Magister Artium - MA (Linguistics, Language and Communication) / Despite the spread of digital communication technologies and the integration of mobile phones into everyday life, young children's literacy practices are changing rapidly, and schools are struggling to address the potential of these digital communication technologies for learning. Mobile phones are currently a key consumer item, an image of social capital, and they initiate their users into a portable web of numerous applications including those literacy related. Much research has been done on children's relationship with digital technologies and the implications of this for their literacy learning and education in general, but there is almost no research on this in the global south, and almost none in South Africa. Filling this gap is crucial given the crisis in South Africa in basic education. The main aim for this research is to establish the kinds of digital technology and information systems affordances (internet facilities, tablets, books, magazines, newspapers, radios, TVs, video and computer games, etc.) in the homes of the selected children to explore how these digital technologies and information system affordances could be used to enhance the academic literacy development of 12- to 15-year-old children in informal settlements or townships in Cape Town.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Historia / La presente tesis de magíster se inscribe en el campo de la historia de la ciencia, perspectiva interdisciplinaria que presenta entre sus múltiples intereses el estudio de las inscripciones textuales, entendidas como los documentos escritos utilizados para su circulación y divulgación. Estos textos involucran artículos en revistas científicas y libros de estudio. Sin embargo, también abarcan escritos burocráticos como cartas e informes ministeriales, corpus de reportes administrativos que varían según el periodo del estudio. Nuestra investigación se interesa por los documentos relacionados con la zoología escritos por Rudolph Philippi en Chile entre los años 1853 – 1904. En ellos se examinará la participación del conjunto de actores interesados en la construcción, circulación y divulgación de estos documentos, con el fin de identificar y relacionar a los grupos que elaboran la ciencia zoológica en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Estos antecedentes buscarán demostrar que el conjunto de comunidades que participan en los textos de zoología poseen diversos espacios de articulación e interacción. Estos atraviesan esferas académicas y administrativas, en donde un número indeterminado de sujetos inciden en la fabricación de los textos que son movilizados desde múltiples escenarios, como son las instituciones gubernamentales (Universidad de Chile, Museo Nacional de Santiago) y las plataformas de comunicación (revistas especializadas, relatos de viajes o textos de difusión pedagógica). Estos espacios de transmisión de la ciencia son diseñados por estos grupos a partir de las diversas experticias que poseen y que se encuentran, dialogan y reaccionan a partir de sus propios intereses y estrategias que quedan plasmadas implícitamente en el mismo relato de los textos. Rudolph Philippi será el punto de encuentro para la reunión de estos agentes de producción y reproducción científica y en definitiva para reconocer el grado de legitimidad que estos grupos poseen en los textos inscritos en la sociedad y cultura del Chile decimonónico.

Magister Artium (Human Ecology) - MA(HE) / This descriptive study investigated the utilisation of and perceptions about service delivery by Philippi Trust in the HIV/AIDS support groups in the Helderberg region. A questionnaire and individual interviews were applied to gather the data from the HIV/AIDS support group members and their facilitators. The quantitative data analysis was done, using the Statistical Packaging for Social science (SPSS) aiming to determine the descriptive statistics of the database and variables. The qualitative analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. Anonymity was assured but complete confidentiality was not possible as the investigator had knowledge of the HIV status of the study population, however no names appeared in the research report. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae - MSc / This research investigated the nature, source and the spatial variation of the salinity of the water used for irrigation in the urban farming area of Philippi, which lies in the Cape Flats region of the Cape Town Metropolitan Area, South Africa. The irrigation water is mainly drawn from the Cape Flats aquifer, and pumped into ponds for eventual crop irrigation. Water samples were collected in summer and in winter from fifteen selected sites using standard water sampling procedures. Each site consisted of one borehole and one pond. The samples were routinely analyzed for salinity levels, and concentrations of major and minor ions. From the same boreholes and ponds, water was sampled in summer for isotope analysis to assess effects of evaporation on the water quality and salinity. Descriptive statistics were used to display the variation in range of specific ions in order to compare them with the recommended ranges. Geographical Information Systems analysis described the spatial distribution of the salinity across the study area, and hydrogeochemical analysis characterized the various waters and detected similarities between the water samples in the study area and other waters found in the Cape Flats region. In addition, the US salinity diagram classification of irrigation water developed by Richards (1954) was used to assess the current suitability of groundwater and pond water samples collected during the entire sampling period for irrigation activities. The research indicated that the concentrations of some ions such as chloride, nitrate, potassium and sodium exceeded in places in the study area, the target range values set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (Ayers and Westcot, 1985). It revealed that borehole and pond water were mostly brackish across the area regarding their total dissolved salts content, and fresh water was only found in the middle part of the study area. The research found that sea water does not intrude into the aquifer of the study area, and the accumulation of salts in groundwater and soil in the study area is mainly due to the agricultural activities and partially due to the natural movement of water through the geological formation of the Cape Flats region. The conceptual model of the occurrence of the salinization process supported these findings. From this investigation it is understood that the groundwater and pond water in the study area were generally suitable for irrigation purposes but they have to be used with caution as the vegetables are classified as sensitive and moderately sensitive to salt according to DWAF Irrigation water guidelines (1996). The quality of these waters was mainly affected by the land use activities. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Early learning opportunities in South Africa are both inaccessible and unequal in quality due to facility and household-level factors. With minimal resources, Early Childhood Development (ECD) facilities in poor communities provide low-quality ECD services to children. Part of the reason that ECD facilities are under-resourced and of poor quality is their inadequate funding. The disparity in quality means that poor children may still lag behind children who have had access to high-quality, well-resourced ECD facilities. Beside facility-level factors, the process of early learning is also influenced by household factors. Studies have found that low-cost stimulations such as storytelling, singing and playing with household objects can be used as tools to promote early development within the confines of the household.

The city of Philippi was founded as a Roman military colony in 42 BC, directly following one of the largest battles of antiquity, the civil war battle of Philippi. This study shows that one hundred years later, at the time of writing of Paul’s letter to the Philippians, the identity of the city was still deeply connected to its military history. The apostle Paul found in the historical and sociological ties of the Philippians with the military reasons for drafting his letter in a rhetorical arrangement similar to the historical reports of commander’s speeches to his assembled troops before battle. Not only does the vocabulary of Paul’s ethical commands parallel the general’s harangues, as has been previously pointed out by Biblical scholarship, but in Paul’s letter one also finds correspondences to the three largest motifs of the general’s speeches: the objective of the war, the confidence for victory and the rewards for courage and obedience. The major unified theme of Philippians is the mutual military-partnership for the advance of the gospel in a hostile context (Phil. 1:7-12; 1:20; 2:19-24; 2:25-30; 3:12-15; 4:3; 4:10-19). Paul in his letter to the Philippians uses consistently military imagery – and not once athletic imagery, as typically assumed by exegetical scholars – to demonstrate that the courageous sharing of the faith will always result in victory for the one who proclaims Christ. This victory is guaranteed through the unsurpassable abilities of the supreme general, Jesus Christ, whose death on the cross and whose resurrection is portrayed as a military victory and whose exaltation by God the Father acknowledges Christ as the victorious general in an universal extent (Phil. 2:8-11). The victory of the gospel campaign is further guaranteed by the LORD’s initiation of the war for the spread of the faith and by His presence with those who fight in His behalf for the spread of the good news (Phil. 1:5-7; 2:12-13; 2:14-15; 3:1; 4:4). Victory in the Philippian context means either the reception of the gospel by unbelievers or the death of the messenger on account of rejection of and opposition to the gospel; the suffering of the emissary of the gospel serves to glorify Christ and it is compensated by the superior enjoyment of Christ at the resurrection (Phil. 1:19-25). The reward, which God promises to the messenger of the gospel is several times stated in Philippians to be the exalted experience of fellowship with Christ at the resurrection (Phil. 1:21; 3:8-11; 3:20-21; 4:3). The reading of Philippians in light of the appropriation of military terminology confirms that Paul’s main purpose in writing Philippians is to encourage his partners to continue to take risks, to be unafraid of suffering and to make sacrifices in order to boldly testify about Christ and to continue to financially contribute to the mission of spreading the faith. The book of Philippians challenges the contemporary self-centred prosperity culture of the church to take risks and make sacrifices for the proclamation of Christ to unbelievers, sacrifices, which are supremely compensated by a life for the glory of Christ and the surpassing promise of the enjoyment of the glory of God in His Son Christ Jesus. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

Magister Artium - MA / Early Childhood Development (ECD) prioritizes the foundation for children aged 0-9 years old. This program focuses on the cognitive, physical, emotional, or holistic development of a child for the child to thrive and be a functioning member of society. Recently, this initiative has been prioritized by both the national government and UNICEF (Shapley, 2014; September 2014). In the Cape Town context one finds that large population of children are frequently exposed to extreme poverty and gang violence. They also lack the communication and literacy skills they require; this includes grasping basic ideas related to reading and writing and have little to no community support system.

A community based survey to determine the nutritional status using anthropometric methods, of children and mothers and to assess certain socio-economic factors was carried out during November and December 1986 in Philippi, a predominantly vegetable farming area. Twenty-one (43%) of the 49 vegetable farms which were included in the study were selected by stratified random sampling. All children in the 0-6 year age group and their parents on the selected farms were included in the sample which consisted of 129 children and 212 parents. Questionnaires were administered and subjects' weights and heights were measured. It was found that 47% of children were below the National Centre for Health Statistics 5th percentile weight for age and 58% were under the 5th percentile height for age. There were 47 child deaths out of 279 births over a six-year period, thirty-four of which had occurred in the first year of life. Twenty eight percent of children had a birth weight of less than 2.5 kg. The number of cases of tuberculosis (10%) and severe diarrhoea (31%) contracted within the first year of life is unacceptably high. Twenty four percent of mothers were malnourished in terms of body mass index and fifty five percent of mothers were illiterate. Fifty nine percent of mothers were regular farm workers who worked for an average of 10.2 hours per day and a wage of R0.44 per hour. Grossly inadequate facilities existed for the care of children while the mothers worked. The average amount spent on food was insufficient to maintain normal nutrition. Although 91.5% of mothers breast fed their children and fed for a mean duration of 13.4 months, breast feeding was not exclusive. Supplementary feeding was introduced on average at 3 months of age. The long working hours of working mothers made it difficult for them to breast feed their children satisfactorily. Acceptance of the family planning services was high and immunisation cover was good. These statistics reflect the effects of extreme poverty and neglect of a community which is totally reliant on its employers for its livelihood. The parents poor educational level, coupled with their meagre financial and other physical resources gives them and their children little opportunity to improve their station in life and leaves them open to the scrounge of malnutrition and disease. Similarly, the dearth of educational and other child care facilities will ensure that this disastrous trend continues. A multidisciplinary approach, including active community involvement of both farmers and workers, to the many physical and social problems is urgently needed if the unacceptable human suffering is to be stopped.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Across the world children are affected by factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, divorce and loss. More organisations are getting involved in the training of voluntary counsellors. Although these counsellors have the necessary theoretical knowledge they still experience problems in working effectively with these children. Possible reasons for this are these counsellors' own unfinished issues and loss. Within this study the focus is on creating awareness for counsellors within training situations from a Gestalt approach. As part of the fulfilment of the literature study an empirical study has been done. A qualitative study with a small portion of quantitative research has been done with the implementation of a training programme for voluntary counsellors. Various mediums were used to create heightened self-awareness with regard to various topics. Training guidelines are than given for creating awareness within training situations for voluntary counsellors. / Dwarsoor die wereld word kinders beinvloed deur faktore soos armoede, HIV/VIGS, egskeiding en verlies. Al meer organisasies, soos Philippi Trust Namibia, raak betrokke in die opleiding van vrywillige beraders, ten einde bekostigbare dienste vir hierdie kinders daar te stel. Alhoewel hierdie beraders oor voldoende teoretiese kennis beskik, ervaar hulle steeds probleme om effektief met kinders te werk. Moontlike redes is vrywillige beraders se eie onvoltooidhede en verlies. Binne hierdie studie word op die bewusmaking van beraders binne opleidingsituasies gefokus ten einde selfbelewing daar te stel. 'n Literatuurstudie is gedoen waartydens aspekte bekom is: teoretiese perspektief op die volgende > Bewustheid en die vrywillige berader vanuit die Gestalt-benadering. > Riglyne binne opleidingsituasies vir verhoogde bewustheidsbelewing. Deur bogenoemde teoretiese perspektief word die eerste navorsingsdoelwit van die studie beantwoord. Ter aanvulling van die literatuurstudie is empiriese ondersoek ondermeem. Kwalitatiewe studie met kleiner komponent van kwantitatiewe navorsing is voltooi deur die implementering van 'n program vir vrywillige beraders. Die program het oor vyf dae geskied. Verskeie mediums is gebruik om selfbelewing rondom spesifieke onderwerpe te verhoog. Deur bogenoemde empiriese ondersoek word die tweede doelwit van die studie beantwoord. Na aanleiding van die studie word opleidingsriglyne vir die verhoging van bewustheid binne opleidingsituasies vir vrywillige beraders daargestel. / Social work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Στην παρούσα διατριβή διερευνώνται οι διεργασίες που λαμβάνουν χώρα στο τυρφογενές στρώμα, έτσι ώστε να ανιχνευθούν οι μεταβολές των φυσικών, πετρογραφικών και χημικών χαρακτηριστικών των οργανικών ιζημάτων συναρτήσει των παραμέτρων τυρφογένεσης, όπως το κλίμα και οι τοπικές γεωλογικές συνθήκες. Απώτερο στόχο συνιστά η μοντελοποίηση παλαιοπεριβαλλόντων γένεσης των γαιανθράκων. Τέλος αξιολογείται η συμπεριφορά των ορυκτών, η γεωχημική συγγένεια και η κινητικότητα των ιχνοστοιχείων σε ενδεχόμενη αξιοποίηση της τύρφης για ενεργειακούς σκοπούς. Η έρευνα εστιάστηκε στους τυρφώνες Φιλίππων (Ν. Καβάλας) και Νησιού (Ν. Πέλλας) στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα και στον παράκτιο τυρφώνα του Κεριού (Ν. Ζακύνθου). Εξετάστηκαν τα ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά χαρακτηριστικά των οργανικών και ανοργάνων ιζημάτων που πληρούν τους τυρφώνες, αλλά και τα αντίστοιχα τυρφογενετικά φυτικά είδη, που αναπτύσσονται στους ενεργούς τυρφώνες Νησιού και Κεριού. Συγκεκριμένα πραγματοποιήθηκαν προσεγγιστική και στοιχειακή ανάλυση, ορυκτολογικοί προσδιορισμοί, εξέταση στιλπνών τομών με ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία σάρωσης, αναλύσεις τόσο της ανόργανης χημικής σύστασης (XRF, ICP/OES, ICP/MS), όσο και της οργανικής χημικής σύστασης (13C CP/MAS NMR, FTIR, py-GC/MS), όπως επίσης και ανθρακοπετρογραφικοί προσδιορισμοί. Αναφορικά με τους ορυκτολογικούς προσδιορισμούς εφαρμόστηκε μέθοδος πλήρους ποσοτικοποίησης των ορυκτών φάσεων με εφαρμογή περιθλασιμετρίας ακτίνων Χ σε ξηρό δείγμα, συνυπολογίζοντας την επίδραση του οργανικού υλικού. Αξιολογήθηκε επίσης η εφαρμογή περιθλασιμετρίας ακτίνων Χ σε υπολείμματα οξείδωσης της τύρφης. Οι τυρφώνες Φιλίππων και Νησιού συνιστούν παρόμοια περιβάλλοντα τυρφογένεσης, καθώς και οι δύο αναπτύσσονται σε ενδοηπειρωτικές λεκάνες, των οποίων η βύθιση ελέγχεται κυρίως από τεκτονικούς παράγοντες, με την ανάπτυξη παρόμοιων τυρφογενετικών φυτικών ειδών, όπως Cyperaceae και ειδικότερα το ασβεστόφιλο Cladium mariscus και διάφορα Carex spp., ενώ επηρεάζονται στη σύγχρονη εξέλιξή τους τουλάχιστον και οι δύο από καρστικούς υδροφόρους, συνιστώντας τοπογενείς ποωτυρφώνες, με κύριο μορφολογικό χαρακτηριστικό την παρουσία εξάρσεων (hummocks). Αντίθετα στο Κερί η τυρφογένεση αναπτύχθηκε σε παράκτιο περιβάλλον με τη βύθιση (δηλ. το πλημμύρισμα) να ελέγχεται τόσο από τεκτονικούς παράγοντες, όσο και από τις ευστατικές κινήσεις της θάλασσας, και το πεδίο χαρακτηρίζεται ως υφάλμυρος ποωτυρφώνας. Στο Κερί πέρα από ελόφυτα γλυκών νερών, αναπτύσσονται και είδη υφάλμυρων οικολογικών συνθηκών, όπως Scirpus maritimus και Juncus maritimus, λόγω της υφαλμύρινσης του υδροφόρου ορίζοντα. Με βάση τα χαρακτηριστικά τυρφογένεσης στους τρεις τυρφώνες τροποποιήθηκαν οι δείκτες φάσεων, που χρησιμοποιούνται στη γεωλογία γαιανθράκων, έτσι ώστε να αντανακλούν καλύτερα τις συγγενετικές διεργασίες στο ακρότελμα. Επιπρόσθετα περιγράφονται τόσο ποιοτικά, όσο και ποσοτικά τα χαρακτηριστικά των ιζημάτων στο τελματικό και το λιμνοτελματικό πεδίο, ενώ εκτιμάται επίσης και η πορεία της ενανθράκωσης των υπό μελέτη οργανογενών ιζημάτων, έτσι ώστε να εξαχθούν διαγνωστικές παράμετροι εφαρμογής στα παλαιοπεριβάλλοντα τυρφογένεσης. / The present study focuses on the processes taking place in the peatigenic layer (acrotelma), in order to trace the alteration of physical, chemical and petrographical features of the organic sediments in connection with the peat-forming factors. The ulterior aim is to propose a model for interpreting the coal-forming palaeoenvorinmental conditions. Finally, the mobility of the toxic trace elements is evaluated, in case of peat utilization for power generation in the future. Cores from the peatlands of Philippi (Prefecture of Kavala) and Nissi (Prefecture of Pella) in Northern Greece and of Keri (Zakynthos Island) in Southern Greece, were examined. The objective was to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the organogenic sediments hosted in the peatlands and additionally, of the peat-forming plants that grow on the surface of the Nissi and Keri mires. A series of laboratory examinations were performed on the collected samples, including proximate and ultimate analyses, mineralogical determinations by applying X-ray diffraction and SEM, inorganic geochemical analyses using XRF, ICP-OES and ICP-MS, organic geochemical analyses using 13C CP/MAS NMR, FTIR and py-GC/MS techniques and organic petrographical examinations on intact samples. Regarding the mineralogical determinations a method for full quantification of the mineral phases has been developed taking into account the pattern of the organic phases. Additionally the application of X-ray diffraction in oxidized peat residues has been evaluated. The Philippi and Nissi peatlands comprise similar peat-forming environments, since: (a) both developed in intermontane basins, the subsidence of which is controlled mainly by the tectonic activity, (b) Cyperaceae, mainly Cladium mariscus and various Carex spp., constitutes the main peat-forming plants, (c) whereas both are affected by karstic waters. They are fens for most of the peat accumulation period. On the contrary, in Keri the peat accumulation developed in a coastal environment due to paludification controlled both by the tectonic activity and the eustatic sea level changes, and the environment is characterized as a brackish mire, where additionally Scirpus maritimus και Juncus maritimus thrive. Taking in consideration the peat-forming features in the three studied peatlands the coal facies indices were modified in order to reflect more precisely the syngenetic processes in the acrotelma. Additionally a model is provided that describes both qualitatively and quantitatively the characteristics of the organogenic sediments deposited in the telmatic and the limnotelmatic fields. Furthermore, the coalification pathways of the studied sediments are interpreted, in order to obtain diagnostic parameters that can be applied to coal palaeoenvironmental studies.