nÃo hà / Pautado na anÃlise de capas de trÃs dos maiores jornais em circulaÃÃo no Brasil, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a mobilizaÃÃo de estratÃgias persuasivas na emergÃncia do discurso da crise econÃmica durante o governo Dilma Rousseff. Isso porque, apÃs as eleiÃÃes de 2014, o cenÃrio polÃtico-econÃmico no paÃs se intensificou devido à polarizaÃÃo polÃtica e à recessÃo econÃmica, oficializadas em agosto de 2015 com o anÃncio do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) nacional. Assim, parte-se do princÃpio de que a maneira como esse cenÃrio à apreendido pela mÃdia reflete na percepÃÃo que se tem do paÃs nesse momento e, claro, no modo como a isotopia da crise foi arquitetada por cada jornal discursivamente, com vistas a determinados efeitos de sentido. O desafio, entretanto, à desvelar os mecanismos de que se vale o discurso nesses textos para garantir sua eficÃcia e â persuasivamente â direcionar a significaÃÃo rumo a determinados simulacros de interpretaÃÃo. Para isso, toma-se como arcabouÃo teÃrico-metodolÃgico a SemiÃtica Discursiva, na medida em que ela nos permite entender tanto o processo de geraÃÃo do sentido, quanto o modo como os discursos sÃo estruturados enunciativamente, em funÃÃo de estratÃgias variadas. à na esteira dessas estratÃgias que podem ser pensados os conceitos de persuasÃo (GREIMAS, 1975; 2014; GREIMAS; COURTÃS, 1979; MENDES, 2009; LANDOWSKI, 2014); discurso em ato (GREIMAS, 1979, 1975, 2014; FIORIN, 1998; SARAIVA, 2012, FONTANILLE, 2008); e, por forÃa do prÃprio objeto com o qual trabalhamos, sincretismo (FLOCH, 1987; TEIXEIRA et al., 2009; BEIVIDAS, 2012; CORTINA et al., 2014). Sà assim à possÃvel perspectivar o encadeamento dos percursos temÃticos da economia e da polÃtica no jogo sincrÃtico de cada capa, onde a noÃÃo de crise se apresenta como recorte de uma realidade incontestÃvel para o pÃblico. E o verdadeiro poder do carÃter persuasivo mobilizado nesses textos està justamente na axiologia inegÃvel que o discurso constrÃi. à possÃvel questionar o tamanho da crise, mas nÃo a sua existÃncia e o fato de que ela à tambÃm de cunho polÃtico, o que revela posicionamentos ideolÃgicos de cada jornal ao abordar tais questÃes. / Based on the cover analysis of three of the most prominent newspapers in Brazil, this paper aims to analyze the mobilization of persuasive strategies in the emergence of the speech attached to the economic crisis during Dilma Rousseff administration. After the 2014 elections, the political-economic scenario in the country intensified due to political polarization and economic recession, made official in August, 2015, with the announcement of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Thus, it is assumed that the way this scenario is comprehended by the media reflects in the perception of the country at that moment and, of course, in the way in which the isotopy of the crisis was architected by each newspaper discursively, with a view to certain effects of meaning. The challenge, however, is to unveil the mechanisms of discourse in these texts to guarantee their efficacy and - persuasively - to direct signification towards certain interpretation simulacra. To achieve this, we take as a theoretical-methodological framework the Discursive Semiotics, as it allows us to understand both the process of generation of meaning and the way in which the speeches are structured enunciatively, in function of the varied strategies. It is in the wake of these strategies that the concepts of persuasion can be thought of (GREIMAS, 1975; 2014; GREIMAS; COURTÃS, 1979; MENDES, 2009; LANDOWSKI, 2014); discourse in act (GREIMAS, 1979, 1975, 2014; FIORIN, 1998; SARAIVA, 2012, FONTANILLE, 2008); and, by virtue of the very object of this research, syncretism (FLOCH, 1987; TEIXEIRA et al., 2009; BEIVIDAS, 2012; CORTINA et al., 2014). Only then, it is possible to envisage the linking of the thematic routes of the economy and politics in the syncretic game of each cover, where the notion of crisis presents itself as a piece of an incontestable reality for the public. In addition, the true power of the persuasive character mobilized in these texts lies precisely in the undeniable axiology that the discourse constructs. It is possible, then, to question the size of the crisis, but not its existence and the fact that it is also political, which reveals ideological positions of each newspaper in addressing such issues.

With our growing population, we are facing great challenges when it comes to our water consumption. As Stockholm is growing in both population and size, the city’s provider of drinking water, Stockholm Water and Waste, is looking into approaches like smart systems and persuasive strategies that tries to help citizens use water for domestic purposes in more sustainable ways. Some see these approaches as a natural part of the future of urban development and they have already been implemented at several locations around the globe. However, smart systems and persuasive strategies have seen an upswing in critique lately and it have been argued that they tend to treat householders as something separated from the socio-technical context they live in. As a response to this critique, a wide range of suggestions for future development of smart systems and persuasive strategies have been made. While a lot of these suggestions are based on studies that evaluates already existing systems and tend to focus on how to improve them, they still convey a scenario where these systems are a natural part of our future urban lives. However, little research has been made that tries to understand the citizens’ perspective on these systems before they are implemented. By using a future study approach that includes citizens in reflective and exploratory activities of non-existing future smart systems for managing domestic water services, this study aims at exploring their concerns and expectations of said systems and questions the wants and needs for them begin with. This study reveals that citizens might have great concerns when it comes to questions of privacy and control and how smart systems and persuasive strategies run the risk of problematizing individuals. This study also reveals that citizens might be more interested in negotiating and improving current services and infrastructure than having technology negotiate their everyday lives. / Vår ökande befolkning ställer oss inför stora utmaningar när det kommer till vår vattenkonsumtion. Då Stockholm växer både till befolkningsmängd och yta undersöker Stockholm Vatten och Avfall, stadens leverantör av dricksvatten, tillvägagångssätt som smarta system och övertalningsstrategier för att hjälpa medborgare bli mer hållbara i sin vattenförbrukning. En del ser dessa tillvägagångssätt som en naturlig del av framtidens urbana utveckling och de har redan blivit implementerade på flera platser runt omkring i världen. Smarta system och övertalningsstrategier har dock sett en uppsjö av kritik på sistone och det har sagts att de tenderar att behandla personer som något separerat från den sociotekniska kontext de lever i. Som en respons till denna kritik har det tagits fram ett antal förslag för den framtida utvecklingen av både smarta system och de övertalningsstrategier de använder sig av. Då många av förslagen som lagts fram är baserade på studier som utvärderar redan existerande system, samt tenderar att fokusera på hur dessa kan förbättras, förutsätter de fortfarande ett scenario där smarta system och övertalningsstrategier är en naturlig del av vår framtida urbana miljö. Dock har endast mycket lite forskning gjorts i syfte att utröna medborgarnas perspektiv på dessa system innan de implementeras. Genom att inkludera medborgare i reflekterande och utforskande aktiviteter angående ännu icke-existerande smarta system som handskas med vattenförbrukningen i hemmet, syftar denna studie till att utforska medborgarnas förväntningar, farhågor och inställning till sagda system och ifrågasätter huruvida dessa system är något de över huvud taget vill ta del av. Denna studie visar hur medborgare kan hysa stor oro när det kommer till frågor berörande kontroll och datasekretess, men även hur smarta system och övertalningsstrategier riskerar att problematisera individer. Studien visar även på möjligheten att medborgare kan vara mer intresserade av att förhandla och förbättra redan existerande tjänster och infrastruktur än att låta teknologi förhandla om deras levnadsvanor.

In this thesis, an improved framework is proposed for categorizing existing gamified systems. Related works and real world examples of gamification are discussed and some areas where insufficient research exists. In order to address the identified research problems, an experimental gamified system was designed and implemented for sharing articles related to different aspects of life. The participants of the study were recruited among the users of an existing Iranian lifestyle site for female users. Therefore, the gender of the users was considered in the design. A wide range of gamification elements were implemented in the system to test the effectiveness of specific design features and gamification elements’ parameters in increasing user motivation, for example, the contingency of rewards and the use of sound and animation in badges. A detailed questionnaire was used to answer the research questions. The results suggest specific combinations of gamification elements and their parameters that can be successfully applied by designers of social sites for similar audience.

People generally want to engage in a healthy lifestyle, to live in harmony with the environment, to contribute to social causes, and to avoid behaviours that are harmful for themselves and others. However, people often find it difficult to motivate themselves to engage in these beneficial behaviours. Even adopting a healthy lifestyle, such as healthy eating, physical activity, or smoking cessation, is hard despite being aware of the benefits. The increasing adoption and integration of technologies into our daily lives present unique opportunities to assist individuals to adopt healthy behaviours using technology. As a result, research on how to use technology to motivate health behaviour change has attracted the attention of both researchers and health practitioners. Technology designed for the purpose of bringing about desirable behaviour and attitude changes is referred to as Persuasive Technology (PT). Over the past decade, several PTs have been developed to motivate healthy behaviour, including helping people with addictive behaviour such as substance abuse, assisting individuals to achieve personal wellness, helping people manage diseases, and engaging people in preventive behaviours. Most of these PTs take a one-size-fits-all design approach. However, people differ in their motivation and beliefs about health and what constitutes a healthy life. A technology that motivates one type of person to change her behaviour may actually deter behaviour change for another type of person. As a result, existing PTs that are based on the one-size-fits-all approach may not be effective for promoting healthy behaviour change for most people. Because of the motivational pull that games offer, many PTs deliver their intervention in the form of games. This type of game-based PTs are referred to as persuasive games. Considering the increasing interest in delivering PT as a game, this dissertation uses persuasive games as a case study to illustrate the danger of applying the one-size-fits-all approach, the value and importance of tailoring PT, and to propose an approach for tailoring PTs to increase their efficacy. To address the problem that most existing PTs employ the one-size-fits-all design approach, I developed the Model-driven Persuasive Technology (MPT) design approach for tailoring PTs to various user types. The MPT is based on studying and modelling user’s behaviour with respect to their motivations. I developed the MPT approach in two preliminary studies (N = 221, N = 554) that model the determinants of healthy eating for people from different cultures, of different ages, and of both genders. I then applied the MPT approach in two large-scale studies to develop models for tailoring persuasive games to various gamer types. In the first study (N = 642), I examine eating behaviours and associated determinants, using the Health Belief Model. Using data from the study, I modelled the determinants of healthy eating behaviour for various gamer types. In the second study (N = 1108), I examined the persuasiveness of PT design strategies and developed models for tailoring the strategies to various gamer types. Behavioural determinants and PT design strategies are the two fundamental building blocks that drive PT interventions. The models revealed that some strategies were more effective for particular gamer types, thus, providing guidelines for tailoring persuasive games to various gamer types. To show the feasibility of the MPT design approach, I applied the model to design and develop two versions of a Model-driven Persuasive Game (MPG) targeting two distinct gamer types. To demonstrate the importance of tailoring persuasive games using the MPG approach, I conducted a large-scale evaluation (N = 802) of the two versions of the game and compared the efficacy of the tailored, contra-tailored, and the one-size-fits-all persuasive games condition with respect to their ability to promote positive changes in attitude, self-efficacy, and intention. To also demonstrate that the tailored MPG games inspire better play experience than the one-size-fits-all and the contra-tailored persuasive games, I measure the gamers’ perceived enjoyment and competence under the different game conditions. The results of the evaluation showed that while PTs can be effective for promoting healthy behaviour in terms of attitude, self-efficacy, and intention, the effectiveness of persuasion depends on using the right choice of persuasive strategy for each gamer type. The results showed that one size does not fit all and answered my overarching research question of whether there is a value in tailoring PT to an individual or group. The answer is that persuasive health interventions are more effective if they are tailored to the user types under consideration and that not tailoring PTs could be detrimental to behaviour change.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-11T16:53:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aiane de Oliveira Vieira - 2016.pdf: 3265296 bytes, checksum: 9423b44dcdcb558afdb9d6dcaa12b1e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-17T16:15:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aiane de Oliveira Vieira - 2016.pdf: 3265296 bytes, checksum: 9423b44dcdcb558afdb9d6dcaa12b1e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-17T16:15:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aiane de Oliveira Vieira - 2016.pdf: 3265296 bytes, checksum: 9423b44dcdcb558afdb9d6dcaa12b1e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation developed an analysis that aims to identify why political parties and candidates use social media websites as a campaign tool and the main persuasive strategies they use to convince the electorate. It also tried to comprehend how professionalization, medialization and personalization, contemporary campaigns main characteristics, influence political campaigns in digital environments. In this perspective, the research chose to analyze candidates’, Aécio Neves (PSDB) and Dilma Rousseff (PT), official pages on Facebook. The main goal was to understand the persuasive strategies they used throughout the presidential race. The study’s main hypotheses defends that the candidates, using advanced electoral marketing techniques, used social media websites in order to promote themselves and attack their opponents and, on the other hand, did not debate political issues. In order to reach the main goal and test the proposed hypothesis, the research developed a literature review that underwent the historical transformation that the electoral process experienced both in an international and national context. It also focused on New Information and Communication Technology rise in the political communication field as well as debated about their contributions to the quality of democracy and electoral campaigns. The research also promoted an investigation on the political scene that the 2014 presidential race took place, which discussed the polarization between PT and PSDB around the presidential election in the last two decades. The analysis focused, first, on former presidents’ Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administrations as well as President Dilma Rousseff first term and, later, introduced the main events that happened throughout the campaign. The paper identified and debated the main communicational strategies adopted by campaign strategists, which suited as a theoretical sketch of the methodological model implemented. It was collected the content posted on the candidates’ official pages on Facebook between July 6th and October 26th , 2014 and it was developed a content analysis that classified each post in the following categories: Agenda; Support/Endorsement; Attack/Negative Campaign; Campaign/Call for votes; Defense/Counterattack; Institutional; Personal Matters/Personal promotion; and Political Proposals. Later, based on the results, it was done a comparative analysis, which tried to emphasize each variable analyzed and highlight each candidate’s strategies and goals according to the electoral context. This research concluded that institutional propaganda and personal promotion, political personalization main characteristics, in addition to negative campaign led the campaign and, on the other hand, political discussions were put aside. / Esta dissertação desenvolveu uma análise que busca identificar as finalidades para as quais partidos e candidatos usam as redes sociais como ferramenta de campanha política e quais as principais estratégias persuasivas usadas por eles para convencer o eleitor. Buscou-se também compreender como a profissionalização, a midiatização e a personalização, características das campanhas contemporâneas, influenciam as campanhas em ambientes digitais. Nesse sentido, escolheu-se como objeto de estudo as páginas oficiais dos candidatos Aécio Neves (PSDB) e Dilma Rousseff (PT) na rede social Facebook e o objetivo geral foi analisar as estratégias persuasivas usadas por eles ao longo da corrida presidencial. Partiu-se da hipótese de que os candidatos empregaram avançadas técnicas de marketing eleitoral e utilizaram as redes sociais para se autopromoverem e atacarem seus oponentes e, em contrapartida, deixaram de debater questões políticas programáticas. Para alcançar tal objetivo e testar a hipótese proposta, o trabalho fez uma revisão da literatura que perpassou as transformações históricas vividas pelas campanhas eleitorais, tanto no contexto internacional, quanto nacional; a ascensão das Novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na comunicação política e o debate acerca de suas contribuições para a qualidade da democracia e dos processos eleitorais. A pesquisa desenvolveu também um balanço do cenário político em que as eleições de 2014 se desenvolveram, o qual discutiu a polarização entre PT e PSDB em torno das eleições presidenciais nas últimas duas décadas, perpassando pelos governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva e o primeiro mandato de Dilma Rousseff, para então introduzir os principais fatos que se desenrolaram ao longo do período eleitoral. Identificou-se e debateu-se as principais estratégias comunicacionais adotadas pelos estrategistas de campanha, análise esta que serviu como esboço teórico do modelo metodológico implementado na pesquisa, o qual, por meio de análise de conteúdo, coletou as postagens feitas nas páginas oficiais dos dois candidatos entre os dias 06 de julho e 26 de outubro de 2014 e classificou-as em: Agenda; Apoio/Endosso; Ataque/Campanha Negativa; Campanha/Apelo; Defesa/ContraAtaque; Institucional; Assuntos Pessoais/Promoção Pessoal; e Propositivo. Posteriormente, os resultados obtidos foram discutidos por meio de uma análise comparativa, que buscou evidenciar cada variável analisada e destacar as estratégias e os objetivos de cada candidato de acordo com o contexto eleitoral. Concluiu-se que a propaganda institucional juntamente com a promoção pessoal, características da personalização da política, bem como o discurso negativo tomaram conta dos discursos da campanha em detrimento da apresentação e discussão de propostas de governo.

This study presents the development and evaluation of a conversational agent, EcoBot, designed to inform users about their energy habits and persuade them to save more energy when at home, to help fight climate change and energy waste. To reach this goal, three persuasion strategies were first identified: Feedback, to give users personalized suggestions based on their habits, Goal Setting, to set and track consumption goals for the user’s domestic appliances, and Social Comparison, to compare the user’s consumption with that of others. While developing the chatbot, an advanced context system was used to improve the user experience by reducing the amount of information the user has to provide in input and allowing the chatbot to switch between the strategies seamlessly. Furthermore, it was decided not to use an FSM to manage the flow of the conversation to allow a quick change of context without forcing the conversation in a single direction and to have greater flexibility in future EcoBot development. The chatbot was implemented using an NLP library and its functionalities have been modeled with a set of independent intents. After the design and development, an evaluation phase was conducted with 29 users, half of whom used as a comparison a reduced version of EcoBot (capable only of providing generic feedback) while the other half used the complete version. Although the experiment did not demonstrate greater effectiveness in convincing users to save more energy in the complete version of EcoBot, it was evident that it had greater user satisfaction and a better overall experience. This result is crucial for designing pleasant persuasive systems for users to use in the future. Future work will focus on increasing the accuracy of responses and the number of EcoBot features and conducting a longer and more realistic experiment to test the effectiveness of EcoBot in convincing users to save more energy. / Denna studie presenterar utvecklingen och utvärderingen av en konversationsagent, EcoBot, utformad för att informera användare om deras energivanor och övertala dem att spara mer energi när de är hemma, för att hjälpa till att bekämpa klimatförändringar och energislöseri. För att nå detta mål identifierades först tre övertalningsstrategier: Feedback, för att ge användarna personliga förslag baserat på deras vanor, Målsättning, för att sätta och spåra konsumtionsmål för användarens hushållsapparater, och Social Comparison, för att jämföra användarens konsumtion med det av andra. Under utvecklingen av chatboten användes ett avancerat kontextsystem för att förbättra användarupplevelsen genom att minska mängden information som användaren måste tillhandahålla i input och låta chatboten växla mellan strategierna sömlöst. Vidare beslutades att inte använda en FSM för att hantera konversationsflödet för att möjliggöra ett snabbt byte av sammanhang utan att tvinga samtalet i en enda riktning och för att ha större flexibilitet i framtida EcoBot-utveckling. Chatboten implementerades med hjälp av ett NLP-bibliotek och dess funktioner har modellerats med en uppsättning oberoende avsikter. Efter design och utveckling genomfördes en utvärderingsfas med 29 användare, varav hälften använde som jämförelse en reducerad version av EcoBot (kan bara ge generisk feedback) medan den andra hälften använde den fullständiga versionen. Även om experimentet inte visade större effektivitet när det gäller att övertyga användare att spara mer energi i den kompletta versionen av EcoBot, var det uppenbart att det hade större användarnöjdhet och en bättre övergripande upplevelse. Detta resultat är avgörande för att designa trevliga övertygande system för användare att använda i framtiden. Framtida arbete kommer att fokusera på att öka noggrannheten i svaren och antalet EcoBot-funktioner och att genomföra ett längre och mer realistiskt experiment för att testa effektiviteten hos EcoBot för att övertyga användare att spara mer energi.

Text in English / The purpose of this dissertation was to establish the rhetorical function of Romans 7 within the context of Romans 5-8. Chapter 1 involved a survey of the problem that led to the investigation and a discussion of a number of approaches offered as an interpretation for understanding Romans 7. Chapter 2 centred on an investigation into the nature of Paul's audience in Rome. Chapter 3 investigated the purpose of the letter as a help to understanding the rhetorical function of Romans 7. Chapter 4 dealt with the rhetorical function of Romans 7. The causa underlying Paul's rhetoric in Romans 7 was a tendency among Gentile Christians to want to return to the law. Paul set out strongly to counter this tendency because it was incompatible with their position in Christ and would foil his plans in respect of the Gentile Christians in Rome and of the Gospel to the West. / Biblical & Ancient Studies / M.A. (Biblical Studies)

Text in English / The purpose of this dissertation was to establish the rhetorical function of Romans 7 within the context of Romans 5-8. Chapter 1 involved a survey of the problem that led to the investigation and a discussion of a number of approaches offered as an interpretation for understanding Romans 7. Chapter 2 centred on an investigation into the nature of Paul's audience in Rome. Chapter 3 investigated the purpose of the letter as a help to understanding the rhetorical function of Romans 7. Chapter 4 dealt with the rhetorical function of Romans 7. The causa underlying Paul's rhetoric in Romans 7 was a tendency among Gentile Christians to want to return to the law. Paul set out strongly to counter this tendency because it was incompatible with their position in Christ and would foil his plans in respect of the Gentile Christians in Rome and of the Gospel to the West. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Biblical Studies)