/ou agitação em crianças de dois a cinco anos de idade, num ambiente escolar. Partimos da hipótese de que crianças que estivessem manifestando estes comportamentos na escola, diante do professor, pudessem estar revelando, como num sintoma, um posicionamento enfraquecido de autoridade de seus pais. Utilizamos uma metodologia de pesquisa de campo, de delineamento de estudo de caso-controle, através da comparação entre grupos com uma abordagem qualitativa. Visamos o contato com este fenômeno pela escola. Foram realizadas observações de crianças e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os professores e pais, contando com roteiros de entrevista previamente desenvolvidos. Finalmente, uma observação de interação lúdica dos pais com seus filhos. O material coletado foi analisado, em cada família, através de quatro categorias de análise, tendo-se como referencial teórico a psicanálise, em especial, Freud e Winnicott; bem como, a construção teórica sócio-cultural, histórica e psicológica a respeito do fenômeno em questão. Verificamos que a presença da fragilização dos papéis parentais está relacionada aos pais cujos filhos manifestavam comportamentos freqüentes de agressividade, teimosia e/ou agitação na escola. Este fenômeno sofre influências de fatores e valores contemporâneos, contudo tais influências somente são capazes de gerar conflitos quando articuladas a dificuldades nas dinâmicas do casal conjugal e parental, favorecendo, desta forma, falta de coerência e consistência no relacionamento dos pais entre si e, conseqüentemente, destes com os filhos. / The phenomenon of the Weakening of parental role, in contemporary family, nowadays, is related to difficulties that parents have in educating their children, which is due to insecurity and doubts about the position that they should assume before their children. Facing that, this dissertation aimed to understand the correlation between parents who showed characteristics of the weakening of parental role and the frequent emergence of aggressive behaviors, stubbornness and/or agitation in children from two to five years old, in a school environment. We hypothesized that the children who were expressing these behaviors at school before the teacher could be revealing, as a symptom, a weakened position of their parents authority. We used a methodology of field work, the design study of \'case-control\', through the comparison among groups with a qualitative approach. We intended the contact with this phenomenon through school. Children were observed as well as parents and teachers were interviewed with routed interviews previously developed. Finally, it was observed the playful interaction of parents and their children. The material collected was analyzed in each family, in four categories of analysis, with a theoretical reference of the psychoanalysis, particularly, Freud and Winnicott, as well as the socio-cultural, historical and psychological theoretical construct about the phenomenon. We note that the presence of the \'weakening of parental roles\' is related to parents whose children demonstrated frequent aggressive behavior, stubbornness and/or agitation in school. This phenomenon is subjected to influences of contemporary aspects and values, although those influences are only able to generate conflicts when articulated with the difficulties in the dynamics of marital and parental couple, favoring for this, the lack of coherence and consistency of parents in their own relationship and consequently, with their children.

O fenômeno da fragilização dos papéis parentais, presente na família contemporânea, está relacionado a dificuldades que os pais possuem em educar seus filhos, na atualidade, devido à insegurança e dúvidas quanto ao posicionamento que devem assumir perante os mesmos. Frente o exposto acima, esta dissertação teve como objetivo compreender a correlação entre pais que apresentavam características da fragilização dos papéis parentais com o aparecimento de comportamentos freqüentes de agressividade, teimosia e/ou agitação em crianças de dois a cinco anos de idade, num ambiente escolar. Partimos da hipótese de que crianças que estivessem manifestando estes comportamentos na escola, diante do professor, pudessem estar revelando, como num sintoma, um posicionamento enfraquecido de autoridade de seus pais. Utilizamos uma metodologia de pesquisa de campo, de delineamento de estudo de caso-controle, através da comparação entre grupos com uma abordagem qualitativa. Visamos o contato com este fenômeno pela escola. Foram realizadas observações de crianças e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os professores e pais, contando com roteiros de entrevista previamente desenvolvidos. Finalmente, uma observação de interação lúdica dos pais com seus filhos. O material coletado foi analisado, em cada família, através de quatro categorias de análise, tendo-se como referencial teórico a psicanálise, em especial, Freud e Winnicott; bem como, a construção teórica sócio-cultural, histórica e psicológica a respeito do fenômeno em questão. Verificamos que a presença da fragilização dos papéis parentais está relacionada aos pais cujos filhos manifestavam comportamentos freqüentes de agressividade, teimosia e/ou agitação na escola. Este fenômeno sofre influências de fatores e valores contemporâneos, contudo tais influências somente são capazes de gerar conflitos quando articuladas a dificuldades nas dinâmicas do casal conjugal e parental, favorecendo, desta forma, falta de coerência e consistência no relacionamento dos pais entre si e, conseqüentemente, destes com os filhos. / The phenomenon of the Weakening of parental role, in contemporary family, nowadays, is related to difficulties that parents have in educating their children, which is due to insecurity and doubts about the position that they should assume before their children. Facing that, this dissertation aimed to understand the correlation between parents who showed characteristics of the weakening of parental role and the frequent emergence of aggressive behaviors, stubbornness and/or agitation in children from two to five years old, in a school environment. We hypothesized that the children who were expressing these behaviors at school before the teacher could be revealing, as a symptom, a weakened position of their parents authority. We used a methodology of field work, the design study of \'case-control\', through the comparison among groups with a qualitative approach. We intended the contact with this phenomenon through school. Children were observed as well as parents and teachers were interviewed with routed interviews previously developed. Finally, it was observed the playful interaction of parents and their children. The material collected was analyzed in each family, in four categories of analysis, with a theoretical reference of the psychoanalysis, particularly, Freud and Winnicott, as well as the socio-cultural, historical and psychological theoretical construct about the phenomenon. We note that the presence of the \'weakening of parental roles\' is related to parents whose children demonstrated frequent aggressive behavior, stubbornness and/or agitation in school. This phenomenon is subjected to influences of contemporary aspects and values, although those influences are only able to generate conflicts when articulated with the difficulties in the dynamics of marital and parental couple, favoring for this, the lack of coherence and consistency of parents in their own relationship and consequently, with their children.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T18:53:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Ádamo Araújo.pdf: 1178543 bytes, checksum: 202c2d206529085740d4a2fd31f87d53 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T21:43:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Ádamo Araújo.pdf: 1178543 bytes, checksum: 202c2d206529085740d4a2fd31f87d53 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T21:46:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Ádamo Araújo.pdf: 1178543 bytes, checksum: 202c2d206529085740d4a2fd31f87d53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T21:49:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Ádamo Araújo.pdf: 1178543 bytes, checksum: 202c2d206529085740d4a2fd31f87d53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-01 / A automação das operações unitárias de beneficiamento de sementes é uma necessidade real para aperfeiçoar o funcionamento, a operação e o ajuste das máquinas. A massa específica das sementes pode apresentar associação com o vigor, pois sementes com problema de enchimento, atacadas por insetos ou até mesmo quebradas, sofrem redução da massa específica, consequentemente decréscimo de qualidade fisiológica do lote de sementes. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver um sensor capacitivo para medição da massa específica de sementes e analisar a associação entre a permissividade dielétrica relativa e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes beneficiadas em mesa de gravidade. No experimento empregaram-se sementes de soja e de coentro. Foi utilizado a correlação de Pearson para analisar as variáveis de massa específica (), teor de água () e temperatura () com a permissividade dielétrica relativa total (), real (′) e imaginária (′′) nas frequências de 1 kHz, 10 kHz e 100 kHz. A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para análise da associação entre a permissividade relativa e os atributos fisiológicos e físicos das sementes. A permissividade dielétrica relativa, atributos fisiológicos e físicos foram submetidos a análise de variância e, se significativos, as variáveis foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Houve alta correlação entre as variáveis com as permissividades relativas analisadas em quase todas as frequências, contudo, há uma melhora na estabilidade dos dados com ao aumento da frequência. O sensor mostrou-se eficiente para a determinação da massa específica das sementes, conhecendo previamente o teor de água e a temperatura das sementes. Pelo do teste de Tukey a permissividade relativa permitiu o ranqueamento das bicas de descarga, semelhante aos atributos fisiológicos e físicos exceto a emergência. A regressão linear indicou que com aumento da frequência melhora na conformidade de valores de permissividade. O sensor mostrou-se relativamente eficiente para a determinação da massa específica. / The automation of unit operations for seed processing is a real necessity to improve the operation, operation and adjustment of the machines. The specific gravity of the seeds may be associated with vigor, because seeds with problems of filling, attacked by insects or even broken, suffer a reduction of the specific gravity, consequently a decrease in the physiological quality of the seed lot. The objective of this work was to develop a capacitive sensor to measure the specific gravity of seeds and analyze the association between the relative dielectric permittivity and the physiological quality of seeds benefited in a gravity table. In the experiment soybean and coriander seeds were used. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the variables of specific gravity (ρ), water content () and temperature () with the total relative (), real (′) and imaginary (ε'') In the frequencies of 1 kHz, 10 kHz and 100 kHz. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the association between relative permittivity and the physiological and physical attributes of the seeds. Relative dielectric permissiveness, physiological and physical attributes were submitted to analysis of variance and, if significant, the variables were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. There was a high correlation between the variables with the relative permissivity analyzed at almost all frequencies, however, there is an improvement in the stability of the data with increasing frequency. The sensor was efficient for the determination of the specific gravity of the seeds, previously knowing the water content and the temperature of the seeds. By the Tukey's test the relative permissiveness allowed the rank of discharge nozzles, similar to the physiological and physical attributes except emergency. The linear regression indicated that with increasing frequency, the compliance of permissiveness values improved. The sensor was relatively efficient for determining the specific gravity.

Cette thèse tente de démontrer que la rationalité épistémique est normative, ou plus précisément, que les agents doivent être épistémiquement rationnels. On peut dire provisoirement que la rationalité est un code – ou un ensemble de règles – en ce sens qu’elle correspond à une collection systématique d’exigences. En particulier, la rationalité est souvent identifiée à un ensemble systématique de lignes de conduite ayant pour but de faire en sorte qu’un agent réponde correctement à ses raisons, qu’il évite de se contredire, d’être incohérent ou akratique. La thèse poursuit aussi certains objectifs secondaires, en particulier: (i) montrer que les raisons épistémiques apparentes de croire que P (comprises comme des propositions apparemment vraies qui, si elles étaient vraies, militeraient en faveur de la conclusion que P) sont normatives; (ii) montrer qu’il n’y a pas de dilemme insoluble de la rationalité épistémique; (iii) montrer que, relativement à un ensemble de données probantes ou de raisons épistémiques, un agent idéalement rationnel n’a jamais la permission épistémique de croire que P et de croire que ~P simultanément. Si ces objectifs secondaires sont intéressants en eux-mêmes, ils contribuent aussi à confirmer l’idée selon laquelle la rationalité épistémique est normative. / This thesis argues that epistemic rationality is normative, or that agents ought to be epistemically rational. The property of rationality is here understood as a code. Specifically, the code of epistemic rationality requires various things, such as responding correctly to epistemic reasons one has, remaining coherent and avoiding akratic combinations of beliefs. Additionally, this thesis has secondary aims, such as: (i) arguing that apparent epistemic reasons to believe P (understood as apparently true propositions which, if they were true, would count in favour of the conclusion that P) are deontically significant; (ii) arguing against unsolvable normative dilemmas of epistemic rationality; (iii) arguing against a specific type of permissiveness which roughly states that, relative to a body of epistemic reasons, it can be epistemically rational for an ideal agent to believe P and to disbelieve P. While these secondary aims are interesting in their own right, they confirm the main claim of this thesis, namely, that epistemic rationality is normative.

Le syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (SRRP) est une des maladies les plus dévastatrices économiquement pour l'industrie mondiale du porc. L'agent étiologique du SRRP est le virus du SRRP (VSRRP) lequel est connu pour avoir une spécificité d'hôte très restreinte et pour sa transmission par voie aerosol. Les antigènes et les ARN du VSRRP ont été trouvés dans des cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire de porcs infectés par le virus. L’interaction entre les macrophages alvéolaires porcins (PAMs) et le VSRRP a été démontrée comme jouant un rôle important dans l’infection causée par le virus. Malgré cela, l’interaction prenant place entre les cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire porcin et le virus ne devrait pas être négligée. Jusqu’à présent, la réplication du VSRRP in vitro dans des cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire porcin n’a pas été conduite avec succès et les tentatives pour le faire ont échoué. Une nouvelle lignée de cellules épithéliales de poumon de porc (SJPL) est maintenant disponible et sera utilisée dans cette étude afin de déterminer si elle est permissive à la réplication du VSRRP et si elle peut être un modèle approprié pour l’étude de la pathogénèse virale du VSRRP. L’expérimentation a démontré que cette nouvelle lignée cellulaire était permissive à l’infection et à la réplication du VSRRP. Afin de corroborer ces résultats, la cinétique de réplication du virus à été effectuée avec les cellules MARC-145 et SJPL. Aucune différence significative dans la production virale totale n’a été trouvée entre les deux lignées cellulaires. Les cellules SJPL ont permis la réplication de plusieurs souches Nord-Américaines du VSRRP, quoiqu’elles sont légèrement moins efficaces que les cellules MARC-145 pour l’isolement du virus. De plus, les cellules SJPL sont phénotypiquement différentes des cellules MARC-145. Plus précisément, les cellules SJPL sont plus sensibles à l’activation par le VSRRP des pro-caspases 3/7 et plusieurs inducteurs apoptotiques. Elles ont également montré de 8 à 16 fois plus de sensibilité à l’effet antiviral causé par l’IFN-α sur la réplication du virus contrairement aux cellules MARC-145. Ces résultats démontrent que les cellules SJPL pourraient représenter un substitut intéressant aux cellules MARC-145 pour la production d’antigènes pour un vaccin anti-VSRRP. Également, dû à leurs origines (poumon de l’hôte naturel), elles pourraient s’avérer être un modèle in vitro plus approprié pour l’étude de la pathogénèse du VSRRP. / Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The etiological agent of PRRS is the PRRS virus (PRRSV), which is known to have a very restricted host specifity and to be airborne transmitted. PRRSV RNAs and antigens were found in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of swine in PRRSV-infected pigs. Even if the interaction between porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and PRRSV plays an important role in the PRRSV infection, the role of the interaction between epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract and PRRSV should not been neglected. However, no epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract have been demonstrated to allow PRRSV replication in vitro and attempts to generate such a cell line have failed. The goal of this study is to determine whether epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract are permissive to PRRSV replication and are a suitable model for studying the viral pathogenesis of PRRSV. We have discovered that the SJPL cell line, an epithelial cell line of the respiratory tract of swine, is permissive to PRRSV infection and replication. To corroborate these results, PRRSV replication kinetics were evaluated in a subclone of the African green monkey kidney MA104 cells (MARC-145), which has been known to be fully permissive to PRRSV infection and replication, and in SJPL cells. No significant difference was found between the two cell lines for overall viral production. Moreover, the SJPL cells were able to permit the replication of several PRRSV North-American strains but they were slightly less efficient for virus isolation than MARC-145 cells. In addition, SJPL is phenotypically different from MARC-145. Specifically, the SJPL cells were more sensitive to procaspases 3/7 activation by PRRSV and several apoptotic inducers compared to MARC-145 cells. In addition, the SJPL cells showed 8 to 16 times more sensitivity to the antiviral effect of IFN-α against PRRSV replication than MARC-145 cells. Altogether, the SJPL cells could be an interesting substitute to MARC-145 cells for PRRSV vaccine antigen production, and could be a more relevant in vitro model, because of their origin (lung of the natural host), to study the pathogenesis of PRRSV.

Le syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (SRRP) est une des maladies les plus dévastatrices économiquement pour l'industrie mondiale du porc. L'agent étiologique du SRRP est le virus du SRRP (VSRRP) lequel est connu pour avoir une spécificité d'hôte très restreinte et pour sa transmission par voie aerosol. Les antigènes et les ARN du VSRRP ont été trouvés dans des cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire de porcs infectés par le virus. L’interaction entre les macrophages alvéolaires porcins (PAMs) et le VSRRP a été démontrée comme jouant un rôle important dans l’infection causée par le virus. Malgré cela, l’interaction prenant place entre les cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire porcin et le virus ne devrait pas être négligée. Jusqu’à présent, la réplication du VSRRP in vitro dans des cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire porcin n’a pas été conduite avec succès et les tentatives pour le faire ont échoué. Une nouvelle lignée de cellules épithéliales de poumon de porc (SJPL) est maintenant disponible et sera utilisée dans cette étude afin de déterminer si elle est permissive à la réplication du VSRRP et si elle peut être un modèle approprié pour l’étude de la pathogénèse virale du VSRRP. L’expérimentation a démontré que cette nouvelle lignée cellulaire était permissive à l’infection et à la réplication du VSRRP. Afin de corroborer ces résultats, la cinétique de réplication du virus à été effectuée avec les cellules MARC-145 et SJPL. Aucune différence significative dans la production virale totale n’a été trouvée entre les deux lignées cellulaires. Les cellules SJPL ont permis la réplication de plusieurs souches Nord-Américaines du VSRRP, quoiqu’elles sont légèrement moins efficaces que les cellules MARC-145 pour l’isolement du virus. De plus, les cellules SJPL sont phénotypiquement différentes des cellules MARC-145. Plus précisément, les cellules SJPL sont plus sensibles à l’activation par le VSRRP des pro-caspases 3/7 et plusieurs inducteurs apoptotiques. Elles ont également montré de 8 à 16 fois plus de sensibilité à l’effet antiviral causé par l’IFN-α sur la réplication du virus contrairement aux cellules MARC-145. Ces résultats démontrent que les cellules SJPL pourraient représenter un substitut intéressant aux cellules MARC-145 pour la production d’antigènes pour un vaccin anti-VSRRP. Également, dû à leurs origines (poumon de l’hôte naturel), elles pourraient s’avérer être un modèle in vitro plus approprié pour l’étude de la pathogénèse du VSRRP. / Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The etiological agent of PRRS is the PRRS virus (PRRSV), which is known to have a very restricted host specifity and to be airborne transmitted. PRRSV RNAs and antigens were found in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of swine in PRRSV-infected pigs. Even if the interaction between porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and PRRSV plays an important role in the PRRSV infection, the role of the interaction between epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract and PRRSV should not been neglected. However, no epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract have been demonstrated to allow PRRSV replication in vitro and attempts to generate such a cell line have failed. The goal of this study is to determine whether epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract are permissive to PRRSV replication and are a suitable model for studying the viral pathogenesis of PRRSV. We have discovered that the SJPL cell line, an epithelial cell line of the respiratory tract of swine, is permissive to PRRSV infection and replication. To corroborate these results, PRRSV replication kinetics were evaluated in a subclone of the African green monkey kidney MA104 cells (MARC-145), which has been known to be fully permissive to PRRSV infection and replication, and in SJPL cells. No significant difference was found between the two cell lines for overall viral production. Moreover, the SJPL cells were able to permit the replication of several PRRSV North-American strains but they were slightly less efficient for virus isolation than MARC-145 cells. In addition, SJPL is phenotypically different from MARC-145. Specifically, the SJPL cells were more sensitive to procaspases 3/7 activation by PRRSV and several apoptotic inducers compared to MARC-145 cells. In addition, the SJPL cells showed 8 to 16 times more sensitivity to the antiviral effect of IFN-α against PRRSV replication than MARC-145 cells. Altogether, the SJPL cells could be an interesting substitute to MARC-145 cells for PRRSV vaccine antigen production, and could be a more relevant in vitro model, because of their origin (lung of the natural host), to study the pathogenesis of PRRSV.

Most viruses can infect only a reduced range of organisms and an effective replication is possible only in selected hosts. These hosts are called permissive for the virus. Molecular principles of a nonpermissiveness and viral mechanisms of overcoming replication obstacles are still not clearly elucidated. This thesis discusses the molecular causes of the cellular nonpermissiveness against a model retrovirus - Rous sarcoma virus. The research is conducted on duck cells which are semipermis- sive to the subgroup C of Rous sarcoma virus. The virus can enter those cells, but it is not able to produce enough infectious viral progeny. Two blocks of the viral replication cycle in the duck cells are described in the thesis. The first one is the probably not optimal cellular receptor recognition. The second one is in the late phase of the replication cycle when the viral proteins are synthesized. The amount of the envelope glyco- protein coding mRNA is reduced due to the altered splicing ratios, and the virions produced from the duck cells are less infectious. This block is recessive and can be partially omitted by cell fusions with permissive chicken cells; therefore, the block is not caused by specific restriction fac- tors in sensu stricto. Additionally, the influence of mutations in duck adapted Rous...

La « norme facultative » n’est pas reconnue en droit. Pourtant, elle renvoie à un phénomène singulierauquel les juristes se trouvent de plus en plus confrontés. Celui-ci est porteur de normes non obligatoires, enmarge des instruments juridiques traditionnels. Ces normes ont en commun une mise en œuvre tributaired’un consentement préalable de leurs destinataires, ce qui signifie qu’elles sont laissées à leur libredisposition et qu’ils peuvent les utiliser entièrement ou seulement en partie, selon leur convenance.Facultatives, elles supposent la reconnaissance d’une normativité distincte de l’obligatoriété et del’impérativité. Elles tirent leur caractère normatif du fait qu’elles constituent à la fois des actes de langageayant force illocutoire et des modèles pour agir.En raison de leur originalité, leur intégration en droit est susceptible d’entraîner des bouleversementsdans la théorie des normes. En effet, la reconnaissance de la norme facultative conduit à s’interroger sur laplace du facultatif au sein des catégories de contenus normatifs. À côté des contenus normatifs classiquesconçus à partir de l’obligation, à savoir le prescriptif, le prohibitif et le permissif, le « facultatif » désigne unautre contenu normatif correspondant aux normes de faculté tournées vers le « normativement souhaitable ».Ces normes sont porteuses d’une faculté de choisir, autrement dit, une opportunité normative ouverte audestinataire et demandant à être saisie. Une fois qu’elles ont fait l’objet d’une adhésion, elles s’introduisentdans un « lien normatif». / The « voluntary norm » is not recognized in law. Yet, it refers to a peculiar phenomenon that juristshave increasingly to deal with. It is associated with noncompulsory norms, outside the traditional legal tools.These norms share a tributary implementation of a prior agreement from their recipients, which means theycan freely dispose of them and use them fully or partly, at their convenience.Being voluntary, the norms involve the recognition of a normativity distinct from the bindingnessand imperativity. They draw their standards-relative feature from the fact that they establish bothillocutionary speech acts and patterns to operate.As a result of their originality, their incorporation into law is likely to cause some changes in thetheory of norms. Indeed, the recognition of the voluntary norm leads to question the position of the voluntaryfeature within the categories of standards-relative contents. Besides the classical standards-relative contentsbuilt upon what is compulsory, that is the prescriptiveness, prohibitiveness and permissiveness, the“voluntaryness” refers to another standards-relative content which corresponds to the voluntary normsfocused on what is normatively desirable. These standards include the capacity of choice, in other words, astandards-relative opportunity opened to the recipient and asking to be seized. And once they obtain anadhesion, they get into a “standards-relative bond”.