Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Joao Victor.pdf: 7317082 bytes, checksum: 7f8cbb388454c78491bcd48e0c23e7ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Today's highly eletricity dependent society together with the scarcity of conventional energy sources and magnitude of environmental problems brought by them, has raised the level of importance of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic energy. However, it is necessary to develop new techniques of PV panel production and electronic converters required in their use, as well as the dissemination of such technologies in Brazil. This work contributes to the systematic design of an inverter for photovoltaic systems connected to the mains. The key techniques needed to control these systems are described and analyzed within a common base. Furthermore, this paper describes the hardware design of an inverter for connecting PV panels to the AC mains, allowing an overview of all the steps required for the design of a PV inverter. A new methodology for the design of current controllers for current injection into the grid is presented and the advantages of the proportional resonant controller are shown. This work resulted in a functional inverter with commercially viable features, a total current harmonic distortion of 2.03%, maximum power point operation and in conformance to international regulatory standards. / A dependência quase que imperativa da sociedade atual à energia elétrica aliada à escassez das fontes de energia convencionais e à magnitude dos problemas socioambientais trazidos por elas, tem elevado o nível de importância de fontes renováveis de energia, tais como a fotovoltaica. Entretanto, ainda é necessário o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de produção de painéis FV e dos conversores eletrônicos necessários ao seu uso, bem como a disseminação dessas tecnologias no Brasil. Este trabalho contribui com a sistematização do projeto de um inversor para sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede CA. São descritas e analisadas, dentro de uma base comum, as principais técnicas de controle necessárias a estes sistemas. Além disso, esse trabalho descreve o projeto de hardware de um inversor para conexão entre painéis FV e a rede CA, possibilitando uma visão global de todas as etapas necessárias para o projeto de um inversor fotovoltaico. É apresentada uma nova metodologia para o projeto dos controladores da corrente injetada na rede e mostra-se as vantagens do controlador proporcional ressonante. Tem-se como resultado um inversor funcional, com características comercialmente viáveis, com uma taxa de distorção harmônica de corrente de 2,03%, funcionamento no ponto de máxima potência e adequado às normas regulatórias internacionais.

The graduation theses is concerned with elaboration of business plan whose theme is building of solar power station in locality of Velké Hamry. The aim of graduation theses is evaluation of building and operation of solar power station through the medium of methods which make for assessments of investment as well as entire business plan processing which should be used in application for granting of credit and in application for financial support of Operational program of Enterpreneurship and Innovation.

This master´s thesis deals with calculations of heat losses, design of ventilation and heating of a two-storey family house. Part of the thesis is the characteristics and description of the building, calculation of heat losses according to the standard ČSN EN 12831-1. Furthermore, the heating system is designed, including the choice of heat sources, calculation of underfloor heating and pressure losses. Subsequently, forced ventilation is proposed with heat recovery. The last part assesses the possibility of using a photovoltaic system for the object. Relevant technical documentation is also prepared for the proposals.

The project considers realization system, which will allow us to test six different operation modes on lifetime accumulators. The system will link to computer, which will execute measurement current and tension and switch betwencharging and discharging modes. The measured values will record in someone time intervals in to computer memory. After someone time will analise these measured valuer and will provide optional operation mode.

This masters thesis deals with the use of off-grid photovoltaic systems. First we explain the problems associated with the power and energy potential of photovoltaic system components, design of photovoltaic systems for autonomous operation and the financial evaluation. The result of the masters thesis is to create an application used to design the island system in the whole output range (the smallest power systems to house systems application). The conclusion of the masters thesis is devoted to designing three type of projects from our application – a garden cottage, a family cottage and the house.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the development of research on the topic of the draft mix for network independence. Next is the outline the various design solutions of the battery systems for accumulation electric energy and balance model energy supply system for the selected object. The practical part of diploma thesis deals with necessary resources and the size of batteries for autonomous operation during the summer months and also implements technical and economic studies aimed at finding cost-effective solutions. The work is divided into 6 chapters that contain 16 tables and 18 figures. Diploma thesis brings an option to configure a photovoltaic system and also describes the features, functions and the choice between the most used technologies. Evaluation of results of theoretical methods are described in the final part.

MSc (Physics) / Department of Physics

Sverige har som mål att år 2040 ha helt förnybar elproduktion och därmed utredsalternativ som till exempel vind- och solenergi till elförsörjning där främstsolenergin har potential för mindre och medelstora system för privatpersoner ochföretag. Som en del i denna utveckling har bostadsrättsföreningen Stenbär i Gävlebörjat intresserat sig för att installera solcellssystem, vilket blev grunden för dettaprojekt. Målet med den här utredningen var att utreda områdets potential för ensolcellsanläggning samt hur många kilowattimmar denna skulle kunna genereraper år.Inledningsvis var intentionen att utföra simuleringarna i IDA ICE 4.8, men underförberedelserna inför arbetet uppmärksammades ett webinar på Youtube där IDAICE 5.0 beta presenterades. Equa Simulations AB, vilka har utvecklatprogrammet, förklarade där uppdateringar och styrkor med den nya versionen. Iden nya versionen finns nu möjlighet att upprätta och simulera mer komplexasolcellsystem samt få ut mer korrekta och mer detaljerade resultat. På så vis bleväven en mindre analys av IDA ICE 5.0 beta en del av det här examensarbetet.Mätningar av husens höjd och längd samt avstånd till omkringliggande skogutfördes på plats och takens lutning beräknades till 14,5°. Ritningar över områdettilldelades av uppdragsgivaren och klimatdata återfanns i mjukvaran. En kartbildfrån Google maps behandlades i Photoshop till grund för modellering i IDA ICE.Byggnaderna delades sedan upp i två kategorier, sydlig och öst/västlig riktning.Inga moduler placerade i nordlig riktning simulerades då det inte förväntades varalönsamt. Solcellerna placerades i två lutningar, 14,5° som är takens lutning och45° vilken är den lutning som används av Energimyndigheten vid deras tester avsolcellssystem. Jämförelsen av taklutningarna visade dock endast en skillnad på2,5 %. Då all information om byggnaderna ej varit tillgänglig har områdetsenergibehov, utifrån schablonvärden, beräknats till 64 kWh/m2 och totalt522 MWh/år. Detta för att kunna ställa den i proportion mot solcellsystemetspotentiella elproduktion, vilken i simuleringsresultaten uppgick till 554 MWh/år.Systemkostnaden för det fullstora modellerade systemet landade på 10 600 kronorper installerad kilowattpeak respektive 2 025 kronor per installerad kvadratmetersolpanel. Om återbetalningstiden sätts till 10 år ger det en systemkostnad på 1.17kronor per producerad kilowattimme. Undersökningen visar att potential finns attproducera en stor mängd solel i området. Då systemet producerar ett överskottunder sommarhalvåret finns även möjlighet att sälja el. / Sweden’s energy policy objectives aim to have strictly renewable energyproduction by the year 2040. Alternatives such as wind- and solar power aretherefore implemented as alternatives to fossil fuel where solar power has thebiggest potential for small and medium sized systems for private houses andsmaller companies. As a part of this development homeowner’s association BRFStenbär i Gävle have considered installing PV-systems in their residential areaand that became the foundation for this master thesis. The goal with this projectwas to investigate the residential areas potential for solar powered electricityproduction and how much energy it may produce per year.The simulations were initially meant to be made in IDA ICE 4.8, but during thepreparations a webinar on Youtube was found where the beta version of IDA ICE5.0 was presented. In the presentation Equa Simulations AB, who are thedevelopers of the programme, explained the updates and new features with thenew version. The new version includes possibilities to model and build morecomplex PV-systems and receive more correct and detailed results. Hence, asmaller analysis of IDA ICE 5.0 beta became a part of this master thesis.Measurements of the building’s height and length and the distance to thesurrounding trees were made on site. Drawings of the residential area wereprovided by the client and the climate data were already installed in the software.A map of the area was downloaded from Google maps, modified in a pictureediting programme and used as a base for the modelling in IDA ICE. Thebuildings were divided into two categories, south and east/west orientation. NoPV-systems were placed and simulated in northern orientation since it was notexpected to be profitable.The solar panels were placed in two different angles, 14.5° which is the angle ofthe roofs, and 45° which is the angle used by the Swedish energy agency for theirtesting of PV-systems. The comparisons only showed a deviation of 2.5 %. Allinformation about the building’s energy needs were not available, so fromstandard values their needs were calculated to be 64 kWh/m2 and in total522 MWh/year. This was made to enable comparisons of their needs with thepotential energy production, which amounted to 554 MWh/year. The system costof the total PV-system amounted to 10 600 SEK/installed kWp and 2 025 SEK/m2installed PV-panel. If the repayment period is set to 10 year the system costbecomes 1.17 SEK/kWh. As the system produces more electricity during summerthan needed there is also a possibility to sell the excess to the grid.

The development of new communities to facilitate the growing population isan ongoing trend, with locations outside the city limits so as to have morearea and less pollution. The main need in isolated communities is to secureenergy demand, which is normally done with power supply from the maingrid, which will require new transmission lines and transformer installation,among other things. As we strive for net-zero energy buildings, the energysource should be renewable and clean. So far, the most common andefficient renewable sources available in abundance are solar and windpower. So, based on the location, we investigate how we can make thesystem of combined solar, and wind power a successful energy source sothat the load of the community can be fulfilled while at the same time thepower from the main grid is isolated. This analysis is done for off-gridsystems to analyze a combined Solar and Wind energy production andcalculate the needed storage, also presenting a comparison with Dieselbased generation and an Economical perspective,for the different locations.As an output of this analysis a program has been developed to examineother locations on bases of local load data.

[pt] A energia é o principal motor para o desenvolvimento econômico, sendo um elemento chave para o alcance das metas climáticas estipuladas até 2050. Entre as diversas maneiras relacionadas à mitigação dos impactos causados pelo uso ineficiente de energia das edificações, destacam-se a substituição de combustíveis fósseis por fontes de energia limpa e a redução do consumo energético pelo lado da demanda. Neste contexto, sistemas fotovoltaicos integrados a edificações surgem como uma solução arquitetônica promissora por atingir ambos os objetivos em uma só intervenção. Contudo, não há estudos relacionados ao impacto desta tecnologia no desempenho energético de edificações considerando o contexto climático brasileiro, sendo este então o escopo deste trabalho. A metodologia proposta envolve simulações com o software Rhinoceros, os plugins Ladybug e Honeybee, que realizam análises sob aspectos ambientais, e o Grasshopper, cuja função é realizar otimização mono-objetivo. Para edificações simuladas com apenas uma fachada fotovoltaica sendo implementada, foi possível obter a redução de até 14,39 porcento da demanda energética, considerando a geração adicionada à conservação de energia. Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a redução da demanda de energia alcançou a marca de 24,04 porcento com quatro fachadas de fotovoltaica implementada. Apesar de alguns contextos climáticos se mostrarem mais vantajosos, ressalta-se que foram detectadas reduções na demanda energética em todas as cidades investigadas, sendo então a integração de sistemas fotovoltaicos orgânicos a edificações uma medida eficaz de conservação e geração de eletricidade. / [en] In a global context where climate change has been in evidence, research related to technologies which aim to reduce the damages caused by global warming have been increasing. Since energy is the engine to sustainable economic development, it is considered a key element to reach the goals set by the Paris Climate Agreement. The strategies to manage energy in a sustainable way can be divided in two fields: using clean energy, rather than fossil fuels like coal; and by reducing the energy demanded by consumers. In Brazil, buildings are responsible for 50.5 percent of the energy demand (Lira et al., 2019) and when analyzing commercial buildings, it is stated that HVAC systems take up to 40.3 percent of all the energy consumed (PROCEL, 2008). Such number is expected to increase up to three times until 2050 and is considered one of the blind spots of energy efficiency policies (IEA, 2018). Although Brazil has national energy efficiency policies, such as the Technical Quality Regulation for the Buildings Energy Efficiency Level – RTQ (acronym for the Portuguese term Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edificações) the use of HVAC systems and its energy demand is not emphasized and newer technologies such as solar energy are considered a bonus. Such gap is because the RTQ was first published in 2010, while the generation of photovoltaic energy was only regulated in 2012. Photovoltaic energy has a remarkable potential in Brazil, especially in the north and northeast regions due to its high irradiation levels (INPE, 2017). In on-grid systems, it is possible to lend the exceeded energy generated and have its compensation in a 1:1 proportion when needed, which not only reduces system losses, but also is able to increase the number of photovoltaic facilities. Another possibility is the partition of the energy generated by a photovoltaic system between multiple people in the same building which had consequently the incentive of building integrated photovoltaics. Building integrated photovoltaics, also known as BIPV, can be defined as the substitution of an element of the building envelope by another with photovoltaic cells. Recent studies have shown that building integrated photovoltaics are not only capable of generating energy, but due to thermal properties of solar cells compared to regular materials, there is also a reduction in HVAC demand, especially air-conditioning. Photovoltaic cells are usually integrated in windows, but can also be used in skylights, curtainwalls, shading devices and walls (Eisenschmid, 2008). Such variety is possible due to the development of new technologies, which are lighter and semi-transparent (Lynn, Mohanty and Wittkopf, 2012). One example is organic photovoltaic cells (OPV), which Brazil is one of the leading producers worldwide. Therefore, it is a technology with a considerable potential in the country not only due to its availability but also of skilled labor for installation and maintenance.