Inledning: Felrekrytering med stora omkostnader är vanligt förekommande, vilket gör rekrytering av rätt medarbetare viktigt. Utifrån matchande av identiteten mellan arbetssökande och arbetsplats så kan retentionen i organisationer med hög personalomsättning öka, och identitetsfaktorn kan vara en viktig aspekt att ha med i utvärderingar. Problemformulering: Hur ser rekryterare på identitetsmatchning? Syfte: Studien undersöker vilken betydelse identitetsmatchning har i rekryteringssammanhang. Metod: Metoden vald för att besvara problemformuleringen var kvalitativ, med användandet av ett abduktivt angreppssätt och utförandet av fem semi-strukturerade djupintervjuer. Slutsats: Identitetsmatchning har väsentligt betydelse under rekryteringssammanhang, dock inte lika framstående mellan arbetssökande och den övergripande organisationen som mellan arbetssökande och arbetsgrupp.

This research is a detailed look at intercultural competence, an issue showing escalating importance in today's higher education and the society at large. In this study, intercultural competence was defined in light of the concept of culture and the contact hypothesis. Person-environment interaction theory and college impact theories were incorporated as theoretical foundations for the operationalization of this research. The development of students' intercultural competence was examined from two perspectives--intercultural competence is viewed both as a desirable outcome of college education and as an active environment component that exerts important influence on students' self-reported gains. Findings of this study evidenced that a variety of college activities, especially those emphasizing cooperative and associated learning, play important role in students' intercultural competence development. Intercultural competence, in turn, has substantially positive effect in student gains in multiple realms. The intrinsic influences of student characteristics were also examined. In the end, previous research was drawn upon to scrutinize the findings of this study. Implications to future practice and policy as well as the values and limitations of this study were also presented. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict quality of life (QOL) for aging adults and to examine and compare Baby Boomers', Older Adults' and Younger Adults' responses to the 2010 National Health Interview Survey/QOL Functioning and Disability. Significant findings included several significant values based on the multivariate regression to estimate a model to predict QOL. In particular, being male, four ethnicities other than white, being older than Boomer, age in 10 years, the Functional Difficulty Index, the Functional Limitation Index scores, chronic heart disease, asthma, and arthritis all had significant p values. Adults with chronic heart disease, asthma, or arthritis scored lower on the QOL index, but cancer, stroke, or diabetes were not associated with the QOL index. Two hypotheses had strong support. Lower scores on both the Functional Difficulty Index and the Functional Limitation Index yielded lower QOL scores. Further research recommendations include establishing reliability and validity of the QOL index; running additional regressions for demographics (ethnicity, marital status, etc.) to predict possible combinations of variables predicting QOL or barriers to QOL; and investigating the viability of incorporating the QOL index into an electronic medical record (EMR) dashboard parameter to serve as a screening mechanism for those aging adults most at risk for chronicities or co-morbidities that place them at risk for losing their ability to age in place in the home of their choosing.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Hospitality Management & Dietetics / Chihyung Ok / Academics and practitioners alike have studied the concept of person-environment fit (P-E fit) during the last two decades. How well a person fits the work environment may be an effective indicator of attitudes and behaviors in organizations. P-E fit is not completely conceptualized, so existing studies of fit theory have focused only on particular dimensions of fit leading to contradictory results. Therefore, Study 1, using multi-dimensional environment fit, tested relationships among the environment fits, work related attitudes, and outcomes at the individual, group, and organization levels. In addition, Study 2 examined the effect of relationship qualities between hierarchical levels (supervisor-subordinate) and multi-dimensional fit on employee turnover intention. To empirically test the proposed relationships, 288 foodservice employees at continuing care retirement communities (22 facilities) statewide submitted questionnaires. Of these, 261 and 254 were usable in study 1 and study 2, respectively, for further data analysis. The results of structural equation modeling (Study 1) suggested that employee need-supply fit, demand-ability fit, person-group fit, and person-organization fit were positively related to employee need satisfaction. Further, need satisfaction was positively related to outcome variables like work engagement, interpersonal citizenship behavior, and organizational commitment. Results of hierarchical multiple regressions (for Study 2) showed that employee need-supply fit perception related negatively to turnover intention. The study also found that the leader-member exchange relationship moderated the need-supply fit and turnover intention. Thus, a close exchange relationship between leaders and subordinates could keep subordinates from leaving because of a need-supply misfit. Further discussion and managerial implications of the findings along with directions for future studies are provided.

In the field of organizational behavior, it has been a long-range debate whether personality attributes or situations impact individuals¡¦ behavior more significantly. Actually, person and work environment both can not be ignored, researcher have noticed the concept of person-environment (P-E) fit proved to influence various work outcomes significantly. Furthermore, there is an emerging issue about common method variance (CMV) in the field of fit researches. As a result, this research intends to develop four Q-sort profiles to apply Q-methodology for measuring P-O, P-J, P-S as well as P-G fit such that the bias of common method variance can be reduced. We proposed five research objectives in this research: (1) to develop four valid and manageable Q-sort profiles as indirect measures of P-O, P-J, P-G, and P-S fit; (2) to test the correlation between direct and indirect measures of P-E fit such that the criterion-related validity of the four Q-sort profiles can be verified; (3) to test the individual relationships between four main types of P-E fit and their outcome criteria so as to verify the criterion-related validity; (4) to understand the overall and relative impacts of four types of P-E fit on their outcomes; (5) to manifest the most desirable and undesirable organizational culture, job contents, supervisor leadership behaviors, and workgroup characteristics of employees in Taiwan. Thus, the four Q-sort profiles (i.e., condensed OCP, Job Characteristics Profile, Supervisor Leadership Profile, and Workgroup Characteristics Profile) have been developed, and validated by two categories of criteria (i.e. direct measures and work0related outcomes). Despite that the correlation between indirect and direct measures of P-E fit is not significant, indirect measure of P-O, P-J, P-G, and P-S fit are significantly correlated with at least three work-related outcomes. Next, we test our hypotheses with a regression analysis, and the result reveals that P-O and P-S fit have strong impacts on their work-related outcomes, but the impacts of P-J and P-G fit are not salient. Finally, we present the preferences of employees in Taiwan through their own rankings.

Studiens övergripande syfte är att undersöka sambanden mellan grundläggande värderingar, arbetssituation och arbetstillfredsställelse. De konkreta frågeställningarna är 1. Finns det något direkt samband mellan fem grundläggande värderingar och arbetstillfredsställelse? 2. Finns det ett samspel mellan grundläggande värderingar, arbetssituation och arbetstillfredsställelse? Undersökningens primära fokus är frågeställnigen 2. Det är en kvantitativ undersökning där multipel regressionsanalys används. Datamaterialet är hämtat från ESS (2010). Den beroende variabeln är arbetstillfredsställelse, de oberoende variablerna är fem grundläggande värderingar såsom självstyrning, stimulans, prestation, makt, trygghet och arbetssituation såsom autonomi i arbetet, varierande/utvecklande arbete, karriärmöjligheter, möjlighet att påverka beslut och anställningstrygghet. När det gäller frågeställning 1värderingarnas direkta betydelse för arbetstillfredsställelsenså visar de viktigaste resultaten på att det finns ett positivt samband mellan både självstyrning, stimulans och arbetstillfredsställelse. Men att värderingarna prestation, makt och trygghet däremot har en negativ effekt på arbetstillfredsställelse, d.v.s. dessa värderingar leder till en mindre tillfredställelse med arbetet. När det gäller frågeställning 2, värderingarnas samspel med arbetssituation och indirekta samband med arbetstillfredställelse, visar resultaten på att arbetstillfredsställelsen överlag ökar när man matchar personliga värderingar med en liknande arbetssituation. Framförallt gäller detta värderingar prestation, makt och trygghet.En tolkning av detta kan vara att dessa värderingar, enligt Schwartz, bygger på ängslan och är socialt orienterade, vilket då skulle kunna innebära att när man matchar dessa värderingar med en liknande arbetssituation så reduceras ängslan och det sociala samspelet individ (värdering) och miljö (arbetssituation) får därmed en extra tydlig positiv betydelse för arbetstillfredsställelsen. Personliga värderingar i sig själv har inte något entydigt samband med arbetstillfredsställelse, utan det är framförallt när en person ha rett arbete som överensstämmer med de egna värderingarna som arbetstillfredsställelsen ökar.

This research reports on a project concerned with the relationship between the person and the environment in the context of achieving a contemplative or existential state – a state which can be experienced either consciously or subconsciously. The need for such a study originated with the desire to contribute to the design of multicultural spaces which could be used for a range of activities within the public and the personal arena, activities including contemplation, meditation and prayer. The concept of ‘sacred’ is explored in the literature review and in primary interviews with the participants of this study. Given that the word ‘sacred’ is highly value-laden and potentially alienating for some people, it was decided to use the more accessible term ‘contemplative’. The outcomes of the study inform the practice of interior design and architecture which tends currently to neglect the potential for all spaces to be existentially meaningful. Informed by phenomenological methodology, data were collected from a diverse group of people, using photo-elicitation and interviews. The technique of photo-elicitation proved to be highly effective in helping people reveal their everyday lived experience of contemplative spaces. Reflective analysis (Van Manen 2000) was used to explore the data collected. The initial stage of analysis produced three categories of data: varying conceptions of contemplation, aspects of the person involved in the contemplation, and aspects of environment involved in contemplation. From this, it was found that achieving a state of contemplation involves both the person and the environment in a dialectic process of unfolding. The unfolding has various physical, psycho-social, and existential dimensions or qualities which operate sequentially and simultaneously. Two concepts emerged as being central to unfolding: ‘Cleansing’ and ‘Nothingness’. Unfolding is found to comprise the Core; Distinction; Manifestation; Cleansing; Creation; and Sharing. This has a parallel with Mircea Eliade’s (1959) definition of sacred as something that manifests itself as different from the profane. The power of design, re-contextualization through utility and purpose, and the existential engagements between the person and environment are used as a basis for establishing the potential contribution of the study to interior design. In this way, the study makes a contribution to our understanding of how space and its elements inspire, support and sustain person environment interaction – particularly at the existential level – as well as to our understanding of the multi-dimensional and holistic nature of this interaction. In addition, it points to the need for a phenomenological re-conceptualisation of the design/client relationship. In summary, the contributions of this research are: the exploration of contemplative experience as sacred experience; an understanding of the design of space as creating engagement between person and environment; a rationale for the introduction of a phenomenological approach to the relationship between designer and clients; and raising awareness of the spiritual in a holistic approach to design.

La presente ricerca è stata condotta per identificare le proprietà ambientali del veicolo pubblico che detengono il maggiore peso psicologico nel ridurre la percezione di affollamento, e quantificarne l'impatto sul benessere psicologico e sulla salute. L’affollamento rientra tra le esperienze negative più comuni associate all’utilizzo del trasporto pubblico. Ad oggi, accademici e policy makers concordano sull’importanza di ridurre l’esperienza di affollamento e le sue conseguenze, per migliorare l’esperienza di viaggio, e rendere il mezzo pubblico una soluzione di trasporto più sostenibile. La letteratura scientifica documenta il ruolo pervasivo giocato da alcune proprietà dell’ambiente fisico nel migliorare il funzionamento umano, ridurre la percezione di affollamento, e le sue conseguenze sulla salute e sul benessere psicologico: avere un livello di demarcazione dello spazio personale adeguato alle proprie esigenze, godere dell’accesso al contesto esterno, ed avere accesso ad uno scenario esterno con potenzialità rigenerative hanno dimostrato il peso più significativo. Nonostante ciò, è stato rivolto scarso interesse scientifico all’indagine delle strategie ambientali per ridurre l’affollamento nel contesto del trasporto pubblico. Sulla base di queste premesse, sono stati condotti tre studi sperimentali rivolti a: a) confermare il peso psicologico delle tre proprietà fisiche del veicolo pubblico considerate sulla percezione di affollamento e sul benessere psicologico; b) identificare i processi psicologici che spiegano l’impatto di ciascuna proprietà ambientale sulla percezione di affollamento; c) quantificare l’impatto delle condizioni ambientali più positive sul funzionamento umano durante brevi episodi di affollamento; d) verificare la validità di metodologie e tecnologie di simulazione per lo studio di condizioni sociali particolari, come l’affollamento. I risultati forniscono indicazioni interessanti per migliorare la progettazione di veicoli di trasporto pubblico, e per approfondire la conoscenza scientifica riguardante la congruenza uomo-ambiente in ambienti con specifiche funzioni: a) è confermato l’impatto protettivo delle tre proprietà fisiche considerate: avere a disposizione caratteristiche fisiche congruenti con il bisogno di coping per l’affollamento ha effetti concorrenti e conseguenti ad esperienze acute di densità sociale, anche brevi; b) emerge un effetto interattivo tra ambiente interno ed ambiente esterno al veicolo, che suggerisce di considerare le qualità fisiche dell’ambiente esterno per la progettazione di nuovi veicoli; c) nonostante alcune limitazioni emerse, le metodologie di simulazione impiegate in questa ricerca si sono rivelate un valido approccio per indagare l’impatto dell’ambiente fisico sul funzionamento psicologico in situazioni sociali particolari. / The present research was designed to identify the physical components of the public transport vehicle that help the most to reduce the perception of crowding, as well as to quantify their beneficial impact on human functioning. Crowding is among the primary determinants of adverse experiences on public transportation, thus, reducing its undesirable effects is a priority in both academic and practitioners’ agenda. The ubiquitous direct and indirect impact of the physical environment on human functioning, regarding affecting social perceptions, well-being and health are well documented. Among others, having a well-arranged demarcation of one’s personal space, and having access to the outdoor surrounding, especially when it has high regenerative potential, seem to have a primary importance. Nonetheless, no similar study has been conducted in the public transportation setting, so far. Accordingly, three experimental studies were carried out in order to: a) confirm the role of the three physical components herein examined in reducing the perception of crowding on public transportation; b) identify the psychological processes that explain the impact of each physical element on the perception of crowding; c) quantify the effect of the best environmental conditions on both health and well-being during short-term experience of crowding; d) verify the reliability of the methodological approach applied in these studies (i.e., well-controlled settings, simulator technologies) to investigate special social conditions, such as a social density situation. The results provided interesting suggestions to both advice practitioners in designing better public transportation services, and to deepen the scientific understanding of the person-environment fit in settings with specific functions: a) the beneficial impact of the three physical components examined on public transportation crowding was confirmed. Well-designed setting layout significantly buffers the aversive consequences of commuting crowding, even after short-term crowding experiences; b) A compensatory impact between the indoor and the outdoor physical attribute of the vehicle emerged, which leads to rethinking the spatial organization of public-transportation vehicle; c) despite the challenges associated with simulator technologies, the methodological approach applied in this research revealed to be a reliable contribution to the scientific investigation of the person-environment interaction during social interactions.

This longitudinal multiple methods study used an ethnographic approach to examine the development of early adolescents' psychology during pubertal and school transitions. It explored potential associations between attitudes to school, perceptions of school life and transfer, home and peer relations, and puberty over the course of a school year. It compared two groups of UK 11 and 12 year olds (Year 7), one in a middle school (age range 8-13 years) without transfer at age 11, and the other in a secondary school (11-16 years) where transfer from primary school had just occurred. Pupil attitudes to school were surveyed across the Year 7 cohort in each school at the beginning (N=252) and end (N=262) of the school year. The initial survey facilitated selection of two matched groups of target pupils (N=20) who were engaged in an active participation method designed to improve validity. Data on perceptions of school and growing up were gathered in 80 interviews, 40 audio diaries, 42 hours of participant observation and by 63 targeted observations across three school terms. An end of year survey assessed the attitudes of the target pupils and their year groups. Qualitative data were analysed inductively using grounded theory coding procedures which uncovered early adolescent needs that mismatched with many design features of secondary schooling. Of particular developmental offence were impersonal teachers and lessons that were non-practical, without opportunity for independent learning and unsupervised skills building and that were irrelevant to adolescents' career identities. Analysis of the quantitative survey data using multivariate procedures identified attitudinal factors congruent with previous research. Overall attitude to school was best predicted by perceptions of teachers and enjoyment of lessons rather than by adolescent developmental factors. Cluster analysis identified four pupil types validated by the target pupil findings. Of these the autonomy seekers had the most freedom outside of school and the greatest decline in attitudes across the year. The findings assisted generation of new theory incorporating concepts of maturity status markers and focal contexts. School transfer was found to impel an ecological transition across multiple developmental contexts which increased pupils' maturity self-perceptions, yielding mixed developmental implications. Using Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological systems framework as an analytical tool facilitated interpretation of the emergent themes in relation to Eccles & Midgley's (1989) US-based theory of 'Stage-Environment Fit'. The findings support the application of a modified Stage-Environment Fit theory in English schools.

Titel: Hur kan hög personalomsättning i mäklaryrket motverkas? - En studie kring samspelet mellan medarbetare, jobb och organisation.   Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå i ämnet företagsekonomi.   Författare: Felicia Johansson & Selma Lundgren   Handledare: Monika Wallmon   Datum: 2021-juni   Syfte: Studien avser att med hjälp av modellen person-environment fit analysera hur samspelet mellan person, jobb och organisation inverkar på personalomsättningen bland fastighetsmäklare.   Metod: Uppsatsen är ett resultat av en kvalitativ studie med utgångspunkt i deduktiv forskningsansats. Det empiriska materialet som ligger till grund för studiens analys och slutsats har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio fastighetsmäklare. Materialet har transkriberats för att därefter kunna urskilja mönster och kopplingar till den valda teorin.   Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar på att de fastighetsmäklare som valt både ett yrke samt en organisation som bäst liknar dem själva är mer benägna att stanna inom dessa. Yrkesegenskaper som är attraktiva hos de tillfrågade fastighetsmäklarna inkluderar frihet och variation, medan vid val av organisation är liknande värderingar, trivsel samt ett individanpassat ledarskap av största vikt. Studien visar även på att matchning inte är något som är statiskt utan förändras över tid, exempelvis gällande framtidsplaner, mål och behov av ledarskap.     Examensarbetets bidrag: Uppsatsen har bidragit till det företagsekonomiska fältet genom att addera en ny dimension av modellen person-environment fit utifrån ett medarbetarperspektiv i den svenska fastighetsmäklarbranschen. Studien har dessutom skildrat vilka faktorer som är betydelsefulla för att en fastighetsmäklare ska stanna i branschen såväl som i en organisation, vilket är användbar kunskap vid rekryteringsprocesser.    Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Denna studie har fokuserat på aktiva fastighetsmäklare och varför de valt att stanna i branschen samt i en viss organisation utifrån person-environment fit. Det är därför av intresse att studera varför före detta fastighetsmäklare valt att avsluta sina karriärer utifrån samma teorimodell. Utifrån hur respondenterna i denna studie berättat om vikten av trivas med kollegor och ledare vore det vidare intressant att studera personalomsättningens påverkan med hänsyn till person-group samt person-supervisor fit. Nyckelord: Person-environment fit, person-job fit, person-organization fit, kompletterande matchning, likhets-matchning, fastighetsmäklare