The purpose of the thesis is enhancing efficiency of asymmetric quantum dots (AMQD) solar cells. The AMQD structures are grown on the n-type GaAs substrate by (MBE). In order to enhance the photovoltaic characteristics, we introduce InGaAs quantum well (QW) and modulation doping in the well to investigate effect of the strain relief and built-in electric field in the active layer. In our experiment, we analyze the optical property of AMQD structures by photoluminescence measurement system, and then decompose emission wavelength by Gaussian fitting to find optical characteristics of each single layer quantum dots. Besides, we also measure photocurrent spectra, external quantum efficiency, electrical absorption, and electro reflectance spectra to discuss carrier transition inside AMQD structure . Finally, we acquire the photovoltaic basic parameter under one sun. The results show that QDs provide additional photocurrent via absorbing extra photons, but the open circuit voltage decrease seriously due to the accumulated strains. So as to relieve the strains and enhance carriers extraction, we introduce QW layers with different growth temperatures and change the modulation doping concentrations . From the results, the higher growth temperature for QW diminishes accumulated strains, and the higher p-type modulation doping concentration indicates an extraction enhancement due to the stronger built-in electric field. By optimizing QW growth conditions, the efficiency has overtaken GaAs baseline cells. In addition, we improve the photon-excited current collection by using matrix pattern and wet etching on the device surface, the best photovoltaic characteristic shows V OC = 0.74 V, J SC = 18.82 mA/cm2, FF = 0.78, £b= 10.86%.

Poly-p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO) and carbon nanotube (CNT) contain fully conjugated rod like backbone entailing excellent mechanical properties, thermo -oxidative stability and solvent resistance. Rigid-rod PBO is commonly processed by dissolving in methanesulfonic acid or Lewis acid. A CNT of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) was dissolved in a Lewis acid solution of PBO for dispersion, and then spun for thin film. MWNT concentration in the films was from zero up to 5 wt. %. Compared to that of pure PBO film, all PBO/MWNT composite films retained same but enhanced UV-Vis absorption peaks, according to MWNT concentration, showing that PBO and MWNT did not have overlapping electron orbitals affecting their energy gaps. The composite films were excited at 325 nm using a He-Cd laser for photoluminescence (PL) emission. All PL spectra had maximum intensity at 540 nm indicative of yellow-green light emission. The composite films were fabricated as light emitting diodes using indium-tin-oxide/glass as substrate and anode, as well as vacuum evaporated Al as cathode for respectively hole and electron injectors. In these light emitting devices, MWNT doped PBO would decrease threshold voltage for about 2 V. Up to 0.1 wt. % of MWNT, the device emission current was increased two orders of magnitude than those of the devices without MWNT. Further increase of MWNT caused a successive decrease in electroluminescence emission intensity attributed to a quench effect from aggregations of MWNTs. UV epoxy resin was applied to package the mono-layer and bilayer PBO light emitting devices. The UV epoxy resin had some gas release during encapsulation. The devices were packaged with vacuum and without vacuum encapsulation. It was demonstrated that the device encapsulation reduced its demise from water and oxygen. The vacuum encapsulation could remove gaseous volatile of the device to inhibit oxygen and moisture to prolong device lifetime. The main degradation of light emitting device was the oxidization of cathode. The interactions between nitrogen of PBO and H2O caused the formation of hydrogen bonding at room temperature. Oxygen and moisture diffused into PBO polymer and were suspected to form mid-gap state for the polymer. The mid energy band disappeared upon heat treatment before encapsulation. A device under a higher bias voltage was found to have a shorter lifetime, but a larger EL emission intensity. The EL emission intensity was not a constant under a constant current bias. The vacuum encapsulated device had two or twenty times lifetime than, respectively, the device encapsulation without vacuum evacuation or in ambient conditions. The sandwich structure of ITO/PBO/Al had no observable photovoltaic effect due to insufficient exciton separation into electrons and holes. Poly(2,3-dihydro thieno-1,4-dioxin):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), a hole transferring medium, was spun into a thin-film between PBO and indium-tin-oxide to facilitate photovoltaic (PV) effect by forming a donor-acceptor interlayer to separate and to transport photoinduced charges. Optimum PBO thickness for the PV heterojunctions was about 71 nm at which the hole transferring PEDOT:PSS generated the maximum short circuit current (Isc) at a thickness of 115 nm. By using a layer of lithium fluoride (LiF) as an electron transferring layer adhering to Al cathode, the most open circuit voltage (Voc) and the maximum short circuit current (Isc) were achieved with a LiF thickness of 1-2 nm due to possible electric dipole effect leading to an increase of Voc from 0.7 V to 0.92 V and of Isc from about 0.1

In the past few years, the solution-processed organic based solar cells gained more importance by meeting the demands for cost effective photovoltaic devices. To date, the focus of the organic photovoltaic devices has been on the optimization of the processing the materials to improve photo conversion efficiency and also by modifying the active components of the organic materials. Recently, it has been recognized that the deposition techniques also plays a major role in enhancing the power conversion efficiencies. Currently, though the most common deposition technique for organic solar cells is spin coating, which does not allow scaling up of the large device area. As an alternative method, a simple airbrush spray deposition technique has been developed to fabricate the test devices. The film thickness of the layers was characterized under scanning electron microscope. Devices with different thickness (1000 nm, 500 nm, 240 nm) of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythipohene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT.PSS) and active layers are prepared and their photovoltaic performances have been evaluated and compared by plotting the IV curves with respect to each thickness. Maintaining the distance between the substrate and the airbrush nozzle the thickness of the layers was controlled. From the results, we found that the test devices with 500 nm thickness of PEDOT.PSS and active layers shows the best device performance with highest current density of 3.97 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 1.3 V and power conversion efficiency of 2.34%. As a control experiment, devices were also developed using the standard poly(3- hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) system, but the power conversion efficiencies of these devices were not promising with respect to the literature results. Future studies of this project will focus on improving the power conversion efficiency of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)/perylenediimide bridged system (P3HT/PDIB) by developing a new device architecture called “tandem solar cells” which consists of multiple layers of different donor and acceptor blends with inorganic transition metal oxides such as zinc oxide and molybdenum oxides.

No description available.

This report determines the influence of spectral beam splitting on the temperature, maximum power and efficiency of a polycrystalline silicon cell under concentrated light. The PV cell was exposed to wavelengths ranging between 450 nm – 1000 nm. It was found that spectral beam splitting results in a temperature 11 °C lower than the PV cell that was exposed to the full spectrum after one hour. Additionally, it was also found that spectral beam splitting improves the efficiency of the PV cell by 2.1% at 980 W·m-2 and cell temperature of 25 °C. A study into the effect of light intensity on the efficiency showed that the efficiency increases between 580 W·m-2 – 680 W·m-2, after which the efficiency decreases up to 1380 W·m-2. Furthermore, it was found that the reason for the decrease in the efficiency was the decrease in the fill factor which is caused by the decrease in the shunt resistance. A comparison between the PV cell under the filtered spectrum and the full spectrum, showed that the PV cell exhibits a similar trend in efficiency as light intensity increases. However, the efficiency difference is initially at approximately 3% between 580 W·m-2 and 780 W·m-2, thereafter, the efficiency difference decreases to approximately 2 %. Based on these results, it has been recommended that further research be carried out to understand how wavelengths influence the band gaps of PV cells as the light intensity increases. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Chemical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

The study shows strong influence of the conformation of the main chains of polythiophenes in solutions on their spectroscopic properties. The conformational changes affect strength of interactions between neighboring chains and lead to the formation of aggregates of stacked polythiophene chains. Stacked chains show red shift of the optical absorption and lead to visible vibronic structure of absorption bands. Multilayered systems prepared by periodic adsorption of the cationic and anionic polythiophene polyelectrolytes on various substrates show proportionality of the overall layer thickness to the number of coatings, which allows a control of the layer thickness. Adsorption of the conjugated polyelectrolytes on the anatase form of titanium dioxide show better penetration of the anionic polythiophene to porous anatase. The adsorption of polymer into the mesoporous structure is not complete: maximum adsorption of PTTA (poly(thiophene-3-ylacetic acid)) adsorbed on anatase do not correspond to the inner surface of mesoporous anatase. Alternating adsorption from the solutions of polythiophene with anionic and cationic side groups on mesoporous anatase allows preparation of the Graetzel-like photovoltaic cell provided that the adsorption process starts with the anionic polythiophene and the layers are deposited...

O objetivo do trabalho foi demonstrar que o polivinilcarbazol (PVK) dopado com Perclorato de Lítio (LiClO4) pode converter energia luminosa em energia elétrica. Esse material polimérico possui a propriedade de absorver e gerar pares de elétron-lacunas fornecendo uma corrente elétrica quando exposto à iluminação. Para essa finalidade foi construído um dispositivo (célula solar) com a seguinte estrutura: vidro / ITO / a-Si:H (p) / polímero PVK / µ-Si:H (n) / Al, tendo o PVK dopado como camada ativa. O estudo proposto, dessa maneira, teve como finalidade: pesquisar, desenvolver, fabricar e caracterizar esse dispositivo, analisando suas características elétricas e ópticas, sua eficiência de conversão (rendimento) e outros fatores relacionados ao seu desempenho e do processo de fabricação. / The objective of this article is to demonstrate that the Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) PVK dumped with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) can transform solar energy to electrical energy. This polymer material has the property of absorbing and generate electron hole pairs, providing an electric current when exposed to enlightenment. To achieve that, a solar cell has been constructed with the follow structure: glass structure/ITO/a-Si:H (p)/polymer PVK/µ-Si:H (n)/Al, with the PVK working as active layer. This proposed article had the objective to research, develop, construct and characterize this device, analyzing its electrical and optical characteristics, efficiency and other topics related to its development and construction process.

O objetivo do trabalho foi demonstrar que o polivinilcarbazol (PVK) dopado com Perclorato de Lítio (LiClO4) pode converter energia luminosa em energia elétrica. Esse material polimérico possui a propriedade de absorver e gerar pares de elétron-lacunas fornecendo uma corrente elétrica quando exposto à iluminação. Para essa finalidade foi construído um dispositivo (célula solar) com a seguinte estrutura: vidro / ITO / a-Si:H (p) / polímero PVK / µ-Si:H (n) / Al, tendo o PVK dopado como camada ativa. O estudo proposto, dessa maneira, teve como finalidade: pesquisar, desenvolver, fabricar e caracterizar esse dispositivo, analisando suas características elétricas e ópticas, sua eficiência de conversão (rendimento) e outros fatores relacionados ao seu desempenho e do processo de fabricação. / The objective of this article is to demonstrate that the Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) PVK dumped with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) can transform solar energy to electrical energy. This polymer material has the property of absorbing and generate electron hole pairs, providing an electric current when exposed to enlightenment. To achieve that, a solar cell has been constructed with the follow structure: glass structure/ITO/a-Si:H (p)/polymer PVK/µ-Si:H (n)/Al, with the PVK working as active layer. This proposed article had the objective to research, develop, construct and characterize this device, analyzing its electrical and optical characteristics, efficiency and other topics related to its development and construction process.

Στην παρούσα διατριβή δοκιμάστηκαν καινοτόμα υλικά ως προς τις δυνατότητές τους να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε διατάξεις μετατροπής της ηλιακής ενέργειας σε ηλεκτρισμό. Τα συμβατικά ηλιακά στοιχεία, τα αποκαλούμενα και φωτοβολταϊκά πρώτης γενιάς, αποτελούνται από κρυσταλλικό πυρίτιο το οποίο με κατάλληλες προσμείξεις παράγει ηλεκτρισμό αξιοποιώντας τη φωτοβόληση μιας επαφής p-n. Στην κατεύθυνση αντικατάστασης των συμβατικών ηλιακών στοιχείων έχει προταθεί η κατασκευή κυψελίδων με νανοδομημένα υλικά τα οποία μπορούμε να επιστρώσουμε υπό τη μορφή λεπτών υμενίων. Στην κατεύθυνση αυτή, στην παρούσα διατριβή κατασκευάστηκαν τρεις τύποι τέτοιων ηλιακών στοιχείων: Φωτοηλεκτροχημικές κυψελίδες, ευαισθητοποιημένες είτε μέσω οργανομεταλλικών χρωστικών είτε μέσω ανόργανων νανοκρυστάλλων (Κβαντικές τελείες), υβριδικές κυψελίδες στερεού τύπου, επίσης ευαισθητοποιημένες τόσο μέσω οργανομεταλλικών χρωστικών όσο και μέσω κβαντικών τελειών και τέλος, φωτοκυψέλες καυσίμου (PEC). Η δομή των συστημάτων αυτών σε γενικές γραμμές συμπεριλαμβάνει: (α) το ηλεκτρόδιο ανόδου (φωτοάνοδος), το οποίο αποτελείται από έναν ημιαγωγό ευρέως χάσματος, όπως η τιτάνια, και από τον ευαισθητοποιητή, (β) το ηλεκτρόδιο καθόδου (αντιηλεκτρόδιο) το οποίο εμπλέκει κατά κανόνα κάποιο ευγενές μέταλλο με μεγάλο έργο εξόδου, και (γ) τον ηλεκτρολύτη που εμπεριέχει το κατάλληλο οξειδοαναγωγικό ζεύγος. Στην περίπτωση των ηλιακών στοιχείων στερεού τύπου, ο ηλεκτρολύτης αντικαθίσταται με κάποιο άλλο υλικό, οργανικό ή ανόργανο το οποίο ολοκληρώνει τη δομή και λειτουργία της συσκευής. Καθώς το ηλιακό φως προσπίπτει στην κυψελίδα, φωτόνια απορροφούνται από τα ημιαγώγιμα στρώματα, την τιτάνια, την χρωστική ή τις κβαντικές τελείες, ανάλογα με τη δομή της κυψελίδας. Αυτό έχει σαν αποτέλεσμα την απορρόφηση των φωτονίων από τα ηλεκτρόνια, τη διέγερση των ηλεκτρονίων αυτών στη ζώνη αγωγιμότητας, την δημιουργία οπών στη ζώνη σθένους στη θέση των ηλεκτρονίων, και εν τέλει τη δημιουργία προϋποθέσεων κυκλοφορίας των iv φορέων ανάμεσα στα υλικά με στόχο την συλλογή τους εξωτερικά και την αξιοποίηση του παραγόμενου (φωτο)ρεύματος. Οι δικές μας παρεμβάσεις αφορούν στην κατασκευή και χαρακτηρισμό ηλιακών στοιχείων καθώς και στη σύνθεση και χαρακτηρισμό καινοτόμων υλικών προκειμένου να αξιοποιηθούν σε ηλιακά στοιχεία στην κατεύθυνση βελτιστοποίησης της απόδοσης αυτών. Στις ευαισθητοποιημένες μέσω χρωστικής, φωτοηλεκτροχημικές κυψελίδες δοκιμάστηκε η χρήση του PEDOT ως ηλεκτροκαταλύτη στην κάθοδο, με σκοπό την αντικατάσταση του Pt, υλικού σπάνιου και ακριβού. Έπειτα δοκιμάστηκε η χρήση συνδυασμού ανόργανων νανοκρυστάλλων, CdS, CdSe, ZnS για την ευαισθητοποίηση του ημιαγωγού στο ορατό φάσμα της ακτινοβολίας, αντί των οργανομεταλλικών χρωστικών. Στις κυψελίδες αυτές επίσης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τόσο CuS όσο και CoS ως ηλεκτροκαταλύτες στην κάθοδο. Στα ηλιακά στοιχεία στερεού τύπου οι παρεμβάσεις έγιναν τόσο με την προσθήκη πρόσθετων ουσιών με σκοπό την αύξηση της κινητικότητας των φορέων όσο και στην χρήση ανόργανων ευαισθητοποιητών, παράλληλα με την προσθήκη θυσιαστήριων ουσιών προς αντιμετώπιση των φαινομένων οξείδωσης. Τέλος στις φωτοκυψέλες καυσίμου δοκιμάστηκε η χρήση πολυπυρρολίου στην κάθοδο, επικεντρώνοντας και εδώ στην αντικατάσταση του λευκόχρυσου. / In this thesis, novel materials were tested for their potential use in devices that convert solar energy into electricity. The conventional first generation photovoltaic cells consist of crystalline silicon, which with suitable impurities generates electricity utilizing a p-n contact. In the direction of replacing those conventional solar cells, has been proposed the construction of solar cells with nanostructured materials, which can be applied as thin films. In this thesis we constructed three types of such cells: photoelectrochemical cells sensitized either by organometallic dyes or through inorganic nanocrystals (quantum dots), hybrid solid state solar cells also sensitized both through organometallic dyes and through inorganic nanocrystals and finally photofuel cells (PEC). The structure of these systems generally includes: (a) the anode electrode, which consists of a wide gap semiconductor such as titania or zinc oxide and the sensitizer (b) the cathode (counter electrode) which is normally a noble metal with a large work function, and (c) the electrolyte, which comprises a suitable redox couple. In the case of the solid type solar cells, the electrolyte is replaced with a solid state hole conductor, organic or inorganic, which completes the structure and operation of the device. As sunlight falls on the cell, photons are absorbed by the semiconductor layer, titania, the dye or the quantum dots depending on the structure of the cell. This results in the absorption of photons by the electrons, the excitation of these electrons in the conduction band, creating holes in the valence band, ,and ultimately the creation of charge mobility conditions for the carriers between the combined materials with the purpose to collect them externally and to utilize the produced (photo) current. Our own interventions were related with the test of novel materials in the mentioned solar cells in the direction of the optimization of their performance. In the case of dye sensitized solar cells, PEDOT was tested as the cathode electrocatalyst, towards the replacement of Pt, a rare and expensive material. Then we tried to use a combination of inorganic nanocrystals, CdS, CdSe, ZnS to sensitize the semiconductor in the visible range of radiation in substitution of the organometallic dyes. In the case of quantum dot sensitized solar cells, we also used both CuS and CoS as cathode electrocatalysts. In hybrid solid state solar cells, interventions were made by adding additives in the direction of increasing the mobility of carriers. We also used inorganic sensitizers while adding sacrificial substances to deal with oxidation phenomena. Finally in Photo fuel cells we tested polypyrrole as electrocatalyst in the cathode, focusing again in replacing platinum.

La cellule photovoltaïque à porteurs chauds est un dispositif de conversion de l’énergie solaire en énergie électrique dont les rendements théoriques approchent les 86%. Additionnellement à une cellule photovoltaïque standard, ce dispositif permet de convertir l’excédent d’énergie cinétique des porteurs photogénérés, en énergie électrique. Pour cela, le phénomène de thermalisation doit être réduit et des contacts électriques sélectifs en énergie ajoutés. Afin de déterminer les performances potentielles des absorbeurs, tout en surmontant le défi de fabrication des contacts électriques sélectifs, un montage et une méthode de cartographie d’intensité absolue de photoluminescence résolue spectralement ont été utilisés. Ceci a permis d’obtenir la température d’émission et la séparation des quasi-niveaux de Fermi, les deux grandeurs thermodynamiques caractéristiques de la performance des absorbeurs. Dans cette étude, des absorbeurs à base de puits quantiques d’InGaAsP sur substrat d’InP sont utilisés. Les grandeurs thermodynamiques sont estimées et la technique de caractérisation utilisée permet l’accès à des grandeurs tel que le facteur de thermalisation mais aussi un coefficient thermoélectrique, appelé photo-Seebeck. L’analyse quantitative de porteurs chauds dans des conditions pertinentes pour le photovoltaïque est une première ; le dispositif étudié permettrait de dépasser la limite de Schockley-Queisser. Enfin, le dispositif étant muni de contacts des caractérisations électriques sont faites et comparé aux mesures optiques. Afin de mieux comprendre l’évolution des grandeurs thermodynamiques étudiées, une première simulation est proposée. / The hot carrier solar cell is an energy conversion device where theoretical conversion efficiencies reach almost 86%. Additionally to a standard photovoltaic cell, the device allows the conversion of kinetic energy excess of photogenerated carriers into electrical energy. To achieve this, the thermalisation process must be limited and electrical energy selective contacts added. In order to determine potential absorber performances and overcome the fabrication challenge of energy selective contacts, a set-up and the related method of mapping absolute photoluminescence spectra were used. This technique allows getting quasi-Fermi levels splitting and temperature of emission, both thermodynamic quantities characteristic of the performance of the absorbers. In this study, absorbers based on InGaAsP multiquantum wells on InP substrate were used. The thermodynamic quantities are determined and allow to access at quantities such as thermalisation rate but also a thermoelectric coefficient, so-called Photo-Seebeck. The quantitative analysis of the hot carriers regime, in relevant conditions for photovoltaic is a first: the analysed device indicates a potential photovoltaic conversion over the Schockley-Queisser limit. At last, as the device is supplied with electrical contacts, electrical characterization are made and compared to optical measurements. A first simulation is proposed to better understand the thermodynamic quantities evolution as a function of the electrical bias.