京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第20460号 / 人博第810号 / 新制||人||194(附属図書館) / 28||人博||810(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 田部 勢津久, 教授 加藤 立久, 教授 吉田 寿雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Darstellung und Reaktivität von Cp substituierten Aluminium(I)-Verbindungen. Außerdem konnten die ersten Vertreter für planare Cyclopenten-4-yl-Kationen dargestellt werden. Die Reaktivität von Cp3tAl(I), [AlCp*]4 und DipNacNacAl wurde gegenüber Cyclotriphosphiranen untersucht. In Abhängigkeit vom sterischen Anspruch der Substituenten am Phosphor- und Aluminiumatom wurden hierbei verschiedenartige AlP-Ringsysteme erhalten. Desweiteren wurden Phospha-Wittig-Reagenzien als Phosphinidenquelle für die Umsetzung mit Aluminium(I)-Spezies getestet, wobei verschiedene 3- und 4 gliedrige Strukturmotive erhalten werden konnten. Bei Erhöhung der Sterik am Phospha-Wittig-Reagenz zu einem DipTer-Substituenten konnte im Fall der Umsetzung mit [AlCp*]4 der ersten Vertreter eines Phosphaalumens dagestellt werden. In ersten Reaktivitätsstudien mit ungesättigten Substraten konnten für Doppelbindungssysteme charakteristische Additionsreaktionen nachgewiesen werden. / The present work deals with the preparation and reactivity of Cp substituted aluminum(I) compounds. In addition, the first representatives for planar cyclopenten-4-yl cations could be presented. The reactivity of Cp3tAl(I), [AlCp*]4 and DipNacNacAl was investigated towards cyclotriphosphiranes. Depending on the steric demand of the substituents on the phosphorus and aluminum atom, different AlP ring systems were obtained. Furthermore, phospha-Wittig reagents were tested as a phosphinide source for the reaction with aluminum(I) species, and various 3- and 4-membered structural motifs were obtained. Upon increasing the steric on the phospha-Wittig reagent to a DipTer substituent, the first representative of a phosphaalumene was digested in the case of the reaction with [AlCp*]4. In first reactivity studies with unsaturated substrates, addition reactions characteristic for double bond systems could be detected.

Visible-light communication (VLC) has several advantages over the commonly used radio frequency (RF) spectrum, including high bandwidth and low crosstalk. These features have become of more significance, especially as the proliferation of wireless devices increases and causes spectrum crowding. The white light in VLC systems is typically obtained from blue/violet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and phosphors partially converting blue light into longer wavelength colors spanning the visible-light band. One phosphor that is frequently used is cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG). However, YAG suffers from a low color-rendering index (CRI) and high correlated color temperature (CCT). Lead halide perovskites provide an alternative to YAG and have been extensively utilized for optoelectronic devices owing to their tunable bandgap and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). However, their drawbacks, e.g., lead toxicity and instability, hinder their widespread application. Herein, in order to take advantage of a high-performance lead-free tin-based halide perovskite phosphor that has a high absolute PLQY of near unity and a wide spectral emission ranging from 500 to 700 nm, we fabricated ultraviolet (UV) micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) with a peak wavelength at 365 nm to match the peak of the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of the material to obtain strong yellow-spectrum emission. Together with a blue LED, white light was obtained with a CRI of 84.9 and 4115-K CCT. Despite the long PL lifetime of the perovskite material, which is in the order of μs, a net data rate of 1.5 Mb/s was achieved using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with adaptive bit and power loading to take advantage of the exceptionally high PLQY of the phosphor to improve the data throughput of the VLC system using higher modulation orders. Furthermore, through improvements to the nanostructure of lead-free tin-based halide perovskite phosphor and the use of excitation sources with a higher power, the data rate is expected to be even higher. The lead-free nature of this material, along with its wide spectrum and high conversion efficiency, makes it a promising alternative to conventional toxic perovskite-based phosphors. As the first demonstration of VLC links using lead-free perovskite, this study paves the way for safer, more sustainable VLC systems.

Syfte: Att ta reda på hur lång livslängd en bildplatta har avseende slitage och bildkvalité.Material och metod: Tre fabriksnya bildplattor användes för att undersöka hur en enskild faktor i arbetsgången för bildgenerering påverkar bildkvalitén. Den första plattan exponerades och skannades 300 gånger. Platta nummer två användes för att undersöka effekten av totalt 300 av- och påtagningar i en frigolithållare, och platta tre användes för motsvarande test av en plasthållare. Exponering skedde utan patient och mot en neutral bakgrund. För samtliga plattor togs i initialskedet en referensbild, och resulterande bilder från testerna granskades i Planmeca Romexis 3.8 och bedömdes enligt en skala 0-3. Plattorna i sig granskades även okulärt, och test av uniformitet gjordes av referensbild och bild 300 i serie 1 med hjälp av ImageJ. Resultat: Samtliga bilder från samtliga plattor bedömdes vara likvärdiga med referensbild. Vid okulär granskning var reporna klart mer uttalade hos den platta som skannats 300 gånger, men reporna återfanns endast på den sida som ej är avsedd att exponeras. Test av uniformitet fann ingen skillnad mellan referensbild och bild nr 300 i serie 1. Slutsats: Studien visar att varken röntgenexponering, skanning eller av- och påtagning i hållare av två olika slag har någon inverkan på bildkvalité efter 300 upprepningar då momenten gjordes var för sig. Vi konkluderar att plattan sannolikt är som mest sårbar då den placeras intraoralt, och föreslår att alla moment gjorda i följd delvis kan svara för den reduktion av bildkvalité som observerats i andra studier. / Aim: To determine the longevity of photostimulable storage phosphor plates (PSPs) with respect to wear and image quality. Method: Three brand new PSPs were used to assess how a solitary factor in the picture generation process affects the picture quality. The first plate was exposed and scanned 300 times. Plate number two was used to assess the effect of mounting and demounting the plate 300 times onto a holder made of styrofoam, and the third plate was used for a corresponding test with a plastic holder. A flat surface was exposed and no patients were involved. A reference picture was taken initially for each plate, and the resulting pictures from the tests were viewed using Planmeca Romexis 3.8 and were evaluated on a scale from 0-3. The individual plates also underwent ocular inspection, and a uniformity test was performed on the first and last picture taken with plate 1, using ImageJ. Results: Each picture from each plate was deemed equivalent to the reference picture. The ocular inspection revealed a more distinct band of scratches on the plate that was scanned the most, although the scratches were only found on the side not meant to receive exposure. No difference in uniformity was found between the first and last picture taken using plate 1. Conclusion: X-ray exposure, scanning and mounting and demounting of PSPs onto holders of two different kinds do not affect the picture quality after 300 repetitions when done separately. We conclude that the plate is likely most susceptible to wear when placed intraorally, and suggest that all the steps made in succession can partly account for the reduction in picture quality observed in other studies.

Materials with length scales in the nanometer regime demonstrate properties that are remarkably different from analogous bulk matter. As a result, researchers are striving to catalog the changes in properties that occur with decreasing size, and more importantly, understand the reason behind novel nanomaterial properties. By learning the true nature of nanomaterials, scientists and engineers can design better materials for a variety of applications. Inert gas-phase condensation synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles was used to develop materials to explore the optical and chemical properties of metal oxide nanoparticles. One potential application for nanomaterials is use in optical applications. The possibility of interparticle energy transfer was investigated for lanthanide-doped yttrium oxide nanoparticles using laser spectroscopy. Experimental evidence collected with this study indicates that interparticle, lanthanide-mediated energy transfer may have been observed. In addition, lanthanide-doped gadolinium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and investigated with optical spectroscopy to identify the best potential candidates for bioanalytical applications of this material. The influence of particle annealing and dopant concentration were also studied. Nanoparticle film structure was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. Two different film structures composed of oxide nanoparticles were found to grow under different synthesis conditions. The film structure was found to be determined by the degree of particle aggregation in the gas phase during synthesis. Aggregation of the particles was found to be controlled by a combination of gas pressure and properties. Chemical properties of metal oxide nanoparticles also are very important. Reflection-absorption Infrared Spectroscopy and vacuum surface analytical techniques were used to explore the chemistry of the chemical warfare agent dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) on yttrium oxide as well as other metal oxide nanoparticles. DMMP was found to dissociate at room temperature on several types of metal oxide nanoparticles. Hydroxyl groups were found to be critical for the adsorption of DMMP onto the particles. Finally, the reactivity of the nanoparticles was found to increase with decreasing particle size. This was attributed to a relative increase in the number of high-energy surface defects for the smaller particles. / Ph. D.

"Biomanipulation" was carried out in order to try and improve the water quality of six deep reservoirs situated in the catchment area of the River Wupper. All the reservoirs are deep, dimictic soft-water lake types, covering a range from oligo-/mesotrophic to eutrophic. Although changing the fishery management only by repeated fish stocking, in combination with implementating size and bag limits for recreational fisheries, is thought to have only limited success, we decided to put this type of "Biomanipulation" into practice. This whole-lake biomanipulation experiment, covering a time scale of more than ten years, aimed to address the following questions: 1. Is such a fishery-management strategy a useful water quality management tool in deep reservoirs, not only in maintaining but also in sustaining the best water quality conditions in relation to the given nutrient concentrations? 2. What are the underlying mechanisms? With the exception of the oligotrophic Große Dhünn Reservoir, "Biomanipulation" resulted in a shift of zooplankton body-size structure to larger daphnids in all the reservoirs. The underlying switch in the size shift from Daphnia cucullata to Daphnia galeata (Bever-Reservoir, Wupper-R, Lingese-R), or only in increasing individual body sizes of the Daphnia galeata population (Vorsperre Große Dhünn), occurred suddenly but only some years after the changes in fishery management were implemented. Our records of the fish stock suggest that indirect effects, presumably resulting from predator avoidance, must be a driving force. An increase of zooplankton body-size structure always resulted in an improvement in secchi-disk depth, often accompanied by a vertical restructuring of the water column favouring the development of metalimnetic algal populations. A decrease in summer chlorophyll concentrations in the trophogenic zone was only achieved in the slightly eutrophic reservoirs. This decrease in chlorophyll concentration was always accompanied by a decrease in the total phosphorus concentration in summer, while the total phosphorus concentration in spring remained unchanged. Thus, reduced P-availability, due to an increased vertical phosphorus flux, caused algal biomass to decline.These results support predictions from the size-efficiency hypothesis (Brooks & Dodson, 1965) but not those from the trophic cascade hypothesis (Carpenter et al., 1985). Undoubtedly the results underline the importance of indirect effects with respect to a successful "Biomanipulation" as predicted from the hypothesis of Biomanipulation Efficiency Threshold of P-loading (Benndorf, 1987). In summary, implementation of a correct fishery management strategy was shown to be a useful water quality management tool, not only in maintaining but also in sustaining the best water quality conditions, in relation to the given nutrient concentrations in these deep reservoirs. / In sechs Mittelgebirgstalsperren im Einzugsgebiet der Wupper erfolgte eine Umstellung der fischereilichen Bewirtschaftung mit dem Ziel, die Gewässergüte dieser Talsperren durch Absenkung der Zooplanktivorie zu verbessern und auf einem hohen Niveau zu stabilisieren. Vom Gewässercharakter her handelt es sich bei den Talsperren um klare tiefe Weichwasserseen, welche den oligo-/mesotrophen bis eutrophen Bereich abdecken. Die hier genutzte Methode einer ordnungsgemäßen fischereilichen Bewirtschaftung (Nahrungsnetzbewirtschaftung), welche sich zum Auf- und Umbau der Fischbestände auf Besatz- und Hegemaßnahmen stützt und dabei bewusst auf massive Eingriffe verzichtet, gelangte bisher nur in wenigen Fällen zur ausschließlichen Anwendung und wird allgemein als wenig erfolgversprechend eingestuft. Ziel dieser mehrjährigen Ökosystemuntersuchungen mit anwendungsorientiertem Ansatz ist eine Antwort auf die Frage nach der Praxistauglichkeit und den Grenzen des Instruments der Nahrungsnetzbewirtschaftung in Mittelgebirgstalsperren. Die Analyse der Ergebnisse versucht die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und Randbedingungen herauszuarbeiten, welche für die Wirkungsentfaltung der den Erfolg einer Nahrungsnetzbewirtschaftung tragenden Kräfte auf ökosystemarer Ebene verantwortlich sind. Mit Ausnahme der oligotrophen Großen Dhünn-Talsperre konnte in allen Gewässern eine adäquate Reaktion des Zooplanktons durch Umstellung der fischereilichen Bewirtschaftung erzielt werden. Im Einklang mit der Hypothese einer kritischen Schwelle der Planktivorie erfolgten die Reaktionen sprunghaft, aber erst nach mehreren Jahren und manifestieren sich durch einen "switch" von Daphnia cucullata zum größeren Daphnia galeata-Komplex (Bever-Talsperre, Wupper-T, Lingese-T), teils durch Körpergrößenzunahme des Daphnia galeata-Komplexes (Vorsperre Große Dhünn). Wie die Fischbestandsdaten nahe legen, kommt den indirekten, vermutlich aus einer Räuber-Vermeidungsreaktion resultierenden Effekten, hierbei eine Schlüsselposition zu. Parallel mit der Veränderung des Zooplankton-Größenspektrums kommt es stets zu einer Erhöhung der sommerlichen Sichttiefen, welche vielfach von einer vertikalen Neustrukturierung der Algenentwicklung im Wasserkörper begleitet ist. Eine Absenkung der sommerlichen Chlorophyll-Konzentrationen in der trophogenen konnte hingegen nur in den schwach eutrophen Talsperren beobachtet werden und war stets von einer erhöhten Absenkung der sommerlichen gegenüber den frühjährlichen Gesamtphosphor-Konzentrationen begleitet. Entsprechend muss die Absenkung der sommerlichen Chlorophyll-Konzentrationen auf eine erhöhte Phosphor-Sedimentation zurückgeführt werden.Die Ergebnisse der fischereilichen Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen stehen im Einklang mit den Vorhersagen der size-efficiency Hypothese (Brooks & Dodson, 1965), stützen aber nicht die Vorhersagen der trophic cascade Hypothese (Carpenter et al., 1985). Demgegenüber unterstreichen sie die Bedeutung indirekter Effekte, wie sie durch die These einer "Biomanipulationseffektivitätsschwelle der Phosphor-Belastung" (Benndorf, 1987) formuliert werden. Insgesamt erweist sich das Instrument der Nahrungsnetzbewirtschaftung als zwingender Baustein einer integrierten Wasserwirtschaft zur Sicherung der Gewässergüte in Mittelgebirgstalsperren, dessen soziökonomische Aspekte in der Arbeit angesprochen werden.

"Biomanipulation" was carried out in order to try and improve the water quality of six deep reservoirs situated in the catchment area of the River Wupper. All the reservoirs are deep, dimictic soft-water lake types, covering a range from oligo-/mesotrophic to eutrophic. Although changing the fishery management only by repeated fish stocking, in combination with implementating size and bag limits for recreational fisheries, is thought to have only limited success, we decided to put this type of "Biomanipulation" into practice. This whole-lake biomanipulation experiment, covering a time scale of more than ten years, aimed to address the following questions: 1. Is such a fishery-management strategy a useful water quality management tool in deep reservoirs, not only in maintaining but also in sustaining the best water quality conditions in relation to the given nutrient concentrations? 2. What are the underlying mechanisms? With the exception of the oligotrophic Große Dhünn Reservoir, "Biomanipulation" resulted in a shift of zooplankton body-size structure to larger daphnids in all the reservoirs. The underlying switch in the size shift from Daphnia cucullata to Daphnia galeata (Bever-Reservoir, Wupper-R, Lingese-R), or only in increasing individual body sizes of the Daphnia galeata population (Vorsperre Große Dhünn), occurred suddenly but only some years after the changes in fishery management were implemented. Our records of the fish stock suggest that indirect effects, presumably resulting from predator avoidance, must be a driving force. An increase of zooplankton body-size structure always resulted in an improvement in secchi-disk depth, often accompanied by a vertical restructuring of the water column favouring the development of metalimnetic algal populations. A decrease in summer chlorophyll concentrations in the trophogenic zone was only achieved in the slightly eutrophic reservoirs. This decrease in chlorophyll concentration was always accompanied by a decrease in the total phosphorus concentration in summer, while the total phosphorus concentration in spring remained unchanged. Thus, reduced P-availability, due to an increased vertical phosphorus flux, caused algal biomass to decline.These results support predictions from the size-efficiency hypothesis (Brooks & Dodson, 1965) but not those from the trophic cascade hypothesis (Carpenter et al., 1985). Undoubtedly the results underline the importance of indirect effects with respect to a successful "Biomanipulation" as predicted from the hypothesis of Biomanipulation Efficiency Threshold of P-loading (Benndorf, 1987). In summary, implementation of a correct fishery management strategy was shown to be a useful water quality management tool, not only in maintaining but also in sustaining the best water quality conditions, in relation to the given nutrient concentrations in these deep reservoirs. / In sechs Mittelgebirgstalsperren im Einzugsgebiet der Wupper erfolgte eine Umstellung der fischereilichen Bewirtschaftung mit dem Ziel, die Gewässergüte dieser Talsperren durch Absenkung der Zooplanktivorie zu verbessern und auf einem hohen Niveau zu stabilisieren. Vom Gewässercharakter her handelt es sich bei den Talsperren um klare tiefe Weichwasserseen, welche den oligo-/mesotrophen bis eutrophen Bereich abdecken. Die hier genutzte Methode einer ordnungsgemäßen fischereilichen Bewirtschaftung (Nahrungsnetzbewirtschaftung), welche sich zum Auf- und Umbau der Fischbestände auf Besatz- und Hegemaßnahmen stützt und dabei bewusst auf massive Eingriffe verzichtet, gelangte bisher nur in wenigen Fällen zur ausschließlichen Anwendung und wird allgemein als wenig erfolgversprechend eingestuft. Ziel dieser mehrjährigen Ökosystemuntersuchungen mit anwendungsorientiertem Ansatz ist eine Antwort auf die Frage nach der Praxistauglichkeit und den Grenzen des Instruments der Nahrungsnetzbewirtschaftung in Mittelgebirgstalsperren. Die Analyse der Ergebnisse versucht die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und Randbedingungen herauszuarbeiten, welche für die Wirkungsentfaltung der den Erfolg einer Nahrungsnetzbewirtschaftung tragenden Kräfte auf ökosystemarer Ebene verantwortlich sind. Mit Ausnahme der oligotrophen Großen Dhünn-Talsperre konnte in allen Gewässern eine adäquate Reaktion des Zooplanktons durch Umstellung der fischereilichen Bewirtschaftung erzielt werden. Im Einklang mit der Hypothese einer kritischen Schwelle der Planktivorie erfolgten die Reaktionen sprunghaft, aber erst nach mehreren Jahren und manifestieren sich durch einen "switch" von Daphnia cucullata zum größeren Daphnia galeata-Komplex (Bever-Talsperre, Wupper-T, Lingese-T), teils durch Körpergrößenzunahme des Daphnia galeata-Komplexes (Vorsperre Große Dhünn). Wie die Fischbestandsdaten nahe legen, kommt den indirekten, vermutlich aus einer Räuber-Vermeidungsreaktion resultierenden Effekten, hierbei eine Schlüsselposition zu. Parallel mit der Veränderung des Zooplankton-Größenspektrums kommt es stets zu einer Erhöhung der sommerlichen Sichttiefen, welche vielfach von einer vertikalen Neustrukturierung der Algenentwicklung im Wasserkörper begleitet ist. Eine Absenkung der sommerlichen Chlorophyll-Konzentrationen in der trophogenen konnte hingegen nur in den schwach eutrophen Talsperren beobachtet werden und war stets von einer erhöhten Absenkung der sommerlichen gegenüber den frühjährlichen Gesamtphosphor-Konzentrationen begleitet. Entsprechend muss die Absenkung der sommerlichen Chlorophyll-Konzentrationen auf eine erhöhte Phosphor-Sedimentation zurückgeführt werden.Die Ergebnisse der fischereilichen Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen stehen im Einklang mit den Vorhersagen der size-efficiency Hypothese (Brooks & Dodson, 1965), stützen aber nicht die Vorhersagen der trophic cascade Hypothese (Carpenter et al., 1985). Demgegenüber unterstreichen sie die Bedeutung indirekter Effekte, wie sie durch die These einer "Biomanipulationseffektivitätsschwelle der Phosphor-Belastung" (Benndorf, 1987) formuliert werden. Insgesamt erweist sich das Instrument der Nahrungsnetzbewirtschaftung als zwingender Baustein einer integrierten Wasserwirtschaft zur Sicherung der Gewässergüte in Mittelgebirgstalsperren, dessen soziökonomische Aspekte in der Arbeit angesprochen werden.

A series of ruthenium complexes of the general type Ru(CO)2(P(n-Bu)3)2(O2CR)2 (4a, R = Me; 4b, R = Et; 4c, R = i-Pr; 4d, R = t-Bu; 4e, R = CH2OCH3; 4f, R = CF3; 4g, R = CF2CF3) was synthesized by a single-step reaction of Ru3(CO)12 with P(n-Bu)3 and the respective carboxylic acid. The molecular structures of 4b, 4c and 4e–g in the solid state are discussed. All ruthenium complexes are stable against air and moisture and possess low melting points. The physical properties including the vapor pressure can be adjusted by modification of the carboxylate ligands. The chemical vapor deposition of ruthenium precursors 4a–f was carried out in a vertical cold-wall CVD reactor at substrate temperatures between 350 and 400 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. These experiments show that all precursors are well suited for the deposition of phosphorus-doped ruthenium layers without addition of any reactive gas or an additional phosphorus source. In the films, phosphorus contents between 11 and 16 mol% were determined by XPS analysis. The obtained layers possess thicknesses between 25 and 65 nm and are highly conformal and dense as proven by SEM and AFM studies. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

The aim of this thesis is to present a simple model for the radiation to light conversion processes in fluorescent layers as an aid in future developments and applications. Optimisation between sensitivity and spatial resolution for fluorescent layers in digital radiology is a delicate task where the extrinsic efficiency for various phosphors needs to be established for varying parameters. The extrinsic efficiency of a fluorescent layer can be expressed as the ratio of the light energy per unit area at the screen surface to the incident xray energy fluence. Particle size is a critical factor in determining the value of the extrinsic efficiency, but in most models it is not treated as an independent variable. Based on the definition of a light extinction factor (ξ), a model is proposed such that, knowing the intrinsic efficiency η, the particle size and the thickness of a certain make of screen, the extrinsic efficiency can be calculated for an extended range of particle sizes and / or screen thicknesses. The light extinction factor ξ is an optical parameter determined from experimental data on extrinsic efficiency. The proposed model is compared to established methods. Further experiments have confirmed the validity of the model. Monte-Carlo simulations have been utilised to refine the calculations of energy imparted to the phosphor by taking into account the escape of scattered and K-radiation generated in the screen and interface effects at the surfaces. The luminance was measured for a set of in-house manufactured screens of varying thicknesses and particle sizes. Utilising the proposed model, the corresponding calculated values deviated ± 14 %.within the studied range.

Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt zum einen die mechanistischen Details von Bindungsaktivierungs-Reaktionen an Disauerstoff und weißem Phosphor mit den Komplexfragmenten 1[Ni(iPr2Im)2] und 3[(η5-C5H5)Co(iPr2Im)] und zum anderen die Regioselektivität von oxidativen Insertionsreaktionen des 1[Ni(iPr2Im)2]-Komplexfragments in C–X-Bindungen substituierter Fluoraromaten (X = F, OCH3, CN, H). / The presented thesis deals with the mechanistic details of bond activation reactions of the oxygen molecule and white phosphorus at the reactive complex fragments 1[Ni(iPr2Im)2] and 3[(η5-C5H5)Co(iPr2Im)] and with the regioselectivity of oxidative insertion reactions of the 1[Ni(iPr2Im)2]-fragment into C–X-bonds of functionalized fluorinated derivatives of benzene.