Σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας ήταν ο έλεγχος της υπόθεσης, σύμφωνα με την οποία τα παιδιά με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες χρησιμοποιούν λιγότερο τη φωνολογική κωδικοποίηση και την επανάληψη. Στο πλαίσιο που είχαν εργαστεί νωρίτερα οι Steinbrink και Klatte, η έρευνα μελέτησε τις επιδόσεις 14 μαθητών της Β’ δημοτικού με χαμηλές αναγνωστικές και ορθογραφικές ικανότητες και 14 μαθητών ίδιας τάξης με υψηλές αντίστοιχες ικανότητες, σε έργα σειριακής ανάκλησης ερεθισμάτων. Τα ερεθίσματα ποίκιλαν ως προς τη φωνολογική ομοιότητα και το μέγεθος της λέξης. Η παρουσίαση τους έγινε οπτικά και ακουστικά και συνδυάστηκε με οπτική και προφορική ανάκληση, προκειμένου να ελεγχθούν οι στρατηγικές που επιλέγουν τα παιδιά με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες, ανάλογα με τις απαιτήσεις του έργου. Oι επιδόσεις των παιδιών με αναγνωστικές και ορθογραφικές αδυναμίες ήταν χαμηλότερες σε όλες τις συνθήκες, με εξαίρεση τη συνθήκη οπτικής παρουσίασης - οπτικής ανάκλησης. Ωστόσο, οι επιδράσεις της φωνολογικής ομοιότητας και του μεγέθους της λέξης δε διέφεραν ανάμεσα στις ομάδες. Επομένως, όλοι οι συμμετέχοντες έκαναν ίση χρήση της φωνολογικής κωδικοποίησης και της επανάληψης. Ακόμη, στις συνθήκες που ευνοούσαν τη χρήση οπτικών στρατηγικών, όλοι οι συμμετέχοντες προέβησαν σε ένα συνδυασμό φωνολογικών και οπτικών στρατηγικών. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας οδηγούν στο συμπέρασμα ότι τα παιδιά με αναγνωστικές και ορθογραφικές αδυναμίες χρησιμοποιούν μεν το φωνολογικό κύκλωμα, αλλά με λιγότερο αποτελεσματικό τρόπο. / Τhe purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that children with learning disabilities make less use of phonological coding and rehearsal. In the framework of Steinbrink and Klatte’s previous research, this study examined the performance of second-grade children with poor versus good reading and spelling abilities in serial recall tasks. The stimuli used, varied in phonological similarity and word length. Their presentation was visual and auditory and it was combined with visual and verbal recall, so that to investigate the strategies that children with learning disabilities use, depending on the task’s demands. The performance of children with reading and spelling difficulties was lower in all conditions, except the condition of visual presentation - visual recall. However, phonological similarity and word length effects did not differ between groups. Consequently, all participants made equal use of phonological coding and rehearsal. Furthermore, in conditions where visual strategies could be used, all participants used a combination of phonological and visual strategies. The results suggest that children with reading and spelling impairments use the phonological loop, but in a less efficient way.

Få studier finns om små barns fonologiska förmåga relaterat till arbetsminne. Det råder också en brist på test av arbetsminne för små barn. Föreliggande studie syftade därför till att studera relationen mellan visuellt arbetsminne, fonologiskt arbetsminne och förmåga att hantera fonologiska representationer hos treåringar. Detta har gjorts genom att samla in jämförelsedata för treåringars resultat på det nyutvecklade surfplatte-testet KUBEN (Kognitiv utveckling hos små barn), som testar förmågorna visuellt och fonologiskt arbetsminne samt fonologisk diskrimination. Dessutom har test för fonologisk produktion, även det testat med hjälp av surfplatta, och nonordsrepetition använts. I studien deltog 91 treåriga svenska barn med typisk utveckling. För framför allt visuellt arbetsminne, fanns ett mycket litet underlag att jämföra med, men resultatet visade att barngruppen presterade som förväntat vad gäller samtliga testade förmågor. Förmågorna förbättrades med ökad ålder, däremot var kön och vana av surfplatta inte faktorer som påverkade barnens resultat. I resultatet beskrivs också samband mellan förmågorna. Det fanns samband mellan alla de förmågor som i denna studie mäter fonologiska representationer (fonologisk diskrimination, nonordsrepetition och fonologisk produktion). Däremot korrelerade dessa fonologiska förmågor inte med test för fonologiskt arbetsminne, vilket var ett mindre väntat resultat. En möjlig förklaring kan vara att det är svårt att separat testa fonologiskt arbetsminne hos barn så små som tre år. Inget samband förelåg heller mellan test av fonologiskt och visuellt arbetsminne, vilket dock indikerar att två olika arbetsminnesförmågor har testats. Detta styrker den falang inom forskningen som menar att visuellt och fonologiskt arbetsminne är separerade förmågor redan hos små barn. / There are few studies regarding phonological skills related to working memory in young children. There is also a lack of tests of working memory for children in the younger ages. The aim of the current study was therefore to examine the relationship between visual working memory, phonological working memory and the ability to manage phonological representations, in three-year-olds. This was done by collecting comparison data of threeyear- old children’s results on the newly developed tablet-test ”KUBEN” (Cognitive development in young children), which measures the abilities visual and phonological working memory and phonological discrimination. In addition test for phonological production, also tested with tablet, and nonword repetition were used. A total of 91 Swedish three-year-old children with typical development participated in the study. For especially visual working memory, there was a lack of material with which to compare, but the result showed that children performed as expected regarding all tested abilities. The abilities improved with increasing age. On the contrary, neither gender nor experience of using tablets, affected the results of the children’s performance. The result of this study further describes relations between the tested abilities. There were correlations between all the abilities in this study that measures phonological representations (phonological discrimination, nonword repetition and phonological production). However, these phonological abilities did not correlate with the test of phonological working memory, which is a less expected finding. A possible explanation may be that it is difficult to test phonological working memory separately in children as young as three years old. Neither was there a correlation between tests of phonological and visual working memory, which indicates that two different abilities of working memory were tested. This confirms the faction within research arguing that visual and phonological working memory are separated abilities, already in young children.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rostas_mhsg_dr_arafcl.pdf: 1218366 bytes, checksum: 313c534dce437f44bfa907dfd2472610 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta tese consiste em estudar a maneira como regueiros maranhenses da zona rural da cidade de São Luís, falantes monolíngües de português brasileiro, variedade rural ludovicense, adaptam fonética e fonologicamente o inglês dos reggaes que cantam nessa língua, com vistas a obter seqüências que façam sentido na sua língua materna. Analisando os padrões fonológicos do Português Brasileiro Rural Ludovicense (PBRL), variedade linguística nativa dos sujeitos da pesquisa, e a interferência de uma língua “estrangeira” que é nativizada no som, com finalidades de obtenção de um sentido também “nativo”, buscou-se também discutir a identidade fonológica do Português. A hipótese inicial consiste em verificar a tendência para a manutenção de vogais tônicas e de traços de consoantes em posições tônicas, substituição / adaptação / supressão / reinterpretação de vogais e consoantes em posições átonas, prevalecendo a percepção de falantes de português, não fluentes em inglês, daquilo que ouvem nas músicas, e a busca de sentido em uma seqüência sonora aparentemente sem sentido. No entanto, no decorrer da pesquisa, são identificados processos utilizados pelos falantes do PBRL para a adaptação fonológica da língua original (Inglês) em direção à língua alvo, sendo tais processos a manutenção da qualidade da vogal tônica, a monotongação, a ditongação, a semelhança entre consoantes, a simplificação e a complexificação do padrão silábico e a manutenção da posição do acento. Dentre estes processos, há uma incidência maior na semelhança entre consoantes, da manutenção da posição do acento e da manutenção da qualidade da vogal tônica / The purpose of this work consists in studying how the reggae musicians from Maranhão state, living in the rural area of Sao Luis, as monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, rural variety from São Luis, adapt phonetically and phonologically the English language of the reggae music that they sing, in order to achieve sequences that can actually make sense in their mother language. Analyzing the phonological patterns of Brazilian Rural Portuguese from São Luis do Maranhão (Português Brasileiro Rural Ludovicense – PBRL), the native linguistic variety of the research subjects, and the interference of a “foreign” language that is turned into native language in speech in order to reach some native meaning, we also sought to discuss the Portuguese phonological identity. The initial assumption consists in verifying the trend to maintain stressed vowels and consonant traces in stressed positions, replacement / adaptation / suppression / reinterpretation of vowels and consonants in non-stressed positions, in which prevail the Portuguese speakers‟ perception, non-fluent in English, of what they hear in the songs and the search for some meaning in a sound sequence that is apparently meaningless. However, throughout this work, we identified some processes taken by these PBRL speakers for the phonological adaptation of the original language (English) towards the target language, such as the maintenance of the stressed vowel quality, the monophthongization, the diphthongization, consonant similarity, simplification and complexification of the syllabical pattern and the maintenance of the stress position. Among these processes, there is a greater incidence of the consonant similarity, the maintenance of stress position and the maintenance of the stressed vowel quality

Orientador: Eleonora Cavalcante Albano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T03:04:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_LucianaLessa1982-_M.pdf: 2139458 bytes, checksum: 3337b6106de977a088590d68d333e75d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o processo de aquisição dos róticos por crianças com queixa fonoaudiológica relacionada ao sistema fônico. Foram coletados dados de fala de dois sujeitos com dificuldades de pronúncia de sons róticos. O quadro de referência teórico adotado na análise foi a Fonologia Gestual (Fonologia Articulatória ¿ FAR ¿ proposta por Browman e Goldstein, 1992, na versão denominada Fonologia Acústico-Articulatória ¿ FAAR ¿ proposta por Albano, 2001). Os resultados permitiram observar a presença de contrastes fônicos nas produções de fala dos sujeitos que, por meio de análise de outiva, foram classificadas como: (a) omissão do tap [R]; e (b) substituição tanto do tap [R] quanto da aproximante retroflexa [¿] pela semivogal [j]. Esse achado permitiu confirmar a existência de contrastes fônicos encobertos durante o processo de aquisição do sistema fônico, ou seja, contrastes já em andamento na fala dos sujeitos que ainda não são perceptíveis para o ouvinte. Esses resultados trouxeram, portanto, importantes contribuições para a área de pesquisa sobre Aquisição Fonológica e, conseqüentemente, para a prática clínica relativa a crianças com queixa fonoaudiológica relacionada ao sistema fônico. Tais contribuições foram possíveis devido à metodologia e análise dos dados baseados em princípios da FAAR, que permitiu a observação de fatos fônicos tanto categóricos quanto gradientes / Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the acquisition of rhotic sounds in children with so called deviant phonological systems. Speech data on two subjects with rhotic pronunciation difficulties were collected. The theoretical frame of reference adopted in the analysis was Gestural Phonology (Articulatory Phonology ¿ AP ¿ proposed by Browman and Goldstein, 1992, in the Acoustic-Articulatory version ¿ AAP ¿ proposed by Albano, 2001). The results showed the presence of covert phone contrasts in the speech productions of the subjects. Such productions had been classified, auditorily, as: (a) omission of the tap [R]; and (b) substitution of the palatal approximant [j] for both the tap [R] and the retroflex approximant [¿]. This finding suggests the existence of covert contrasts during phonological acquisition, i.e., contrasts already in progress in the speech of the subjects which are not yet perceivable for the listener. These results brought, therefore, important contributions to Phonological Acquisition research and, consequently, to the clinical practice with children diagnosed as having deviant phonological systems. Such contributions have been made possible by methodology and analysis based on principles of Gestural Phonology, which allowed for the observation of categorical and gradients phone distinctions / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Orientador: Eleonora Cavalcante Albano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T10:09:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_MariaClaudiaCamargode_D.pdf: 3059031 bytes, checksum: 301295b9ca3857f0476a41e7c53ac37a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A proposta deste trabalho consistiu em resgatar marcas da reorganização fônica em crianças com diagnóstico de transtorno fonológico, à luz da Fonologia Gestual. Em especial, marcas que evidenciassem uma relação especial entre fluência oral e processos fônicos. A fim de obter uma amostra significativa de momentos de reorganização fônica, foram coletados longitudinalmente dados de produção e, também, de percepção de fala. Para compor o grupo alvo (GA), selecionaram-se quatro crianças com dificuldades nas obstruintes surdas - classe de sons escolhida para uniformizar a amostra - e, para o grupo controle (GC), quatro crianças sem alterações fônicas - com idade e gênero compatíveis aos do GA. O corpus de produção foi composto por realizações de palavras-alvo iniciadas pelos fones obstruintes desvozeados seguidos das vogais [a], [i] ou [u] inseridas em uma frase-veículo. Gravações realizadas em cabine acústica por meio de equipamento digital de alta fidelidade. Utilizouse para analisá-los, as análises de outiva e acústica - momentos espectrais e medidas de duração. Sobre a percepção de fala, foi realizada uma tarefa XAB composta por estímulos naturais que continham sílabas iniciadas por obstruintes desvozeadas seguidas de [a]. Foram realizadas quatro coletas, com intervalo médio de 40 dias. O uso de estatística paramétrica foi inviabilizado pela impossibilidade de obter sujeitos com quadros idênticos. Recorreu-se, então, à contagem de tipos de respostas, analisada por meio do teste quiquadrado. O desempenho do GA, em comparação ao GC, se mostrou singular em aspectos relativos tanto à produção quanto à percepção de fala. Como marcas da reorganização fônica, observaram-se: (a) flutuação nas tentativas de marcar um contraste em aquisição pelo GA; (b) maior incidência de alterações na fluência nos dados do GA, em comparação ao GC, especialmente, em momentos de aproximação em relação ao padrão na língua; (c) forte distanciamento nos valores de momentos espectrais entre os dados do GA e do GC, mesmo em coletas em que a outiva classificou a maior parte das realizações do GA como de acordo com o padrão; (d) aumento, em relação às coletas iniciais, dos valores de medidas de duração absoluta e relativa do GA em comparação ao GC; (e) vínculos entre mudanças no padrão de discriminação auditiva e de percepção e; por fim, (f) tempos de reação mais longos no experimento de percepção pelo GA, em comparação ao GC. A não separação entre a tarefa motora e sua representação, bem como a existência de uma estreita relação entre produção e percepção, premissas da Fonologia Gestual, permitem atribuir às diferentes marcas identificadas o estatuto de causa e efeito da reorganização fônica. Chamar a atenção para a reorganização fônica pode fornecer importantes subsídios para o entendimento da aquisição desviante e, consequentemente, para intervenções terapêuticas mais eficazes / Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate phonological reorganization indices in children diagnosed with phonological disorder. The theoretical frame of reference adopted was Gestural Phonology. In particular, we looked for indices that could reveal relationships between fluency and phonological aspects. Speech production and perception data were collected in order to obtain a representative sample of phonological reorganization instances. Four children with difficulties in voiceless obstruents were selected for the experimental group (EG); and four children with normal phonological acquisition, of the same gender and similar ages as the EG, were selected for the control group (CG). Only voiceless obstruents were used. The speech production corpus consisted of target words, with initial voiceless obstruents followed by the vowels [a], [i] or [u], inserted in carrier phrases. Speech recordings were made in a soundproof booth using digital equipment. The data were analyzed impressionistically as well as acoustically, using measurements of spectral moments and duration. For the speech perception data, we performed an XAB task composed of natural stimuli containing syllables beginning with voiceless obstruent followed by [a]. Four data collection sessions were conducted, at intervals of about 40 days. The impossibility of finding children with the same difficulty precluded the use of parametric statistic tests. The performance of GA proved unique in both production and perception. The phonological reorganization indices observed were: (a) coexistence of different attempts at marking a sound contrast in the EG group; (b) more incidences of disfluencies in EG as compared with CG, at moments of phonological reorganization; (c) As compared to CG, EG showed strong variability in spectral moments, even when impressionistic analysis judged the phones standard. (d) Increase in the absolute and relative duration values for EG as compared with CG as well as with the initial data collection sessions; (e) links between discrimination pattern and production change; and (f) longer reaction times in the perception experiment for EG, as compared to GC. The absence of a gap between the motor task and its representation, in addition to a close link between production and perception, assumed by Gestural Phonology, permit to treat the observed indices as both cause and effect of phonogical reorganization. The investigation of phonological reorganization provides important insights into deviant acquisition, as well as support for therapeutic interventions / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

The presented diploma thesis is focused on a special pedagogical topic and deals with the phonological abilities of preschool children. The diploma thesis is structured into theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part the reader is introduced with the characteristics of preschool children, principles of the school education system in the Czech Republic based on current legislation, the school's maturity and readiness and the diagnosis of preschool children. The work also presents various divisions of the ontogenesis of speech, language and communication and characterizes individual language levels. The work also describes the development of phonological abilities and introduces phonological abilities in the context of reading literacy. A separate subchapter is devoted to possible diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of phonological abilities and another subchapter is about the Batteries of tests of phonological abilities by Gabriela Seidlová Málková and Markéta Caravolas which was performed in the empirical part. In the empirical part we deal with the analysis of phonological abilities of preschool children. A qualitatively oriented research was made in two classes of two kindergartens. The chosen methods of thesis were observation, analysis of the results of activities and analysis of...

This paper describes a new protocol for assessing the phonological systems of two-year-olds with typical development and older children with delays in vocabulary acquisition. The test (Profiles of Early Expressive Phonological Skills (PEEPS), ) differs from currently available assessments in that age of acquisition, based on lexical norms from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Inventories, served as the primary criterion for creating a word list. Phonetic and semantic properties of the words were also considered in selecting items for the test. Productions of words using the PEEPS protocol have been gathered from a group of children with typical development and another group with cleft lip and/or palate. By 24 months of age, the children with typical development produced more than 90% of the target words and the children with atypical development produced 73% of the words. Regarding administration, the time needed for administering the protocol decreased with age.

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