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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Investigations on functional aspects of secondary endocytobiosis using the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model organism

Kilian, Oliver. January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Konstanz, University, Diss., 2004.
2

Glycerolipid metabolism and regulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis gaditana / Métabolisme et régulation des glycérolipides dans Phaeodactylum tricornutum et Nannochloropsis

Dolch, Lina-Juana 05 December 2016 (has links)
Phaeodactylum et Nannochloropsis sont des espèces photosynthétiques modèles pour le métabolisme des glycérolipides, se distinguant par un enrichissement en acides gras polyinsaturés à très longues chaînes (VLC-PUFA) et de grandes quantités en triacylglycérol (TAG). Les proportions des différents lipides sont influencées par des facteurs environnementaux. Nous avons caractérisé le remodelage lipidique chez Phaeodactylum en réponse à la carence en azote et en phosphate. Ces limitations en nutriments induisent une accumulation de TAG, exploitable comme biocarburant. Nous avons identifié de nouveaux composés induisant l'accumulation de TAG et étudié le rôle potentiel du monoxyde d’azote (NO•) dans la régulation du métabolisme lipidique. Nous avons montré qu’en fonction du site de production, le NO• était un signal émis lorsque les conditions de vie étaient critiques, déclenchant l'accumulation de TAG.Les VLC-PUFAs sont produits par des élongases et des désaturases localisées dans le RE. Nous avons identifié une nouvelle classe d’élongases d’acides gras saturés, agissant sur le 16:0, et appelées Δ0-ELO. Le knock out de Δ0-ELO1 de Nannochloropsis réduit le niveau du monogalactosyldiacylglycérol (MGDG), principal lipide des chloroplastes. Ce phénotype met en évidence le rôle de Δ0-ELO1 dans la «voie oméga» qui contrôle le trafic des VLC-PUFAs. Nous avons débuté une dissection de la «voie oméga» par des approches de génétique et des analyses du remodelage lipidique à basse température chez Nannochloropsis. Le diacylglycéryl hydroxyméthyltriméthyl-β-sérine (DGTS) apparaît comme le précurseur de base pour importer des VLC-PUFAs vers le chloroplaste, suivant une voie très régulée du DGTS au MGDG. De plus nous avons montré des fonctions possibles du MGDG et des VLC-PUFAs dans la photoprotection et la régulation de la fluidité membranaire latérale. / Phaeodactylum and Nannochloropsis are photosynthetic model species for glycerolipid metabolism, standing out by an enrichment of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) and high contents of neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol (TAG). Lipid profiles are influenced by environmental factors. We characterized the lipid remodelling occurring in Phaeodactylum in response to nitrogen and phosphate starvation. Nutrient limitations induce neutral lipid accumulation, which may be exploited as biofuels. We identified new triggers of TAG accumulation and investigated a potential role of nitric oxide (NO•) as second messenger in the regulation of neutral lipid levels. We conclude that in dependence of the production site, NO• serves as a signalling molecule for critical life conditions and thereby triggers TAG accumulation.VLC-PUFAs are produced by ER-located elongases and desaturases. We identified a novel class of elongases, called Δ0-ELOs, acting on saturated fatty acids, most importantly 16:0. Knock out of Δ0-ELO1 in Nannochloropsis resulted in reduced monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) levels. MGDG is the major chloroplast lipid. This indicated a role of this initial elongase in fatty acid fate determination and thus in the elusive “omega pathway” for VLC-PUFA trafficking. We have started to investigate the “omega pathway” by reverse genetic approaches and analyses of low-temperature induced lipid remodelling in Nannochloropsis. Diacylglyceryl hydroxymethyltrimethyl-β-serine (DGTS) appears most likely at the base for the chloroplast import of VLC-PUFA, following a dynamically regulated DGTS-to-MGDG pathway. Additionally, we gave insights into possible functions of MGDG and VLC-PUFA in photoprotection and regulation of membrane fluidity.
3

Lipid analysis of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to trans trans 2,4 decadienal stress

Byrwa, Brian Christopher 27 February 2012 (has links)
Considering the nature of increasing global temperatures associated with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as a result of increased demand for energy, it is notable to consider viable options to reduce the strain that these increased carbon dioxide emissions are having on the overall impact of the global climate. Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a marine phytoplankton may be utilized to this end. Its unique ability to increase lipid production under environmental stress conditions, in particular those lipids that can easily be converted into biodiesel, make it an ideal candidate for this use. Here, we examine the effects of trans trans 2,4 decadienal (or DD for short), an aldehyde that is known to induce cell death in the diatom at high concentrations, as they relate to changes in the lipid biosynthesis pathway. 100 ml Axenic cultures of the diatom P. tricornutum were grown to exponential stage, harvested and treated with decadienal at a concentration of 5[mu]g/ml to determine effects on lipid production after 24 hours. Qualitative analysis undertaken using Nile red staining of treated and untreated cells indicated increased fluorescence of treated cells compared to unstained water controls, however this increase may not be attributable to increased lipid production due to the fact that cells were unfixed and must be verified through other means. Initial attempts to verify this finding through thin layer chromatography and qPCR were inconclusive. / text
4

The effect of 2E,4E-decadienal on lipid-related gene expression in Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Beck, Emily Christine 10 December 2013 (has links)
Microalgae have been proposed as a potential feedstock for biofuel production, and as a result, interest in the biology of these organisms has intensified. These organisms also synthesize lipids that are vital to human health and nutrition. Stress has been shown to have an effect on lipid composition and gene expression in microalgae, but many studies have focused on the effects of abiotic stressors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of biotic stress on lipid-related gene expression in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a model species of microalgae. The source of biotic stress used in this study was 2E,4E/Z-decadienal, a diatom-derived oxylipin that has been shown to function as a stress signal among diatoms. Real-time RT-qPCR analysis revealed that expression of a patatin-like phospholipase was significantly decreased in decadienal-treated cultures as compared to a solvent control. The expression of a delta-9 desaturase gene believed to be responsible for production of 16:1 fatty acids was increased by a factor of 12. FabI, a gene involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, and PtD5a, which codes for an ER-localized desaturase, were both down-regulated in cells exposed to decadienal. However, changes in expression were only shown to be significant for the patatin-like phospholipase gene. Increased expression of the delta-9 desaturase gene may be a protective mechanism against infection from pathogens, since 16:1 fatty acids have been shown to have antibacterial properties. Regulation of membrane desaturation may also serve to stabilize photosynthetic membranes during times of stress. The down-regulation of the phospholipase gene was surprising, since the release of fatty acids from membrane lipids for oxylipin production is a common response to stress. It is recommended that this experiment be improved upon and expanded in order to determine whether the results obtained are reproducible and how these changes in gene expression correlate with physiological effects. / text
5

COMPARACAO DAS RESPOSTAS DE CRESCIMENTO E FOTOSSINTESE DE TRES CLONES DE PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM / Comparison of the responses of growth and Photosynthesis of three clones of Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Gaeta, Salvador Airton 17 April 1985 (has links)
Através de bioensaios estáticos fo-ram comparadas as taxas máximas de crescimento, razão de fotossintese em termos de clorofila-a e de célula, bem como o rendimento final de tres clones de Phaeodacty-tum tricornutum visando verificar uma possível existência de diferenças intraespe-cificas entre eles. Dois desses clones foram isolados a partir de amostras de Uba-tuba (U3, isolado em 1972 e U5 isolado em 1979) e um de Cananéia (Cl, isolado em 1980). Todos os resultados foram submeti-dos a uma análise de variância trifatorial e a uma anállse de agrupamento com a finlidade de discriminar as condições experimentais nas quais os tres clones diferi-ram significativamente em suas respostas fisiológicas. Durante a fase exponencial de crescimento os tres clones se apresen-taram com morfótipos fusiformes raramente se encontrando morfótipos ovóides e trir-radiados. O padrão das curvas de cresci -mento dos tres clones em diferentes temperaturas (16, 20, 240 C) e meios de cultu-ra (ASP 2, Erd-Schreiber, Guillard fl) não diferiu. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a existência de diferenças significativas nas taxas de crescimento e produti-vidade primária. Morfótipo ovóides for-mando grumos foram observados nos tres clones após a fase exponencial e de modo conspícuo no clone U5. Nas mesmas condi-ções, o clone Cl apresentou uma grande quantidade de grumos, com a forma de uma estrela, constituidos por morfótipos fusiformes unidos convergentemente por uma das extremidades de cada célula. Por outro lado, morfótipos trirradiados e cru-ciformes bem como formação de cadeias, só foram observados no clone U3. / A comparison of the maximum growth rates, primary productivity on chlorophyll -a and cell basis, and maximum yield achieved in batch culture of three clones of Phaeodactylum tricornutum has been carried out in order to cheek intraespecifie differences among them. Two of the clones were isolated from samples of Uba-tuba (U3, isolated in 1972 and U5, in 1979 ), while the third one was isolated from samples of Cananéia (C1, isolated in 1980). Three-way analysis of variance was accom-plished and cluster analysis was carried out to distinguish the experimental conditions in which the clones would show distinct physiological responses. During the log phase of growth the three clones usually presented fusiform type of cells. Never theless, rare oval and triradiate cells have been observed. The pattern of the growth curves submitted todifferent temperatures (16,20,24º C) and media (Guillard f1. Erd-Schreiber, ASP2) was the same for the three clones. The results indieated significant differenees in growth rates and primary productivity. Oval morphotypes in clusters have been observed in all clones after the log phase under exausted media. The clone U5 has exhibited this be haviour in a prominent way. Many star-shape clusters, constituted of fusiform morphotypes linked by one of the extremities of each cell were observed in clone Cl. Un the other hand, triradiate and cruciform cells, and the formation of chains, were observed only in clone U3.
6

COMPARACAO DAS RESPOSTAS DE CRESCIMENTO E FOTOSSINTESE DE TRES CLONES DE PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM / Comparison of the responses of growth and Photosynthesis of three clones of Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Salvador Airton Gaeta 17 April 1985 (has links)
Através de bioensaios estáticos fo-ram comparadas as taxas máximas de crescimento, razão de fotossintese em termos de clorofila-a e de célula, bem como o rendimento final de tres clones de Phaeodacty-tum tricornutum visando verificar uma possível existência de diferenças intraespe-cificas entre eles. Dois desses clones foram isolados a partir de amostras de Uba-tuba (U3, isolado em 1972 e U5 isolado em 1979) e um de Cananéia (Cl, isolado em 1980). Todos os resultados foram submeti-dos a uma análise de variância trifatorial e a uma anállse de agrupamento com a finlidade de discriminar as condições experimentais nas quais os tres clones diferi-ram significativamente em suas respostas fisiológicas. Durante a fase exponencial de crescimento os tres clones se apresen-taram com morfótipos fusiformes raramente se encontrando morfótipos ovóides e trir-radiados. O padrão das curvas de cresci -mento dos tres clones em diferentes temperaturas (16, 20, 240 C) e meios de cultu-ra (ASP 2, Erd-Schreiber, Guillard fl) não diferiu. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a existência de diferenças significativas nas taxas de crescimento e produti-vidade primária. Morfótipo ovóides for-mando grumos foram observados nos tres clones após a fase exponencial e de modo conspícuo no clone U5. Nas mesmas condi-ções, o clone Cl apresentou uma grande quantidade de grumos, com a forma de uma estrela, constituidos por morfótipos fusiformes unidos convergentemente por uma das extremidades de cada célula. Por outro lado, morfótipos trirradiados e cru-ciformes bem como formação de cadeias, só foram observados no clone U3. / A comparison of the maximum growth rates, primary productivity on chlorophyll -a and cell basis, and maximum yield achieved in batch culture of three clones of Phaeodactylum tricornutum has been carried out in order to cheek intraespecifie differences among them. Two of the clones were isolated from samples of Uba-tuba (U3, isolated in 1972 and U5, in 1979 ), while the third one was isolated from samples of Cananéia (C1, isolated in 1980). Three-way analysis of variance was accom-plished and cluster analysis was carried out to distinguish the experimental conditions in which the clones would show distinct physiological responses. During the log phase of growth the three clones usually presented fusiform type of cells. Never theless, rare oval and triradiate cells have been observed. The pattern of the growth curves submitted todifferent temperatures (16,20,24º C) and media (Guillard f1. Erd-Schreiber, ASP2) was the same for the three clones. The results indieated significant differenees in growth rates and primary productivity. Oval morphotypes in clusters have been observed in all clones after the log phase under exausted media. The clone U5 has exhibited this be haviour in a prominent way. Many star-shape clusters, constituted of fusiform morphotypes linked by one of the extremities of each cell were observed in clone Cl. Un the other hand, triradiate and cruciform cells, and the formation of chains, were observed only in clone U3.
7

Développement, architecture et dynamique des gouttelettes lipidiques de la diatomée Phaeodactylum tricornutum / Development, architecture and dynamics of lipid droplets in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Lupette, Josselin 30 November 2018 (has links)
De par leur qualité d’accumulation de triacylglycérol (TAG) sous forme de gouttelettes lipidiques (LDs) lors destress abiotiques, les microalgues oléagineuses se sont imposées comme des modèles d’études d’intérêt pour denombreuses applications biotechnologiques (nutrition, chimie verte, biocarburants, santé humaine). Ces stresssont cependant responsables d’un arrêt de la croissance et de production de biomasse. Un criblage de petitesmolécules visant à favoriser l’accumulation de TAG chez la diatomée Phaeodactylum a mis en lumière 34composés connus pour agir sur certaines voies métaboliques de signalisation. Une étude approfondie des effetsdu 17α-éthynylestradiol est proposée. La mise en lumières de composés ciblant les nucléotides cycliques et lesoxylipines nous a conduit à réévaluer les effets du monoxyde d’azote (NO.) et à détecter la présenced’isoprostanoïdes après un stress oxydant chez Phaeodactylum.Les LDs sont des structures conservées, des procaryotes jusqu’aux endosymbiontes secondaires, présentant uncoeur hydrophobe entouré d’une monocouche de lipides polaires dans laquelle s’enchâssent des protéines defaçon transitoire ou permanente. Ces protéines peuvent jouer un rôle structural ou être impliquées dans labiologie de la gouttelette. Après optimisation d’un protocole de purification, nous avons déterminé leglycérolipidome et le protéome de la LD de Phaeodactylum. Le coeur hydrophobe des LDs est constituéuniquement de TAG entouré d’une monocouche de lipides polaires composée de phosphatidylcholine (PC),sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycérol (SQDG) et de deux espèces moléculaires (20:5-16:1 et 20:5-16:2) de DGTA, unbétaine lipide. Un stérol libre localisé probablement dans la monocouche, le brassicastérol, a été égalementdétecté. Un enrichissement spécifique en β-carotène a été observé. Le protéome de la LD est composé de 86protéines incluant notamment la LD-protéine StLDP, des acteurs du métabolisme, des protéines associées à desorganites membranaires, au traitement de l’information génétique ou encore des chaperonnes impliquées dans lecontrôle qualité des protéines. Ces travaux nous éclairent sur la biogenèse et la découverte de possiblesnouvelles fonctionnalités de la LD de Phaeodactylum. Nous proposons un nouveau modèle architectural pour laLD nous interrogeant sur ses origines. Des perspectives d’études, pour la caractérisation fonctionnelle desacteurs protéiques de la LD et sur une relocalisation de la LD vers la membrane plasmique pour favoriser sonextraction, sont proposées. / Due to their quality of triacylglycerol (TAG) content in the form of lipid droplets (LDs) accumulating upon abioticstresses, microalgae have emerged as models of interest for many biotechnological applications (nutrition, greenchemistry, biofuels, human health). These stresses, however, are responsible for a growth arrest and lowbiomass yield. A phenotypic screen of small molecules triggering TAG accumulation in Phaeodactylumhighlighted 34 compounds known to act on specific metabolic and signaling pathways. A detailed study of theeffects of 17α-ethynylestradiol is proposed. The identification of compounds interfering with cyclic nucleotides andoxylipins led us to re-evaluate the effects of nitric oxide (NO.) and to characterize the activity of isoprostanoidsafter oxidative stress in the diatom Phaeodactylum.LDs are subcellular structures, conserved from prokaryotes to secondary endosymbionts, containing ahydrophobic core surrounded by a monolayer of polar lipids to which proteins transiently or permanentlyassociate. These proteins may play a structural role or be involved in the function of the droplet. After optimizationof a purification protocol, we determined the glycerolipidome and the proteome of the LD of Phaeodactylum. Thehydrophobic core is only made of TAG surrounded by a monolayer of polar lipids consisting ofphosphatidylcholine (PC), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and two molecular species (20:5-16:1 and 20:5-16:2) of DGTA, a betaine lipid. A sterol probably located in the monolayer, brassicasterol, was also detected.Specific enrichment of β-carotene has been observed. The proteome of the LD is composed of 86 proteinsincluding most notably the LD-protein StLDP, metabolic actors, organelle membrane associated proteins, proteinsimplicated in the treatment of genetic information or chaperones involved in protein quality control. This thesisallows us a better understanding of the biogenesis and the discovery of possible new functionalities of thePhaeodactylum LD. We propose an architectural model for the LD, and address the question of its origins. Futureprospects on the functional characterization of LD proteins and relocation of LD to the plasma membrane topromote its extraction are proposed.
8

Charaterization of the Phaeodactylum tricornutum epigenome / Caractérisation de l'épigénome Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Lin, Xin 18 October 2012 (has links)
La méthylation de l'ADN est l’une des marques épigénétiques les plus étudiées et est largement conservée. Mes travaux de thèse présentent le premier méthylome d'une diatomée marine P. tricornutum qui appartient à la famille des Stramenopiles. P. tricornutum présente une méthylation d’environ 6% qui est présente en mosaïque sur l’ensemble du génome. Une méthylation importante a été retrouvé chez les éléments transposables, en particulier les éléments amplifiés récemment de type Copia. L’analyse met en évidence plus de 320 gènes méthylés dans trois contextes génomiques différents : à proximité des éléments transposables, en grappes de gènes méthylés, et dans des gènes uniques. En outre, les gènes largement et complètement méthylés ont été trouvé fortement corrélés avec le silencing transcriptionnel et l'expression différentielle dans des conditions spécifiques. Enfin, il a été constaté que les gènes susceptibles d’avoir été acquis par transfert horizontal de gènes bactériens étaient préférentiellement insérés dans des régions riches en éléments transposables, ce qui suggère un mécanisme par lequel l'expression de gènes étrangers peut être tamponnée à la suite de leur insertion dans le génome. En résumé, P. tricornutum a une faible méthylation de l'ADN et une methylation relativement importante des éléments transposables et seulement quelques gènes méthylés. Ce premier méthylome d’une diatomée Stramenopile ajoute de manière significative à notre compréhension de l'évolution de la méthylation de l'ADN chez les eucaryotes. En ce qui concerne les modifications des histones, la distribution des marques H3K4me2, H3K9me2 et H3K27me3 a été examinée chez P. tricornutum. H3K4me2 est principalement associée à des gènes alors que les deux marques H3K9me2 et H3K27me3 ciblent principalement des éléments transposables. La répartition de H3K27me3 est inhabituelle et différente de ce qui a été observé chez les espèces modèles étudiées à ce jour. Les gènes marqués par H3K27me3 ont tendance à être faiblement exprimés et de façon différentielle. H3K27me3 et H3K9me2 ont tendance à co-marquer non seulement les éléments transposables méthylés, mais aussi des gènes fortement méthylés, ce qui semble être important pour le maintien du silencing des gènes différentiellement exprimés. L'analyse combinatoire de différentes marques d’histones et la méthylation de l'ADN nous a donné un aperçu du paysage de la chromatine chez les diatomées, et aidera à définir les caractéristiques structurales et fonctionnelles conservées. / DNA methylation is the most extensively studied and widely conserved epigenetic mark. Here the first whole genome methylome from a stramenopile, the marine model diatom P. tricornutum is reported. In P. tricornutum, around 6% of the genome was methylated in a mosaic landscape. Extensive methylation in transposable elements (TEs), especially in recently amplified Copia-like elements was found. Over 320 genes were found methylated occurring in three different genomic contexts: in the proximity of TEs, in clusters of methylated genes, and in single genes. Furthermore, genes extensively and completely methylated correlated strongly with transcriptional silencing and differential expression under specific conditions. Finally, it was found that genes likely acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria were preferentially inserted within TE-rich regions, suggesting a mechanism whereby the expression of foreign genes can be buffered following their insertion in the genome. In general, P. tricornutum has low DNA methylation with relatively extensive DNA methylation on TEs and a few methylated genes. This first Stramenopile methylome adds significantly to our understanding of the evolution of DNA methylation in eukaryotes. As for the histone modifications, genome wide distribution of H3K4me2, H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 were examined in P. tricornutum. H3K4me2 is mainly associated with genes while both H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 marks target mainly transposable elements (TEs). The distribution of H3K27me3 is unusual and different from what have been profiled in model species so far. The genes marked by H3K27me3 tend to be lowly and differentially expressed. H3K27me3 and H3K9me2 tend to co-mark not only methylated TEs but also heavily methylated genes, which appears to be important for maintaining the silencing of differentially expressed genes. The combinatorial analysis of different histone marks and DNA methylation gave us an overview of diatom chromatin landscapes, and will help to define conserved structural and functional features.
9

Phaeodactylum tricornutum genome and epigenome : characterization of natural variants / Phaeodactylum tricornutum génome et épigénome : caractérisation des variantes naturelles

Rastogi, Achal 27 October 2016 (has links)
Depuis la découverte de Phaeodactylum tricornutum par Bohlin en 1897, sa classification au sein de l'arbre de la vie a été controversée. En utilisant des morphotypes ovales et fusiformes Lewin a décrit en 1958 plusieurs traits caractéristiques de cette espèce rappelant la structure des diatomées mettant ainsi fin à la controverse sur la classification de P. tricornutum au sein des Bacillariophycées. Pour se faire, trois morphotypes (ovale, fusiforme et triradié) de Phaeodactylum tricornutum ont été observés. Au cours d’une centaine d’années environ, de 1908 à 2000, 10 souches de Phaeodactylum tricornutum (appelées écotypes) ont été collectées et stockées soit de manière axénique ou en l’état avec leur populations naturelles de bactéries dans les centres des ressources génétiques pour algues, cryo-préservées quand cela est possible. Divers outils cellulaires et moléculaires ont été établis pour disséquer et comprendre la physiologie et l'évolution de P. tricornutum, et/ou les diatomées en général. Grâce à des décennies de recherche et les efforts déployés par de nombreux laboratoires que P. tricornutum est aujourd’hui considérée comme une espèce modèle des diatomées. Le sujet de ma thèse traite majoritairement de la composition génétique et épigénétique du génome de P. tricornutum ainsi que de la diversité morphologique et physiologique sousjacente au sein des populations naturelles prospectées à différents endroits du globe. Pour se faire, j’ai généré les profils chromatiniens en utilisant différentes marques des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones (chapitres 1 et 2) et a également comparé la variation naturelle dans la distribution de certaines marques clés entre deux populations d’écotypes (chapitre 4). Nous avons également généré une carte de la diversité génétique à l’échelle du génome chez 10 écotypes de P. tricornutum révélant ainsi la présence d'un complexe d'espèces dans le genre Phaeodactylum comme la conséquence d’une hybridation ancienne (chapitre 3). Sur la base de nombreux rapports antérieurs et des observations similaires au sein de P. tricornutum, nous proposons l’hybridation naturelle comme une base solide et une possibilité plausible pour expliquer la diversité des espèces chez lest diatomées. De plus, nous avons mis à jour les annotations fonctionnelles et structurelles du génome de P. tricornutum (Phatr3, chapitre 2) et mis au point un algorithme de logiciel convivial pour aller chercher les cibles CRISPR du système d’édition du génome CRISPR / cas9 chez 13 génomes de phytoplancton incluant P. tricornutum (chapitre 5). Pour accomplir tout cela, j'ai utilisé diverses méthodes à la pointe de l’état de l’art comme la spectrométrie de masse, l’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine suivie de séquençage à haut débit ainsi que les séquençages du génome entier, de l'ARN et des protocoles d'édition du génome CRISPR et plusieurs logiciels / pipelines de calcul. Ainsi, le travail de thèse fournit une plate-forme complète qui pourra être utilisée à l’avenir pour des études épigénétiques, de génétiques moléculaires et fonctionnelles chez les diatomées en utilisant comme espèce modèle Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Ce travail est pionnier et représente une valeur ajoutée importante dans le domaine de la recherche sur les diatomées en répondant à des questions nouvelles ouvrant ainsi de nouveaux horizons à la recherche en particulier en épigénétique qui joue un rôle important mais pas encore assez apprécié dans le succès écologique des diatomées dans les océans actuels. / Since the discovery of Phaeodactylum tricornutum by Bohlin in 1897, its classification within the tree of life has been controversial. It was in 1958 when Lewin, using oval and fusiform morphotypes, described multiple characteristic features of this species that resemble diatoms structure, the debate to whether classify P. tricornutum as a member of Bacillariophyceae was ended. To this point three morphotypes (oval, fusiform and triradiate) of Phaeodactylum tricornutum have been observed. Over the course of approximately 100 years, from 1908 till 2000, 10 strains of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (referred to asecotypes) have been collected and stored axenically as cryopreserved stocks at various stock centers. Various cellular and molecular tools have been established to dissect and understand the physiology and evolution of P. tricornutum, and/or diatoms in general. It is because of decades of research and efforts by many laboratories that now P. tricornutum is considered to be a model diatom species. My thesis majorly focuses in understanding the genetic and epigenetic makeup of P. tricornutum genome to decipher the underlying morphological and physiological diversity within different ecotype populations. To do so, I established the epigenetic landscape within P. tricornutum genome using various histone post-translational modification marks (chapter 1 and chapter 2) and also compared the natural variation in the distribution of some key histone PTMs between two ecotype populations (chapter 4). We also generated a genome-wide genetic diversity map across 10 ecotypes of P. tricornutum revealing the presence of a species-complex within the genus Phaeodactylum as aconsequence of ancient hybridization (Chapter 3). Based on the evidences from many previous reports and similar observations within P. tricornutum, we propose natural hybridization as a strong and potential foundation for explaining unprecedented species diversity within the diatom clade. Moreover, we updated the functional and structural annotations of P. tricornutum genome (Phatr3, chapter 2) and developed a user-friendly software algorithm to fetch CRISPR/Cas9 targets, which is a basis to perform knockout studies using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing protocol, in 13 phytoplankton genomes including P. tricornutum (chapter 5). To accomplish all this, I used various state-of-the-art technologies like Mass-Spectrometry, ChIPsequencing, Whole genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, CRISPR genome editing protocols and several computational softwares/pipelines. In brief, the thesis work provides a comprehensive platform for future epigenetic, genetic and functional molecular studies in diatoms using Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model. The work is an addon value to the current state of diatom research by answering questions that have never been asked before and opens a completely new horizon and demand of epigenetics research that underlie the ecological success of diatoms in modern-day ocean.
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Les microalgues : nouvelles sources de molécules élicitrices pour la santé et la defense des plantes. / Phaeodactylum tricornutum : new source of eliciting molecules for plant defense and health

Chuberre, Coralie 04 October 2019 (has links)
La protection intégrée, qui vise à réduire l’usage des pesticides, est un défi majeur pour l’agriculture du XXIème siècle. Le développement de nouvelles approches agronomiques qui concilient environnement et agriculture est une condition indispensable pour l’agriculture de demain. Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation d’éliciteurs capables de mimer une attaque pathogène et de promouvoir un état de résistance chez les plantes face à des maladies représente une alternative naturelle à la lutte chimique. Ces éliciteurs sont nommés les stimulateurs de défense des plantes (SDP). Ils peuvent provenir de différentes sources et être extraits à partir de macroalgues comme c’est le cas des SDP à base de polysaccharides d’algues tels que la laminarine utilisée pour stimuler l’immunité de plantes agronomiques. Toutefois, l’exploitation de ces ressources dans leur milieu naturel et les difficultés de production liées à leur cycle de développement constituent des freins à leur utilisation. La valorisation des microalgues comme source de SDP pourrait permettre de s’affranchir de ces contraintes. Cependant la recherche et de molécules SDP chez les microalgues est encore peu abordée. Au cours de ce travail, le potentiel d’une culture de microalgue, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, à induire des réactions de défense chez les plantes a été évalué. Un broyat cellulaire a été appliqué sur des plantules d’Arabidopsis thaliana. Le caractère éliciteur de ce broyat a été testé et caractérisé par des approches microscopiques, physiologiques et moléculaires. Les résultats ont montré que les plantes traitées présentaient des niveaux d’expression des gènes PR-1, PAD3, ACS6 et WRKY40 et un niveau de protection contre la bactérie Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 (Pst) plus élevés que les plantes non traitées. De plus, un effet bactéricide in vitro sur la bactérie Pst a été observé. Ces résultats offrent de nouvelles perspectives pour le développement de produits SDP d’origine naturelle capables de protéger les cultures. / Integrated plant protection, which aims to reduce the use of pesticide, is a major challenge for the agriculture of the 21st century. The development and application of new agronomic approaches is a prerequisite for crop protection in a sustainable agriculture system. In this context, the use of elicitors capable of mimicking a pathogenic attack and promoting a plant resistance state against diseases is a natural alternative to the use of agro-chemicals. These elicitors are also called plant defense stimulators (PDS). These can be obtained from different sources including macroalgae as it the case for the polysaccharide-based PDS laminarin that is currently used for the protection of a number of crops. However, the exploitation of these natural resources and the difficulties of their production due to their development cycle do hamper their use at a large scale. One of the possibilities to overcome these difficulties is the use of microalgae as a source of PDS. But this possibility and the potential of microalgaederived PDS for crop protection are currently under investigated. In the present work, we have used a cell extract from the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and assessed its defense response-eliciting activities on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by using microscopic, physiological and molecular approaches. The results show that treated plants exhibit higher levels of expression of the PR-1, PAD3, ACS6 and WRKY40 genes and a higher level of protection against the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 (Pst) than nontreated plants. An In vitro antibacterial activity on the Pst bacteria was also observed. Our findings suggest that P. tricornutum cell extracts are able to activate plant immune responses and offer new perspectives for the development of novel plant defense stimulators.

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