A Cordillera Huallanca, com pouco mais de 20 km de extensão, situa-se na parte noroeste do Peru e faz parte da Cordilheira Ocidental dos Andes. Foi visitada em Julho de 1968 pela "Expedição Brasileira aos Andes Peruanos", que visou conquistar os cumes ainda virgens de Huallanca (5.480 m), Huallanca Sur (5.400 m), Tunacancha (5.320 m) e Mina Pata (5.260 m), e executar reconhecimentos geológicos e geográficos na região. Predominam, na Cordillera Huallanca, rochas depositadas durante o Cretáceo que, no Peru, está representado por afloramentos que ocupam mais de 75% da área total de exposições das rochas do Mesozóico. Na pequena área estudada, o Cretáceo Inferior (Pós-Portlandiano ao Pré-Valanginiano) está representado pelo arenito da Formação Chimú e o Cretáceo Superior (intervalo do Albiano Superior ao Turoniano Superior), está representado pelos calcários negros maciços da Formação Jumasha. São reconhecidos afloramentos das camadas Chicama, mais antigas, a leste, no povoado de Huallanca (Bodenlos e Erickson) e a oeste, no Maciço do Cauallaraju, na extremidade sul da Cordillera Blanca (Cordani e Rocha Campos). É bem provável, assim, que essas rochas de idade jurássica ocorram por baixo da Cordillera Huallanca, bem como da Huayhuash, mais ao sul (3), estando sobrepostas em desconformidade pela Formação Chimú. As Formações Santa, Carhuaz, Pariahuanca, Chulec e Pariatambo, mapeadas por Peter Coney (3) na parte sul de Huallanca, não foram reconhecidas em sua porção setentrional. Em lugares restritos, recobrindo as formações mesozóicas afloram rochas "conglo-aglomeráticas" relacionadas a pequenas intrusões hipabissais de idade terciária, que se distribuem preferencialmente, nas proximidades das cristas, constituídas de calcários intensamente dobrados. A essas intrusões estão associadas pequenas mineralizações de preenchimento e substituição em calcários, que permitem uma extração rudimentar de cobre, prata, antimônio, chumbo e zinco. Os vales e "quebradas" apresentam acumulações de material principalmente aluvial e glacial, existindo também abundantes depósitos de talude e material fragmentado incoeso ao longo das encostas abruptas. / Not available

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University.

Orientador: Tereza Cristina Cardoso da Silva / Banca: Vera Cláudia Lorenzetti Magalhães Curci / Banca: Maria Cecília Rui Luvizotto / Resumo: O presente estudo descreve o desenvolvimento e a aplicação da reação de transcrição reversa in situ em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR in situ), para detectar a co-infecção experimental de perus de 1-dia de idade com Coronavirus (TCoV) e Astrovirus (TAstV-2) isolados de casos clínicos no Brasil. A primeira etapa da reação consistiu na preparação específica de sondas de DNA biotiniladas homólogas ao gene da polimerase viral do TAstV-2 e da região 3'UTR do TCoV. Foram utilizados cortes histológicos de intestino correspondendo ás regiões do íleo, junção íleo-ceco e ceco para avaliar a reação de RT-PCR in situ. Para permeabilização tecidual uma digestão foi aplicada com 10 μg/μl proteinase K por 30 min. Na etapa de hibridização, as sondas de DNA homólogo às regiões genômicas virais ligadas à biotina foram diluídas na concentração de 2μg/μl na solução de hibridização e incubadas overnight à 42ºC. Em seguida, uma diluição ótima do anticorpo monoclonal anti-biotina acoplado a fosfatase alcalina e a peroxidase foram aplicados, para TAstV-2 e TCoV, respectivamente. O substratos diaminobenzidina 3,3 (DAB) e FastRed Ò foram utilizados para identificar a hibridização das regiões homólogas correspondentes ao TCoV e TAstV-2, respectivamente. A reação positiva foi visualizada por deposição de pigmentos vermelhos (TAstV-2) e marrom acastanhado (TCoV). Em relação à localização dos genes virais amplificados, foram confirmados nas células da base (células caliciformes) e ao longo das vilosidades intestinais principalmente no citoplasma dos enterócitos de forma difusa para ambos os vírus. Marcações positivas também foram evidenciadas na submucosa próximas às regiões com intensa congestão vascular... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrôncio abaixo) / Abstract: This study describes the development and application of the reaction in situ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR in situ) to detect co-infection of turkeys to experimental 1-day-old with Coronavirus (TCoV) and Astrovirus ( TAstV-2) isolated from clinical cases in Brazil. The first step of the reaction has been to prepare specific biotinylated DNA probes homologous to the viral polymerase gene of TAstV-2 and the 3'UTR region of TCoV. We used histological sections of intestine corresponding to the regions of the ileum, ileum-cecum junction and cecum to evaluate the reaction of RT-PCR in situ. For permeabilization tissue digestion was applied with 10 g / uL proteinase K for 30 min. In step hybridization, DNA probes homologous to the viral genomic regions linked to biotin were diluted to the concentration of 2μg/μl in hybridization solution and incubated overnight to 42 ° C. Then, an optimal dilution of monoclonal anti-biotin coupled to alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase were applied to TAstV-2 and TCoV, respectively. 3.3 The substrate were used to identify the hybridization ofÒdiaminobenzidine (DAB) and FastRed homologous regions corresponding to TCoV and TAstV-2, respectively. The positive reaction was visualized by deposition of red pigment (TAstV-2) and brown brown (TCoV). Concerning the location of the amplified viral genes was confirmed by the base cells (goblet cells) and along the intestinal villi in the cytoplasm of enterocytes diffusely to both viruses. Tags positive were also demonstrated in the submucosa close to the areas with intense vascular congestion. In conclusion, the RT-PCR in situ standard in this study showed good ability to detect viral RNA promoting a desirable... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This dissertation addresses community-level political and economic organization during the Late Intermediate Period (A.D. 1100-1435) at Quipico, Huaura Valley, north-central coast of Peru. During the Late Intermediate Period the Huara Valley was under the influence of the Chancay, a little-known polity that offers an opportunity to examine the reconfiguration and coalescence of regional powers in the space created after the collapse of Huari and prior to Inca expansion. What form did Chancay organization take, and in particular, how was it manifested in the Huaura Valley? This question is simply a regionally-based version of Wilson's (2008:1): “What role did small-scale social groups play in the emergence of regionally organized political hierarchies?” Once I began investigations at Quipico, it became clear that the basic culture history description for the Chancay was lacking. An important part of this research, then, was to construct a detailed profile of the geographical, environmental, chronological, and material remains of the Chancay archaeological culture. Rather than excavating several sites in the region—an impractical prospect considering the size and scope of this project—I decided to examine Quipico, a small site of tapial (poured adobe) buildings suspected to have served as elite residences which also served as storage and redistribution centers. I have focused on elites as the source of local control in the Huaura Valley and the most impacted during valley-wide changes in political affiliation. I chose architecture as a major medium by which to view these changes because it is well- preserved in the region and argued to be less subject to outside stylistic influences. It is unrealistic, however, to think that these complex questions of socio-political organization of the Chancay can be answered by excavation at one small site. Instead, I had the goal of using excavations at Quipico, combined with previous studies to help build a better understanding of the more general social, economic, and political processes of the Chancay occupation in the Huaura Valley. / 1 / Stacy Michelle Dunn

This dissertation addresses community-level political and economic organization during the Late Intermediate Period (A.D. 1100-1435) at Quipico, Huaura Valley, northcentral coast of Peru. During the Late Intermediate Period the Huara Valley was under the influence of the Chancay, a little-known polity that offers an opportunity to examine the reconfiguration and coalescence of regional powers in the space created after the collapse of Huari and prior to Inca expansion. What form did Chancay organization take, and in particular, how was it manifested in the Huaura Valley? This question is simply a regionally-based version of Wilson's (2008:1): “What role did small-scale social groups play in the emergence of regionally organized political hierarchies?” Once I began investigations at Quipico, it became clear that the basic culture history description for the Chancay was lacking. An important part of this research, then, was to construct a detailed profile of the geographical, environmental, chronological, and material remains of the Chancay archaeological culture. Rather than excavating several sites in the region—an impractical prospect considering the size and scope of this project—I decided to examine Quipico, a small site of tapial (poured adobe) buildings suspected to have served as elite residences which also served as storage and redistribution centers. I have focused on elites as the source of local control in the Huaura Valley and the most impacted during valley-wide changes in political affiliation. I chose architecture as a major medium by which to view these changes because it is well preserved in the region and argued to be less subject to outside stylistic influences. It is unrealistic, however, to think that these complex questions of socio-political organization of the Chancay can be answered by excavation at one small site. Instead, I had the goal of using excavations at Quipico, combined with previous studies to help build a better understanding of the more general social, economic, and political processes of the Chancay occupation in the Huaura Valley. / Stacy Michelle Dunn

19th-century Latin American science fiction has begun to draw the attention of many scholars who focus on the tradition written in Argentina, Uruguay, Brasil, and Mexico. However, newspapers, magazines, poetry collections, and books from Peru, Chile, and Colombia during the same period also included science fiction as well. My dissertation proposes to rescue these works and make them valuable for literary purposes. My first chapter focuses on two Peruvian serial novels, Lima de aquí a cien años [Lima in a Hundred Years] and Cusco de aquí a cien años [Cusco in a Hundred Years], both published in newspaper El Comercio in 1843, and were written by two authors: Julian M. del Portillo and "u201cCarlos de A"u201d. The novels are based on the epistolary exchange between a limeño and a cusqueño in a fictional 1943. The historical events after emancipating with Spain (1821), especially the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836-1839), form the background of these serial novels. Both narrate the future history of these two cities and imagine what would happen if an Inca Empire had been reinstated and survived the unsettled period after Independence. The second chapter focus on Chilean novels ¡Una vision del porvenir! El espejo del mundo en el año 1975 [A Vision of the Future! The Mirror of the World in the Year 1975], by Benjamin Tallman (1875); and Desde Júpiter: Curioso viaje de un santiaguino magnetizado [From Jupiter: The Curious Voyage of a Magnetized Man from Santiago], by Francisco Miralles (1877, 1886). The first one deals with the modernization of Valparaíso and Santiago. The second one is an account of a Chilean man who is being transported to Jupiter. Both fictions attempt to display Chile as a paradigm of progress during the period known as "u201cliberal republic"u201d (1861-1891). In my third chapter, I analyze two important writers of 19th-century Colombia: Soledad Acosta de Samper, who wrote a short story called "u201cBogotá en el año 2000. Una pesadilla"u201d [Bogotá in the Year 2000. A Nightmare]; and José Asunción Silva, who was the author of two poems ("u201cFutura"u201d and "u201cZoospermos"u201d) appeared in his poetry collection Gotas amargas [Bitter Tears]. Acosta de Samper published her short story several times in women magazines until 1905. Gotas amargas was published posthumously in 1918. Both texts deal with the idea of a bleak future in Colombia in the form of critical reflection (Acosta de Samper) or parody (Silva). / Giancarlo Stagnaro

Peru's microfinance market is dynamic and is comprised of a plethora of financial institutions that offer numerous microfinance services. With increasingly more institutions adding microfinance to their loan portfolio, and with no interest rate cap on microloans in Peru, what impact will this growing market have on the poor? In the past, microfinance institutions (MFIs) have had clients abuse the system, but increased transparency between microfinance institutions and new managing practices are now used to minimize adverse selection. Yet as the microfinance market expands with more large banks gaining control how are borrowers, particularly the most vulnerable, going to be impacted? This, paper evaluates the dynamics of how microfinance institutions have emerged and evolved throughout Latin America and then introduces an atypical model, the Uniones de Credito y Ahorro (UNICA). Six UNICA programs from rural villages outside Cayaltí are evaluated using both aggregate loan data that measures the frequency of loan use in the village, and surveys with open-ended response questions to bring in UNICA members' perspective. With the data collected this paper attempts to understand the diverse factors that make the UNICA approach different from the traditional Latin American model. And ultimately strives to discover whether the UNICA model provides distinctive benefits to the borrowers and the financial markets that are not provided by traditional Latin American MFI models.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn. / Bibliography: p. 318-351.

Wage differentials result from different years of education or experience or size of the firms, and also from other factors that do not have anything to do with the labor characteristics of the individuals. One of these factors is usually gender. The wage differential due to gender, and not to differences in labor characteristics, is called discrimination. The goal of this project is to estimate the evolution of the wages differentials and wage discrimination between males and females in Peru within and between 1997 and 2000, a time of economic recession in Peru. The wages differentials estimations show that all categories of males and females saw their real wages decreased; only blue-collar females saw their real wages increased; the return to the interaction between education and specific experience follow a linear trend. This means that more education and more experience will be rewarded at the same rate at any combination. The wage discrimination estimation shows that there was a small but significant wage discrimination in favor of women in 1997 and it disappeared by 2000. This showed that employers reduced all premiums to their employees during a period of economic recession.

Wage differentials result from different years of education or experience or size of the firms, and also from other factors that do not have anything to do with the labor characteristics of the individuals. One of these factors is usually gender. The wage differential due to gender, and not to differences in labor characteristics, is called discrimination. The goal of this project is to estimate the evolution of the wages differentials and wage discrimination between males and females in Peru within and between 1997 and 2000, a time of economic recession in Peru. The wages differentials estimations show that all categories of males and females saw their real wages decreased; only blue-collar females saw their real wages increased; the return to the interaction between education and specific experience follow a linear trend. This means that more education and more experience will be rewarded at the same rate at any combination. The wage discrimination estimation shows that there was a small but significant wage discrimination in favor of women in 1997 and it disappeared by 2000. This showed that employers reduced all premiums to their employees during a period of economic recession.