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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Untersuchungen zur Natur der Laves-Phasen in Systemen der Übergangsmetalle

Grüner, Daniel 21 February 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Laves-Phasen sind intermetallische Verbindungen der Zusammensetzung AB2, die in den Strukturtypen C14 (MgZn2), C15 (MgCu2), C36 (MgNi2) oder deren Abkömmlingen kristallisieren. Diese sind Polytypen mit einem gemeinsamen grundlegenden Strukturmuster. Insgesamt sind über 1400 binäre und ternäre Laves-Phasen bekannt. Sie stellen damit die größte Gruppe der bislang bekannten intermetallischen Verbindungen dar. Laves-Phasen wurden intensiv untersucht um grundlegende Aspekte der Phasenstabilität zu verstehen. Geometrische und elektronische Faktoren haben sich in ihrer Vorhersagekraft bezüglich des Auftretens und der Stabilität einer Laves-Phase aber nur in wenigen Fällen als hilfreich erwiesen. Das Auftreten von Homogenitätsbereichen und damit einhergehender struktureller Defekte ist in den meisten Fällen immer noch unklar und spiegelt grundsätzliche Probleme in der Chemie intermetallischer Verbindungen wider: Das unvollständige Bild der chemischen Bindung, die Tendenz zur Bildung ausgedehnter Homogenitätsbereiche sowie der Einfluss von Minoritätskomponenten auf Struktur und Phasenstabilität ist bei intermetallischen Verbindungen größer als bei vielen anderen Verbindungsklassen. Daher sind die Informationen über Struktur, Stabiblität und physikalische Eigenschaften intermetallischer Verbindungen im Allgemeinen unvollständig und mitunter unzuverlässig oder widersprüchlich. Um diese Probleme anzugehen wurden in dieser Arbeit Laves-Phasen in den Systemen Nb--TM (TM = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) und Nb--Cr--TM (TM = Co, Ni) als Modellsysteme ausgewählt. Das Ziel der Untersuchung ist, das Wechselspiel zwischen chemischer Bindung, Struktur und Phasenstabilität für die Laves-Phasen auf der Grundlage genauer experimenteller Daten sowie quantenmechanischer Rechnungen zu beleuchten. Die Untersuchungen des binären Systems Nb--Co nehmen hier eine Schlüsselposition ein. Eine Neubestimmung des Phasendiagramms des Systems Nb--Co im Bereich der Laves-Phasen bestätigt die Existenz von Phasen mit C14-, C15- und C36-Struktur. Dabei wurden schmale Zweiphasenfelder C15 + C36 und C15 + C14 sowie ein schmaler, aber signifikanter Homogenitätsbereich der C36-Phase experimentell nachgewiesen. Die Kristallstrukturen von C36-Nb(1-x)Co(2+x) (x = 0,265), C15-Nb(1-x)Co(2+x) (x = 0,12), C15-NbCo2 und C14-Nb(1+x)Co(2-x) (x = 0,07) wurden mittels Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse verfeinert. Im Falle von C36-Nb(1-x)Co(2+x) (x = 0,265) und C15-Nb(1-x)Co(2+x) (x = 0,12) wird bestätigt, dass der Homogenitätsbereich durch Substitution von Nb durch Co erzeugt wird. Im Fall von C14-Nb(1+x)Co(2-x) werden Abweichungen von der Zusammensetzung NbCo2 durch Substitution von Co durch überschüssiges Nb erzeugt, wobei nur eine der beiden Co-Lagen gemischt besetzt wird. Quantenmechanische Rechnungen zeigen, dass dieses Besetzungsmuster energetisch bevorzugt ist. Weder mittels Röntgenbeugung noch mittels hochauflösender Elektronenmikroskopie und Elektronenbeugeng wurden Ordnungsvarianten oder Stapelvarianten der Laves-Phasen beobachtet. In der Kristallstruktur von C36-Nb(1-x)Co(2+x) (x = 0,265) ist mehr als ein Viertel des Nb durch überschüssiges Co ersetzt. Von zwei kristallographischen Nb-Lagen wird eine bevorzugt von Co besetzt, so dass sich der Co-Anteil der beiden Lagen etwa wie 2:1 verhält. Co-Antistrukturatome sind relativ zu der Nb-Position verschoben. Triebkraft dieser Verschiebungen ist die Bildung von Nb--Co-Kontakten innerhalb der A-Teilstruktur. Gemischte Besetzung der Nb-Lagen, die Verteilung der Co-Antistrukturatome und mit der Substitution einhergehende Verzerrungen führen zu einer komplizierten Realstruktur. Zur Beschreibung der elektronischen Struktur von C36-Nb(1-x)Co(2+x) (x = 0,265) werden daher verschiedene Modelle verwendet, die Tendenzen sowohl zur beobachteten Mischbesetzung als auch zur Verzerrung der Kristallstruktur aufzeigen. Die elektronische Struktur und chemische Bindung von C14-, C15- und C36-NbCo2 wurde vergleichend untersucht. Berechnungen der Gesamtenergie zeigen sehr geringe Energiedifferenzen zwischen den drei Strukturen, die mit einer sehr ähnlichen Bindungssituation der Polytypen im Einklang ist. In den Systemen Nb--Cr und Nb--Fe wurde der Verlauf der Gitterparameter innerhalb des gesamten Homogenitätsbereichs der Laves-Phase bei ausgewählten Temperaturen untersucht. Die Kristallstrukturen von C15-NbCr2 und C14-NbFe2 wurden erstmals verfeinert. Vorläufige Untersuchungen bestätigen die Existenz von zwei Hochtemperaturmodifikationen (C14 und C36) von NbCr2. Im System Nb--Mn wurde die Mn-reiche Seite des Homogenitätsbereichs bei 800 °C und 1100 °C an aus zweiphasigen (Mn(Nb) + C14) Präparaten isolierten Einkristallen untersucht. Bei 800 °C wird ein Kristall der Zusammensetzung NbMn2 erhalten, während bei 1100 °C ausgeprägte Löslichkeit von Mn in der C14-Phase beobachtet wird. Die Summenformel kann als Nb(1-x)Mn(2+x) (x = 0,13) geschrieben werden. Die Substitution von Nb durch Mn führt zu Verschiebungen der Antistrukturatome bezüglich der Nb-Lagen und damit zur Bildung kurzer Nb--Mn-Abstände. In den ternären Systemen Nb--Cr--Co und Nb--Cr--Ni wurden die Kristallstrukturen der C14-Phasen C14-Nb(Cr(1-x)Co(x))2 und C14-Nb(Cr(1-x)Ni(x))2 am Einkristall untersucht. Neben den auch für die binären C14-Phasen beobachteten Verzerrungen zeigen die Kristallstrukturen eine teilweise geordnete Verteilung von Cr und Co bzw. Cr und Ni auf die beiden kristallographischen Lagen der B-Teilstruktur. Die bevorzugte Besetzung wurde auf der Grundlage von Extended-Hückel-Rechnungen untersucht. Zwar können diese Rechnungen kein quantitatives Bild liefern, jedoch werden Tendenzen im System Nb--Cr--Co richtig wiedergegeben. Im System Nb--Cr--Ni liefern die Rechnungen jedoch dem Experiment widersprechende Ergebnisse. Die Vorhersagekraft der Methode ist also begrenzt. Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Reihe NbTM2, TM = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co mittels Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie und Bandstrukturrechnungen zeigen, dass die chemische Bindung der untersuchten Verbindungen im wesentlichen ähnlich ist, aber dass durchaus Entwicklungen innerhalb der Reihe festgestellt werden können. Diese Entwicklung wird besonders in der Verzerrung der C14-Phasen und hier speziell der B-Teilstruktur deutlich, die in den experimentell zugänglichen C14-Phasen in NbMn2 deutlicher ausgeprägt ist als in NbFe2. Analysen der chemischen Bindung mit Hilfe der COHP-Methoden zeigen eine ähnliche Tendenz zur Verzerrung, die vereinfacht auch als Funktion der Valenzelektronenkonzentration aufgefasst werden kann. Berechnungen der Gesamtenergie unterstützen diese Interpretation. Im Gesamtbild der elektronischen Struktur ist eine leichte Zunahme des ionischen Bindungsanteils von TM = Cr zu TM = Co zu erkennen. Die Natur der Laves-Phasen in Systemen der Übergangsmetalle ist ein sehr vielschichtiges Problem, das weiterhin intensive und interdisziplinäre Forschung erfordert. Insbesondere mit der Charakterisierung nichtstöchiometrischer Laves-Phasen wurden aber bereits wichtige Beiträge zum Verständnis der Bildung der Homogenitätsbereiche erarbeitet.
142

Structural and Electrochemical Studies of Positive Electrode Materials in the Li-Mn-Ni-O System for Lithium-ion Batteries

Rowe, Aaron William 28 May 2014 (has links)
Emerging energy storage applications are driving the demand for Li-ion battery positive electrode materials with higher energy densities and lower costs. The recent production of complete pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of the Li-Mn-Ni-O system generated using combinatorial methods has provided a greater understanding of the impact of initial composition, synthesis temperature, and cooling rate on the phases that form in the final materials. This thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of gram-scale positive electrode materials in the Li-Mn-Ni-O system. Structural analysis of these samples has resulted in the production of partial pseudo-ternary phase diagrams focusing on the positive electrode materials region of the Li-Mn-Ni-O system at 800°C and 900°C in air for both quenched and slow cooled compositions. These bulk-scale diagrams support the observations of the combinatorial diagrams, and show similar layered and cubic structures contained within several single- and multi-phase regions. The phases that form at each composition are shown to be dependent on both the reaction temperature and cooling rate used during synthesis. The electrochemical characterization of two composition series near Li2MnO3, one quenched and one slow cooled, is presented. The quenched compositions exhibited reversible cycling at 4.4 V, voltage plateaus and small increases in capacity above 4.6 V, and large first cycle irreversible capacity losses at 4.8 V. In the slow cooled series, all but one composition exhibited initial capacities below 100 mAh/g which began to continually increase with cycling, with several compositions exhibiting capacity increases of 300% over 150 cycles at 4.9 V. In both series, analysis of the voltage and differential capacity plots indicated that significant structure rearrangements are taking place in these materials during extended cycling, the possible origins of which are discussed. Finally, high precision coulometry studies of one Li-deficient and two Li-rich single-phase layered compositions are discussed. These materials exhibit minimal oxidation of simple carbonate-based electrolyte when cycled to high potential, with the Li-deficient composition producing less electrolyte oxidation at 4.6 V vs. Li/Li+ than commercial Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 at 4.2 V. The inherent inertness of this composition may make it suitable for use as a thin protective layer in a core-shell particle.
143

Topics in the theory of inhomogeneous media composite superconductors and dielectrics /

Kim, Kwangmoo, January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-181).
144

Etude expérimentale des relations structure-propriétés et des effets de dimensionnalité dans des oxydes de cobalt et de vanadium / Experimental investigation of structure - property relationships and dimensionality aspects in some cobalt and vanadium oxides

Popuri, Srinivasa Rao 11 December 2012 (has links)
Les oxydes doubles lamellaires de cobalt et les oxydes de vanadium ont récemment suscité un vifintérêt suite à la découverte de leurs propriétés thermoélectriques prometteuses. Nos efforts visentà synthétiser de nouveaux composés dérivés de ces systèmes en utilisant la synthèse à l'étatsolide, l'échange d'ions et/ou les techniques hydrothermales. Afin de moduler et d'optimiser leurscaractéristiques thermoélectriques, nous avons ajusté la composition des oxydes de cobalt grâce àdes substitutions appropriées. Au sein du dioxyde de vanadium quasi-1D, nous avons considérétrois différentes structures polymorphes : M1, A et B. Nous avons exploré les différents systèmesen construisant l’ensemble des diagrammes de phases. Nous avons également étudié l'effet de lasubstitution du vanadium par le molybdène et le chrome sur la stabilité de ces structurespolymorphes et caractérisé leurs propriétés électroniques en relation avec les mécanismes detransition de phase. / Lamellar cobalt double oxides and vanadium oxides have recently attracted tremendous interestafter the discovery of their interesting thermoelectric properties. Our efforts aimed at synthesizingnovel related compounds using standard solid state, ion exchange and/or hydrothermaltechniques. In order to modulate and optimize their thermoelectric characteristics, we have tunedthe composition of cobalt double oxides by appropriate substitutions. In quasi 1D vanadiumoxides, the interplay between spin, charge and orbital degrees of freedom often leads toremarkable properties. Here we dealt with three different polymorphs of vanadium dioxide,namely M1, A and B. We explored the several novel systems by constructing systematic phasediagrams. We also studied the effect of Mo and Cr:V substitution on the stability of thesepolymorphs and characterized their electronic properties in relation with the structural phasetransition mechanisms. Finally, we explored their potentiality for thermoelectric applications.
145

Extraction au point de trouble de substances organiques et électrolytes à l'aide de mélangeurs-décanteurs / Cloud point extraction of organics and electrolytes substances using mixer settlers

Benkhedja, Houaria 10 March 2015 (has links)
Au-dessus d’une certaine température appelée température de trouble (Tc), les solutions aqueuses de la majorité des tensioactifs non ioniques polyéthoxylés se séparent en deux phases liquides en équilibre : la phase diluée et le coacervat. Grâce à la solubilisation micellaire de composés hydrophobes, amphiphiles ou même ioniques et à leur concentration dans le (faible) volume de coacervat, une extraction à deux phases aqueuses (extraction par point de trouble ou par coacervat)peut être réalisée et appliquée à des opérations de dépollution d'effluents industriels ou à la concentration ou encore à la séparation de substances à haute valeur ajoutée. L’extraction par point de trouble (CPE) est une technique relativement simple et écologique pour l'élimination des matières toxiques de l'environnement, qui s’est avérée efficace dans le traitement de divers contaminants (organiques et inorganiques dissous ou dispersés) de l’eau. Une première partie de cette thèse consiste à rappeler quelques notions sur la pollution industrielle des eaux et quelques généralités sur les tensioactifs (TA) et sur l’extraction liquide-liquide. Elle est suivie d’une description des réactifs, du matériel et des méthodes utilisées au cours de ce travail, comme préliminaire à la mise au point d'un procédé d'extraction par coacervat. Quelques propriétés thermodynamiques superficielles (adsorption) et d’association (micellisation) de deux tensioactifs non ioniques industriels (le Simulsol NW342 et le Tergitol 15-S-7) ont été déterminées. Les courbes de démixtion des systèmes binaires (eau/TA) ainsi que l’effet de divers additifs (sel, composés organiques, tensioactifs ioniques) sur le point de trouble sont étudiés. Le diagramme isotherme du système ternaire (eau/TA/ phénol) est tracé. Une application du modèle de Flory-Huggins-Rupert pour la prédiction des courbes de démixtion des tensioactifs non ioniques a été expérimentée. L’extraction à un seul contact, à partir de solutions modèles, utilise des alcools oxo éthoxylés biodégradables (Simulsol NW342 et Tergitol 15-S-7) pour des polluants organiques dissous (phénol, 1-phényléthanol et alcool benzylique) et un mélange de tensioactifs non ionique (Simulsol NW342) et ionique (SDS ou CTAB) pour des polluants métalliques solubles (plomb(II), molybdène(VI)). On cherche le meilleur compromis entre le pourcentage de soluté extrait (E%),la fraction volumique du coacervat (фv), et les pourcentages de soluté et de tensioactif restants dans la phase diluée (Xs,d et XTA, d), en utilisant un plan d'expériences de type Scheffé et un lissage empirique des courbes. Les résultats sont très prometteurs car les pourcentages d’extraction varient de 60 à 95% pour les solutés organiques et de 40 à 85% pour les solutés métalliques, les meilleures performances étant obtenues pour le phénol et le plomb. D’autre part, il est possible, en jouant sur le pH, d’améliorer les séparations et de recycler le tensioactif après désextraction des solutés. Les cinétiques d’extraction, de séparation et de clarification ont été aussi étudiées pour une meilleure compréhension de ces systèmes. Enfin, l’extraction continue du phénol à partir du mélange eau/4%Simulsol NW342/0,2%phénol (mass.) a été testée sur deux appareillages (extracteur centrifuge et mélangeurdécanteur)thermostatés. Dans un procédé multi-étagé à courants croisés sur un mélangeur-décanteur, on arrive à réduire la concentration du phénol à moins de 0,3ppm (concentration limite selon la législation) après six étages. / Above a certain temperature called cloud point (Tc), aqueous solutions of most nonionic polyethoxylated surfactants separate into two liquid phases in equilibrium: the dilute phase and the coacervate. Thanks to the micellar solubilization of hydrophobic, amphiphilic or even ionic compounds and their concentration in the low volume of coacervate, two-aqueous phase extraction (cloud-point or coacervate extraction) can be performed and applied to the removal of pollutants from aqueous industrial effluents or to the concentration or even separation of high added-value chemicals. Cloud point extraction (CPE) is a relatively simple and ecologically-safe technique for the removal of toxic materials from the environment; this process has proved efficient in treating water for various contaminants including dissolved or dispersed organic and inorganic chemicals. The first part of this thesis consists of recalling some notions on industrial wastewater, some generalities about surfactants (TA) and liquid-liquid extraction, followed by a description of all the reagents, materials and methods used in this work as a preliminary study of a coacervate extraction process. Some surface thermodynamic (adsorption) and association (micellization) properties of two industrial nonionic surfactants (Simulsol NW342 and Tergitol 15-S-7) were determined. The cloud point curves of water /TA binary systems are drawn and the effect of various additives (salt, organic compounds, ionic surfactants) on the cloud point is studied. The isothermal diagram of a water/TA/phenol ternary system is drawn. An application of the Flory-Huggins-Rupert model for the prediction of cloud point curves of nonionic surfactants is discussed. Single contact extraction, from model solutions, uses biodegradable polyethoxylated nonionic surfactants (Simulsol NW342 and Tergitol 15-S-7) for dissolved organic pollutants (phenol, 1-phenylethanol and benzyl alcohol) and mixed micelles of nonionic (Simulsol NW342) and ionic (SDS, CTAB) surfactants for soluble electolytes (lead (II), molybdenum (VI)). We search for the best compromise between the percentage of solute extracted (E%), the coacervate volume fraction (фc) and the percentages of solute and surfactant remaining in the dilute phase (Xs,d and XTA,d), These experimental results are subject to an empirical smoothing through a Scheffé-type experimental design, and an empirical curve fitting procedure. The results are very promising, due to the percentage of solute extracted, which varies between 60 and 95% for organic solutes and from 40 to 85% for electrolytes, the best performances being obtained for phenol and lead. On the other hand, it is possible, by adjusting pH, to improve the separation and recycle the surfactant after back-extraction. The kinetics of extraction yield and phase separation and clarification were also investigated for a better understanding of these systems. Finally, the continuous extraction of phenol from a model solution (water/4wt.% Simulsol NW342/0.2wt.% phenol) on two thermostated equipments (a centrifugal extractor and a mixer-settler) was attempted. In a multi-stage process on a cross-current mixer-settler, the concentration of residual phenol in the dilute phase could be reduced to less than 0.3 ppm (concentration allowed by standard European regulations) after six stages.
146

Modelos de spins geometricamente frustrados: transição de fase e estruturas de platores

Litaiff, Fabian Cardoso 08 April 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:15:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5202.pdf: 3904832 bytes, checksum: c623a581c3cdb03d9cc81fc16ecef935 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-08 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This thesis presents a study of the magnetization plateau and the phenomenon of geometrical frustration in spin systems applied to lattices with triangular structure, as well as the results achieved by applying the differential operator technique of the Ising and Heisenberg models with external magnetic field applied to the easy magnetization axis z, their phase diagrams, behavior plateaus observed and analyzed according to the Haldane conjecture and appearance of plateaus presented by Oshikawa, Yamanaka and Affleck, and also to study the behavior of the magnetic susceptibility in order to verify the behavior of frustrated systems using the frustration factor f= θWC/TN to verify frustration encountered at various stages of the study models / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da magnetização de platô e do fenômeno de frustração geométrica em sistemas de spins, aplicados às redes com estrutura triangular, bem como os resultados alcançados aplicando-se a técnica do operador diferencial a modelos de Ising e Heisenberg com campo magnético externo aplicado sobre o eixo fácil de magnetização z, seus diagramas de fases e comportamento de platôs observados e analisados segundo a conjectura de Haldane e a condição de aparecimento de platôs apresentada por Oshikawa, Yamanaka e Affleck, e ainda, o estudo do comportamento da susceptibilidade magnética com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento dos sistemas frustrados utilizando-se o fator de frustração f= θWC/TN para verificar a frustração nas diversas fases encontradas ao longo do estudo dos modelos.
147

Crescimento de cristais de LiY sub(1-x) TR sub(x) F sub(4):Nd (TR=Lu ou Gd) para aplicacoes opticas

RANIERI, IZILDA M. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07149.pdf: 7899411 bytes, checksum: 6ba368602f98f29e9401ef54276cdb45 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
148

Estudo experimental do equilíbrio de fases de hidratos de dióxido de carbono na presença de inibidores termodinâmicos / An experimental study on the phase equilibrium of carbon dioxide hydrates in the presence of thermodynamical inhibitors

Guembaroski, Amanda Zorzi 10 October 2016 (has links)
CNPq / Hidratos de gás são sólidos cristalinos formados através de uma rede de moléculas de água, mantidas coesas por ligações de hidrogênio. Os hidratos são estabilizados por moléculas não-polarizadas de baixo diâmetro molecular (molécula hóspede) que se encontram ocluídas em cavidades (rede hospedeira) da estrutura cristalina formada pelas moléculas de água. A interação entre a rede hospedeira e a molécula hóspede ocorre através de forças de van der Waals. A formação dos hidratos de gás é dependente da temperatura, pressão e da composição do gás. Para a indústria de Petróleo e Gás, a ocorrência de hidratos pode causar problemas em tubulações, danos aos equipamentos e comprometimento da segurança operacional. Por isso, conhecer sob quais condições operacionais ocorre a formação de hidratos é extremamente importante para a indústria. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a investigação do poder de inibição, na formação de hidratos, de soluções aquosas de inibidores (etanol ou cloreto de sódio) para sistemas constituídos por dióxido de carbono, através das curvas de equilíbrio de fases (líquido-hidrato-vapor) para pressões entre 10,3 e 52,4 bar e temperaturas entre 272,15 e 281,65 K. Foram avaliadas diferentes concentrações de inibidores (etanol: 5%, 10% e 15% e cloreto de sódio: 5%, 10% e 15%) de modo a estabelecer o poder de inibição de cada um deles sobre o equilíbrio líquido-hidrato-vapor. As medições experimentais para a obtenção dessas curvas de equilíbrio de hidratos (curvas P versus T) foram obtidas pelo método estático sintético, através do procedimento isotérmico, no módulo de equilíbrio de fases construído no NUEM/UTFPR. Dados da literatura foram selecionados para comparação com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho. A entalpia de dissociação para estes hidratos foi estimada a partir dos dados de equilíbrio obtidos experimentalmente através da equação de ClausiusClapeyron. Adicionalmente, os softwares comerciais CSMGem (Ballard, 2002) e Multiflash® foram usados para estabelecer os desvios médios absolutos entre os dados experimentais obtidos e os dados de predição de dissociação de hidratos. Verificou-se o maior poder de inibição do cloreto de sódio sobre o equilíbrio de fases de dióxido de carbono e água (LH2O-H-V), quando comparado ao etanol. / Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds formed by hydrogen-bonded water frameworks. Hydrates are stabilized by non-polar molecules of low molecular diameters (guest molecules), which are occluded in cavities (host lattice) of the crystalline structure formed by water molecules. The interaction between the host and guest molecules occurs by van der Waals forces. The formation of gas hydrates depends on temperature, pressure and gas composition. In the oil and gas industry, the occurrence of hydrates can cause problems in pipelines, damage to equipments, production interruption or impairment and operational safety issues. Therefore, the knowledge of the conditions under which hydrates occur is of extreme importance to that industry. This study intends to investigate the hydrate phase equilibrium curves for systems of carbon dioxide + inhibitors aqueous solutions, in order to establish the strength of hydrate inhibition at different inhibitor mass concentrations (ethanol: 5%, 10% e 15% and sodium chloride: 5%, 10% e 15%). The experimental temperature ranged from 272.15 to 281.65 K for pressures up 52.4 bar. Experimental measurements were made to obtain hydrate equilibrium curves (P vs T curves) by means of the synthetic static method using an isothermal procedure. The phase equilibrium apparatus was built in the NUEM/UTFPR lab. Literature data were selected and compared with the results obtained in this work. From the phase equilibrium data, the enthalpy of dissociation for these hydrates were estimated by applying the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. In addition, the experimental data are compared to prediction tools (CSMGem and Multiflash®) and the absolute average deviation between the measured and predicted data are reported. It was observed that the sodium chloride provides the strongest inhibition on the LH2O-H-V phase equilibrium when compared to ethanol.
149

Estudo experimental do equilíbrio de fases de hidratos de dióxido de carbono na presença de inibidores termodinâmicos / An experimental study on the phase equilibrium of carbon dioxide hydrates in the presence of thermodynamical inhibitors

Guembaroski, Amanda Zorzi 10 October 2016 (has links)
CNPq / Hidratos de gás são sólidos cristalinos formados através de uma rede de moléculas de água, mantidas coesas por ligações de hidrogênio. Os hidratos são estabilizados por moléculas não-polarizadas de baixo diâmetro molecular (molécula hóspede) que se encontram ocluídas em cavidades (rede hospedeira) da estrutura cristalina formada pelas moléculas de água. A interação entre a rede hospedeira e a molécula hóspede ocorre através de forças de van der Waals. A formação dos hidratos de gás é dependente da temperatura, pressão e da composição do gás. Para a indústria de Petróleo e Gás, a ocorrência de hidratos pode causar problemas em tubulações, danos aos equipamentos e comprometimento da segurança operacional. Por isso, conhecer sob quais condições operacionais ocorre a formação de hidratos é extremamente importante para a indústria. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a investigação do poder de inibição, na formação de hidratos, de soluções aquosas de inibidores (etanol ou cloreto de sódio) para sistemas constituídos por dióxido de carbono, através das curvas de equilíbrio de fases (líquido-hidrato-vapor) para pressões entre 10,3 e 52,4 bar e temperaturas entre 272,15 e 281,65 K. Foram avaliadas diferentes concentrações de inibidores (etanol: 5%, 10% e 15% e cloreto de sódio: 5%, 10% e 15%) de modo a estabelecer o poder de inibição de cada um deles sobre o equilíbrio líquido-hidrato-vapor. As medições experimentais para a obtenção dessas curvas de equilíbrio de hidratos (curvas P versus T) foram obtidas pelo método estático sintético, através do procedimento isotérmico, no módulo de equilíbrio de fases construído no NUEM/UTFPR. Dados da literatura foram selecionados para comparação com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho. A entalpia de dissociação para estes hidratos foi estimada a partir dos dados de equilíbrio obtidos experimentalmente através da equação de ClausiusClapeyron. Adicionalmente, os softwares comerciais CSMGem (Ballard, 2002) e Multiflash® foram usados para estabelecer os desvios médios absolutos entre os dados experimentais obtidos e os dados de predição de dissociação de hidratos. Verificou-se o maior poder de inibição do cloreto de sódio sobre o equilíbrio de fases de dióxido de carbono e água (LH2O-H-V), quando comparado ao etanol. / Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds formed by hydrogen-bonded water frameworks. Hydrates are stabilized by non-polar molecules of low molecular diameters (guest molecules), which are occluded in cavities (host lattice) of the crystalline structure formed by water molecules. The interaction between the host and guest molecules occurs by van der Waals forces. The formation of gas hydrates depends on temperature, pressure and gas composition. In the oil and gas industry, the occurrence of hydrates can cause problems in pipelines, damage to equipments, production interruption or impairment and operational safety issues. Therefore, the knowledge of the conditions under which hydrates occur is of extreme importance to that industry. This study intends to investigate the hydrate phase equilibrium curves for systems of carbon dioxide + inhibitors aqueous solutions, in order to establish the strength of hydrate inhibition at different inhibitor mass concentrations (ethanol: 5%, 10% e 15% and sodium chloride: 5%, 10% e 15%). The experimental temperature ranged from 272.15 to 281.65 K for pressures up 52.4 bar. Experimental measurements were made to obtain hydrate equilibrium curves (P vs T curves) by means of the synthetic static method using an isothermal procedure. The phase equilibrium apparatus was built in the NUEM/UTFPR lab. Literature data were selected and compared with the results obtained in this work. From the phase equilibrium data, the enthalpy of dissociation for these hydrates were estimated by applying the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. In addition, the experimental data are compared to prediction tools (CSMGem and Multiflash®) and the absolute average deviation between the measured and predicted data are reported. It was observed that the sodium chloride provides the strongest inhibition on the LH2O-H-V phase equilibrium when compared to ethanol.
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Élaboration et caractérisation de fibres cristallines de nouveaux matériaux pour la conversion de fréquence dans le domaine V-UV par la technique micro-pulling down / Growth and characterization of new crystals fibers for frequency conversion in the V-UV region by the micro-pulling down technique

Assi, Farah 08 October 2015 (has links)
L’intérêt des systèmes laser UV compacts à solide ne cesse de s’accroître du fait de leurs nombreuses applications dans différents domaines : stockage optique d’information, micro-usinage, médecine, biologie, science des matériaux ... Cependant, dans les cristaux de type oxyde, l’obtention d’une lumière laser UV ne peut se faire que par conversion de fréquences d’un laser émettant dans le domaine infra-rouge. Dans ces conditions, les efforts de recherche s’orientent vers des cristaux à base de borates du fait de leurs performances, de leur transparence dans l’ultraviolet et de leur résistance à l’endommagement laser. Dans ce cadre, nous avons étudié trois matériaux à base de borate : Bi2ZnB2O7 (BZBO), LaBGeO5 (LBGO) et BaCaBO3F (BCBF). Des fibres cristallines de borate de zinc et bismuth BZBO ont été élaborées par la technique de la micro-goutte pendante dans différentes conditions afin de tenter de résoudre le problème de la coloration orange-rouge des fibres obtenues lors de travaux antérieurs. La croissance directe des fibres de LBGO à partir du liquide s’est révélée pratiquement impossible à cause de sa viscosité trop importante. La recherche d’un flux a donc été entreprise afin de diminuer la viscosité et permettre d’obtenir des cristaux de bonne qualité et de dimensions exploitables. Pour cela, le diagramme de phases LBGO-LiF a été étudié ainsi qu’une partie de la coupe isopléthique La2O3-LaBGeO5 dans le système ternaire La2O3-B2O3-GeO2 afin d’étudier les possibilités de « self flux ». Le tirage des fibres BCBF étant très difficile, la technique de la micro-goutte pendante n’est pas une méthode appropriée, dans sa version actuelle, pour la croissance de ce matériau / The growing interest in compact all-solid state laser sources based on non-linear optical crystals emitting in the UV range is explained by their numerous applications such as photolithography, marking, micromachining, cutting or surgery. The only way to generate an ultraviolet laser light from an oxide crystal is by frequency conversion of a near-infrared source. In these conditions, the research works focus towards borate crystals due to their performance, transparency and resistance to laser damage. In this context, we have studied three borate materials: Bi2ZnB2O7 (BZBO), LaBGeO5 (LBGO) and BaCaBO3F (BCBF). Several BZBO crystal fibers were pulled under different conditions by micro-pulling down technique, in order to solve the problem of the orange-red color of the obtained fibers in previous works. The direct growth of LBGO fibers from the melt is impossible because of its excessive viscosity. It was then necessary to find a flux to reduce viscosity and provide crystals with good quality and usable dimensions. So, the LBGO-LiF phase diagram was studied and also the isoplethal section La2O3- LaBGeO5 in the La2O3-B2O3-GeO2 ternary system to examine the possibility of "self-flux". The growth of BCBF fiber being very difficult, the micro-pulling down technique is not appropriate, in its present version, for the growth of this material

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