As the increase of competition levels, the ability of generating a continuous stream of innovation occupies an exceptionally important role in the development and manufacturing of companies, especially in bio-pharmaceutical industry in United States. This paper presents an empirical perspective on the nature of innovation of the U.S. bio-pharmaceutical companies. Several issues discussed here are central to a study of R&D expenditure's determinates of top listed bio-pharmaceutical companies sampling from U.S. market. It begins with the background information of innovation in overall bio-pharmaceutical sector, and then moves on to detail of R&D activities in bio-pharmaceutical industry. Next it discusses the estimated factors which influence R&D expenditures, following by previous literatures review. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and to test financial and non-financial factors determining R&D expenditures for individual top technique bio-pharmaceutical listed firms through literature review using data for the 2001 to 2010 periods by both single variable analysis and multiple variable analyses empirically. Moreover, the further step in this study is to investigate the real relations between those factor and R&D expenditures individually and synthetically. In this way, this work helps us have a more clear understanding on the relationship between firm performance and firm R&D expenditures. More specifically, the study provides evidence on three essential issues. To answer there three questions, the paper conducts both single variables analysis and multiple variable analysis. For single variable analyses, first step is to draw scatter plots based on 97 sets of data by using MARLAB software. Following this step, to illustrate the exact correlation between the given independent variable and dependent variable (the natural logarithm of R&D), after processing data filter the paper adopt curve fitting based on varying sets of data. According to the results from this study, the conclusions obtained can be divided into two streams. First type is the one that the hypothesis get support from this study. For instance, there is a significantly positive correlation between firm size and R&D expenditures as expected. Also, just as expected, a high sales growth rate is positively correlated with R&D expenditures based on given sample. Besides, it is proved in this paper that R&Di,t-1 have a lagged effect on the R&Dit expenditures. The other type is that hypothesis cannot be proved, no significant evidence have been found or not as effective as what have been estimated in hypothesis. For example, it is not reasonable to say the R&D expenditures and operating profit margin have a positive correlation. Moreover, the lnR&Dit and cash flow to sales income rate also have no obvious correlation. According to the analyses of two multiple variable models, all six variables can be regarded as the determinants of R&D expenditures; especially the variable of firm 3 / 105 size is the major. Additionally, some interesting findings provided in the end of this study.

Pharmaceutical companies experience new challenges in the face of steadily increasing costs for drug production coupled with a decrease in the number of approved drugs. While the pharmaceutical industry remains tentative in Sweden, it is extensively growing in China. Chinese businesses are now on the lookout for foreign experience and know-how in production and R&D. This provides an opportunity for both parties to engage in strategic alliances. Nevertheless, strategic alliances present risks that partner firms need to be aware of. This study investigates how Swedish pharmaceuticals can manage perceived risks when cooperating with Chinese pharmaceutical firms. Through academic journals, two main mechanisms were identified as being of particular influence in the management of perceived risk: trust and control. A qualitative study of nine interviews was conducted in order to determine how Swedish pharmaceutical companies manage risk when engaging in strategic alliances with Chinese partners. Six men and women employed in three different pharmaceutical companies were interviewed along with three experts from the industry. The empirical investigation results in a description of a sequence of trust-enhancing activities and control mechanisms. Network and communication are found to be essential trust-enhancing activities, enabled by a Chinese employee. The study conclusively determines that a Chinese connector is the key in the management of perceived risk.

The aim of this thesis is to make policy recommendations for Turkey in order to facilitate innovative activities resulting in more patent applications in pharmaceutical industry through comparing her with the selected countries / USA, EU, Japan, India, China and Korea. The comparison is performed in terms of the patent, research and development (R&amp / D) expenditures and basic research. This study begins with firstly indicating the relationship between patents and innovation in sector basis. When it is looked at this relationship patents are the most necessary tool for pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, in the main part of the thesis the patents and innovations in pharmaceutical sector are analyzed mostly. However, this analysis is not done in all aspects but it is done in terms of research and development expenditures and basic research. Patent is mainly a result of research and development activities. Besides, basic research is also effective in making innovations and so in patent system. Because of these reasons, the relationship between patents and innovations in pharmaceutical industry are covered in terms of these two aspects-R&amp / D expenditures and basic v research-. These relationships are analyzed in country level. In this thesis, in order to see the right route for Turkey and give some advises to Turkish patent and innovation system especially in pharmaceutical industry Turkey is compared with USA, EU, Japan, China, India and Korea. The reason to take USA, EU and Japan is that, these countries are developed countries, the biggest patent offices in the world are in these countries and the number of patent applications is the highest in the offices of these countries. On the other hand, China, India and Korea are taken as subject to the comparison because these countries are developing countries like Turkey and the development levels of these countries are not too higher than Turkey. In this thesis, through comparing Turkey with the selected countries, some policy recommendations are done for Turkey and this thesis may open door to further studies on the patent and innovation system of Turkey especially in pharmaceutical industry.

No description available.

Thesis (MA)--University of Montana, 2009. / Contents viewed on November 24, 2009. "Major Subject: Communication Studies" Title from author supplied metadata. Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

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Με βάση τα στοιχεία σχετικά με την επίδραση των αξιών και τη σημασία τους μας ενδιαφέρει να τις εξετάσουμε ως προς καθοριστικές παραμέτρους της συνταγογραφικής συμπεριφοράς και της τεχνικές επικοινωνίας που χρησιμοποιούν οι εταιρίες για να προσεγγίσουν τους γιατρούς. H φαρμακευτική βιομηχανία σήμερα εστιάζεται κυρίως σε ποσοτικές μετρήσεις και στον αριθμό των ιατρικών επισκεπτών παρά στην αποτελεσματικότητα των επισκέψεών τους. Αυτό ωθεί τους γιατρούς στο να κλείνουν τις πόρτες στους Ι.Ε. Σε άλλους κλάδους βιομηχανιών όπως στις τράπεζες και στην αυτοκινητοβιομηχανία χρησιμοποιούνται ψυχογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά. Ήδη κάποιες φαρμακευτικές εταιρίες όπως η UCB έχουν ήδη αρχίσει να εκμεταλλεύονται αυτά τα εργαλεία μάρκετινγκ. Οι μέθοδοι αυτοί περιλαμβάνουν τη συνταγογραφική συνήθεια των γιατρών, δημογραφικά, τις αξίες των γιατρών τρόπο ζωής και ότι άλλο μπορεί να επηρεάσει τις συνταγογραφική τους συμπεριφορά. / -

There can be little doubt that competition in the pharmaceutical industry has increased considerably over the past few years. Growth in the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa has been affected adversely in recent years by the increased competition from generic drug manufacturers. As soon as a drug comes off patent, competitors are ready with generic copies, resulting in price drops. Pharmaceutical companies are therefore forced to continually evaluate their existing strategies, to ensure that their financial performance remains at the desired level. This study aims to determine the importance that entities in the pharmaceutical industry attach to competition during the strategy-formulation process. The study will also attempt to provide an understanding of how entities have adapted their product-market strategies, as identified by Ansoff, over the past five years. As an ancillary objective, this research aims to determine whether the level of competition in the industry has adversely affected the financial performance of the entities competing within the industry. Entities within the pharmaceutical industry consider the level of competition in the industry to be very high, and, accordingly, it is one of the major factors that they consider when determining which product market strategy to adopt. Because of this, the product-market strategies adopted by entities in the pharmaceutical industry have changed substantially over the past five years. No strategy is, however, dominant. Over the past five years, most of the entities in the pharmaceutical industry have displayed improved profitability, risk and cash flow-ratios, as well as growth in revenue, net profit and net asset value. This improvement in financial performance is despite an increased level of competition. It can therefore be concluded that the level of competition in the pharmaceutical industry is not reflected directly in the overall financial performance of companies in the industry. / Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accounting))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The purpose of the study was to find causality for poor social change in the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa. Top, middle, and lower-level management respondents, including the CEOs, were studied in 11 pharmaceutical manufacturing companies. Human resources managers selected the participants randomly in such a way as to ensure a 60%-40% split between affirmees and non-affirmees. Participants responded to three questionnaires: the leadership questionnaire to determine if effective or appropriate leadership styles were being used with the respondents given their levels of readiness (ability and willingness to do the required tasks), the organisational climate questionnaire to determine what areas of the companies needed improvement, and the social change questionnaire to determine the problematic aspects of social change within the companies. Participants completed the questionnaires during a designated 45-minute period in their respective company headquarters. A clinical psychologist was in attendance to answer any questions. Prior to participating, respondents received cover letters, and the psychologist provided detailed explanations of the study. The main findings were (a) a mismatch in leadership style in affirmee-led organisations that was normally problematic; (b) differences in existing organisations compared to desired organisations; and (c) problems in the dimensions of support and attitude toward change in the mismatch group, which was the affirmee-led organisations. The conclusion was that, although external factors should be the drivers for transformation and also affect leadership style, leaders must be able to adapt their style to fit the readiness level of their followers. In addition, a proposed model for transformation in the pharmaceutical industry, based on the findings from the study and the literature review, was presented. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2007.