No description available.

本論文共一冊，計約七萬字，分成五個章節。 首先分析政治反對之概念，分別就其意義、研究、本性、功能、條件、型式及困境加 以探討。其次，簡要的陳述菲律賓政治運作的歷史經驗，分成高壓剝削下的抗議運動 、一黨獨霸下的脆弱反對、兩黨爭逐下的寡頭民主三小節。然後根據前述的概念與歷 史經驗，進一步探討自一九七八至一九八六年，菲律賓政治反對之運作發展，區分為 七小節如下： １．一九七八年臨時國民議會議員選舉。 ２．一九八０年地方選舉後皂反對運動。 ３．一九八一年的修憲複決與總統選舉。 ４．一九八二年反對黨的組織及其目標。 ５．一九八三年艾奎諾現象政治符號化。 ６．一九八四年正式國民議會議員選舉。 ７．一九八六年提早選舉與馬可仕垮台。

Between 1898 and 1913, the limited manpower and resources of the United States Army forced it to employ thousands of Cubans and inhabitants of the Philippines to fight the Spanish and Philippine-American and Moro Wars and conduct civil administration in Cuba and the Philippines. The colonial military labor of Cubans and Philippine islanders both affirmed and challenged the claims of American political and military leaders that the United States practiced a liberal and benevolent form of colonial and neo-colonial rule. In the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea, the U.S. army's exploitation of ordinary colonial subjects breathed new life into often coercive colonial institutions, such as Chinese migrant contract labor, forced labor for public works such as roads, and the impressment of interpreters and guides and other intermediaries for military operations. The impact of American military labor relations in war and occupation endured well into periods of civilian rule in these countries, shaping the politics of race and immigration, infrastructure development and public obligation, and the civil apparatus of colonial and neo-colonial states.

Schistosomiasis, a disease of humans caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma, kills 200 to 500 thousand people annually, endangering over 600 million people world-wide with 200 million people infected in 2003 [1, 2]. Three species of schistosome are primarily responsible for human infections, namely, Schistosoma haematobium, endemic to Africa, India, and the Middle East, S. mansoni, endemic to Africa / South America, and S. japonicum endemic to China and the Philippines [3]. The major pathological effects of schistosomiasis result from the deposition of parasite ova in human tissues and the subsequent intense granulomatous response induced by these eggs. There is a high priority to provide an effective sub-unit vaccine against these schistosome flukes, using proteins encoded by cDNAs expressed by the parasites at critical phases of their development. One technique that may expedite this gene identification is the use of microarrays for expression analysis. A 22,575 feature custom oligonucleotide DNA microarray designed from public domain databases of schistosome ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) was used to explore differential gene expression between the Philippine (SJP) and Chinese (SJC) strains of S. japonicum, and between males and females. It was found that 593, 664 and 426 probes were differentially expressed between the two geographical strains when mix sexed adults, male worms and female worms were compared respectively. Additionally, the study revealed that 1,163 male- and 1,016 female-associated probes were differentially expressed in SJP whereas 1,047 male- and 897 female-associated probes were differentially expressed in SJC [4]. Further to this, a detailed real time PCR expression study was used to explore the differential expression of eight genes of interest throughout the SJC life cycle, which showed that several of the genes were down-regulated in different life cycle stages. The study has greatly expanded previously published data of strain and gender-associated differential expression in S. japonicum. Further, the new data will provide a stepping stone for understanding the complexities of the biology, sexual differentiation, maturation, and development of human schistosomes, signaling new approaches for identifying novel intervention and diagnostic targets against schistosomiasis [4].

Methane (CH4) is not only important but also a long-lived greenhouse gas. Scientists estimated that more than half of CH4 is released from the water column. Studies of methane from water column are almost focused on rice fields, wetlands and swamps in Taiwan. There are only limited studies of methane about rivers, lakes and coasts. So this study investigated CH4 distribution in natural waters on and around Taiwan. The average surface methane concentration in the South China Sea (SCS) is about 5.10¡Ó3.61 nM (n=103). The average surface methane concentration in the West Philippines Sea (WPS) is about 3.44¡Ó3.89 nM (n=56), lower than in the SCS. The average surface concentration in the Northern and Southern Taiwan Strait are, respectively, 4.72¡Ó3.19 nM (n=64) and 4.01¡Ó3.19 nM (n=51), and are between the average concentrations in the SCS and the WPS. The sea-to-air fluxes of methane in the SCS and the WPS are 0.38¡Ó0.99 £gmol/m2/h (n=103) and £gmol/m2/h (n=56), respectively. The sea-to-air fluxes of methane in the Northern and Southern Taiwan Strait are, respectively, 0.37¡Ó0.55 £gmol/m2/h (n=64) and 0.10¡Ó0.53 £gmol/m2/h (n=51). Although the sea-to-air fluxes for methane is much lower than the flux for carbon dioxide, methane emission in the SCS contributes nearly the same greenhouse effect as carbon dioxide does. In Taiwan, the average surface methane concentration in rivers is about 3221¡Ó12386 nM, and the emission is about 104¡Ó337 (£gmol/m2/h) (n=179). The average surface methane concentration and flux are, respectively, 2164¡Ó5432 nM and 265¡Ó1289 £gmol/m2/h (n=120) in the water column in China, including the coasts of Hong Kong , Pearl River and Yangtze River. The average surface methane concentration and flux in the natural water are higher than in Taiwan. In Asia, the average surface methane concentrations of the natural waters are, respectively, 8240¡Ó22753 nM (n=27) and 7639¡Ó24554 nM (n=50) in Thailand and Indonesia, twice the concentration in Taiwan. The average surface methane concentrations of the natural waters are, respectively, 2841¡Ó3358 nM (n=5) and 1939¡Ó3694 nM (n=15) in Malaysia and the Philippines, lower than in Taiwan. The emissions of methane in the natural waters are, respectively, 845¡Ó2622 £gmol/m2/h (n=50), 292¡Ó341 £gmol/m2/h (n=5) and 181¡Ó356 £gmol/m2/h (n=15) in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, also much higher than in Taiwan. The flux of methane in natural waters in Thailand (100¡Ó265 £gmol/m2/h, n=25) is as the same as in Taiwan.

The purpose of this study was to discuss the CO2 variation in and around the South China Sea (SCS), the largest marginal sea in the world. The SCS and Sulu Sea (SS) in November and December respectively, were a small CO2 source to the atmosphere. The West Philippine Sea (WPS) was a large CO2 source to the atmosphere in September. Due to strong upwelling and mixing in the SCS, the excess CO2 penetrated only to approximately 1000m compared to 1200m in the WPS. Because the SCS subsurface water flows to the SS through the 420 m-deep Mindoro Strait, the excess CO2 in the SS was found throughout the entire water column. According to NOAA, 2002 was a weak-to-moderate strength ENSO year and the second warmest since 1986. The Taiwan Strait is the sole passage which connects the East and South China Seas, but the CO2 variation in the Taiwan Strait is unclear during the ENSO year. We heady discuss the relation between the ENSO and CO2 variation in the Taiwan Strait. During the ENSO year, the Penghu Channel mixed in more Kuroshio water but the upwelling strength weakened. During an ENSO event, the southwest monsoon and surface circulation are weaker than normal, hence there is less SCS water flowing to the Penghu Channel. Primary productivity in the non-ENSO year (2001) was high so the fCO2 was low in the upwelling area in the Penghu Channel. The £G fCO2(sea-air) was about 15µatm and 20µatm in the non-ENSO year and the ENSO year, respectively. The southern Taiwan Strait was a source of CO2 in summer. The hydrology in the northern Taiwan Strait in summer was comprised mainly of two different water masses. A salinity front was found at between 25.67oN, 121.24oE and 25.87oN, 120.95oE in the non-ENSO year and at between 25.67oN, 121.24oE and 25.77oN, 121.08oE in the ENSO year. There was coastal upwelling in the western Taiwan Strait in the ENSO year. In the ENSO year, the southward flowing China Coastal Current in winter (January to March) was weaker than normal, which led to a higher percentage of northward flowing water mass in summer. As a result, the summer time salinity in the surface layer became higher so the vertical density gradient became lower than a normal year. East of the front was the Kuroshio and west of the front was the water mass that flew through the Taiwan Strait. The Kuroshio is high in temperature and salinity so the fCO2 to the east of the front was higher than found west of the front in the non-ENSO year. In the ENSO year, owing to the coastal upwelling, the fCO2 near the Chinese coast was higher than east of the front. The northern Taiwan Strait had a £G fCO2(sea-air) of about 21µatm and 16µatm in the non-ENSO and the ENSO years, respectively, and it was still a source of CO2 in summer.

El Niño is now a focal point for global climate change research, but its influence on the Western Pacific is still uncertain. Taiwan Strait is an important pathway, which connects the South China Sea and the East China Sea, and is strongly influenced by the monsoon. Generally, in winter, the strong winter monsoon brings the cold and nutrient-rich Changjiang Diluted Water¡]CDW¡^southward. While during the El Niño event, because of the weakened south wind in northern Taiwan, more cold CDW moves southward, and hence the decreased seawater temperature in spring and fall. The trend is opposite in summer. There is a high salinity signal in the seas outside of Hsin-Chu, suggesting sea water coming from the Kuroshio, which has circumvented the northeast tip of Taiwan. Meanwhile, there is a front which separates this Kuroshio water and CDW. During the El Niño, the front moves eastward, especially in summer. The salinity east of the front decreases gradually from spring to winter water, the center of upwelling located at the eastern side of the front in spring, and at or near the front from summer to winter. Furthermore, The N/P ratio of the northern Taiwan Strait water became higher after the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) became operational. The nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas. Unfortunately, in Taiwan, there are few data about N2O emission from rivers, lakes and coastal areas. This research also studies the N2O distribution in natural waters around Taiwan. The average surface water concentration and sea to air flux in the Taiwan Strait¡]7.81¡Ó1.28nM¡F0.28¡Ó0.38£gmol/m2/hr¡^is higher than in the South China Sea¡]SCS¡F7.55¡Ó2.45 nM¡F0.21¡Ó0.27£gmol/m2/hr¡^and the West Philippine Sea¡]WPS¡F5.3¡Ó0.62nM¡F-0.20¡Ó0.25£gmol/m2/hr¡^, which displays a rare sink signal in the world oceans. There is an N2O maximum observed around 1000m in the WPS, and another shollower one around 700m in the SCS, presumably because of the intenive upwelling and vertical mixing in the SCS basin. There are some rather high N2O concentrations (N2O>30nM) in the SCS, observed near the continental slope. We assume that these are released from sediments on the continental slope. Although the sea-to-air flux of N2O is much lower than the flux of CO2, N2O emission in the SCS contributes more than two times the greenhouse effect than CO2 does. Besides, The N2O concentration during El Niño is lower than usual, probably due to a smaller amount of the CDW. Finally, the average N2O concentrations of river and submarine groundwater discharge in Taiwan are about 32.3¡Ó43.3nM and 9.72¡Ó13.2 nM, respectively.

Photocopy of typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1978. / Bibliography: leaves [295]-303. / Microfiche. / xiii, 303 leaves ill. (some col.), map. 28 cm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1982. / Bibliography: leaves [267]-301. / Microfiche. / xxii, 301 leaves, bound ill. (some col.), maps 29 cm

Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-252) and index. / xxiii, 263 p. ill., maps 23 cm