Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The present diploma thesis is concerned with English non-prepositional equivalents of the Czech v/ve and z/ze prepositional phrases. This type of equivalent is found in approximately 20% of cases (Klégr et al., 2011). The thesis shows that some of the divergent equivalents are conditioned lexically (different valency of the Czech and English verb), while others, being of systemic nature, are related to typological differences between Czech and English. Among the systemic counterparts are particularly English locative subjects in sentence-initial position correspoding to Czech adverbials, and English premodification by a noun translated into Czech as postmodification by a prepositional phrase. Material for the analytical part was extracted from the "Core" of the parallel corpus InterCorp, consisting of original Czech fiction texts and their English translations. A total of more than 200 divergent counterparts of both Czech prepositional phrases was collected.

Lin Ming Sum. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves i-xi). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements / Abstract / 摘要 / Table of Content / List of tables / List of figures / Units of measurement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- What are formulaic sequences? --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Importance of researching on formulaic sequences --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wray's works --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Distinction between native and normative speakers --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Building blocks of language --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Processing Unit --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- A pragmatic phenomenon in social interactions --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Rationale --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Defining formulaic sequences --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- The development of research on formulaic sequences --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Context of formulaic sequences research --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Milestone works on formulaic language --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- The first phase --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- The second phase --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- The third phase --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Questions and problems surrounding the field --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Relationship between fluency and the use of formulaic sequences --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- Methods of identification of formulaic sequences --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The criteria listed by other researchers --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Intuition --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Case studies --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Corpus tools --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Phonological features --- p.65 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Other methodologies --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research questions --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- The tasks --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2 --- The subjects --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data collection --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Data analysis --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Findings --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1 --- Use of formulaic sequences by native and normative speakers --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2 --- Interaction between NS/NNS factor and task type --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3 --- Analysis of individual performance --- p.82 / Chapter 5.4 --- Fluency and the use of formulaic language --- p.85 / Chapter 5.5 --- Time on task and the use of formulaic language --- p.87 / Chapter 5.6 --- Use of formulaic language and mean length of each turn --- p.89 / Chapter 5.7 --- Articulation rate of formulaic sequences --- p.90 / Chapter 5.8 --- Summary of findings --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter 6.1 --- Use of formulaic language by native and normative speakers --- p.93 / Chapter 6.2 --- Interaction between NS/NNS factor and task type --- p.97 / Chapter 6.3 --- The use of formulaic language and fluency --- p.97 / Chapter 6.4 --- Time on task and the use of formulaic language --- p.99 / Chapter 6.5 --- Length of each turn and the use of formulaic language --- p.103 / Chapter 6.6 --- Rate analysis --- p.105 / Chapter 6.7 --- Summary of the discussion --- p.106 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Limitations --- p.107 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Implications of this study --- p.110 / Chapter 8.1 --- Implications for research --- p.110 / Chapter 8.2 --- Implications for pedagogy --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Directions for future research --- p.116 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- Conclusion --- p.119 / Bibliography --- p.i / Appendices --- p.xii / Instructions for the Picture Story Telling --- p.xii / Picture series 1: Picnic --- p.xiii / Picture series 2: Football --- p.xiv / Instructions for the Problem-solving task --- p.xv / Problem-solving task: The Problem Page --- p.xvi

曾綺雲. / "2005年10月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(leaves 143-148). / "2005 nian 10 yue" / Abstracts also in English. / Zeng Qiyun. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 143-148). / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 硏究方法 --- p.4 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》簡介 --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》的創辦人 --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》的特色 --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》的版面分佈 --- p.25 / Chapter 第四章 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》的二十世紀初香港粤語詞匯 --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1 --- 已消失的詞語 --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 定義 --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 與商業活動有關的詞語 --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 與交通工具有關的詞語 --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 與妓女行業有關的詞語 --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- 與賭博有關的詞語 --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- 人物稱呼 --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- 舊式的方言詞 --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 定義 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 趨向消失的方言詞 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 漸被取代的方言詞 --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3 --- 仍然活躍的方言詞 --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 定義 --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 詞義沒有大變化的粤方言詞 --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- 名詞 --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- 動言司 --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- 形容詞 --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- 代詞 --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.2.5 --- 副詞 --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.2.6 --- 介詞 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.2.7 --- 連詞 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.2.8 --- 嘆詞 --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3.2.9 --- 語氣詞 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 詞義有所轉化的粤方言詞 --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小結 --- p.100 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》書寫方言詞的形式 --- p.102 / Chapter 5.1 --- 借用 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2 --- 註音 --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3 --- 註聲調 --- p.116 / Chapter 5.4 --- 註平仄 --- p.119 / Chapter 5.5 --- 註釋 --- p.121 / Chapter 5.6 --- 小結 --- p.122 / Chapter 第六章 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》反映的語言現象 --- p.126 / Chapter 6.1 --- 詞語字數減少 --- p.126 / Chapter 6.2 --- 不同寫法合倂 --- p.129 / Chapter 6.3 --- 用字筆劃簡化 --- p.133 / Chapter 6.4 --- 與字音演變有關 --- p.135 / Chapter 6.5 --- 小結 --- p.138 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.140 / 參考書目 --- p.143 / 附錄 --- p.149

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-212). / This dissertation develops a form of relativism in which propositions are treated as sets of world-time-individual triples, in contrast to standard views that treat them as sets of worlds or world-time pairs. This builds on existing proposals for predicates of personal taste such as fun and tasty, and has ties to approaches to de se attitudes involving centered worlds. I develop an accompanying pragmatic view in which the context set is similarly construed as a set of world-time-individual triples. The semantic and pragmatic systems together are used to account for the behavior of predicates of personal taste, epistemic modals, indicative conditionals, and a variety of attitude reports, including control constructions. I also explore ways that this account can help solve puzzles related to Moore's paradox. To give one concrete example, I propose that the proposition expressed by the sentence it might be raining is the set of world-time-individual triples <w,t,x> such that it's compatible with x's knowledge in w at t that it's raining. On the pragmatic side, a speaker is justified in asserting this sentence in a conversation if it is compatible with the speaker's own knowledge that it's raining; by asserting it, though, the speaker is making the stronger proposal to make it common ground that it is compatible with the knowledge of the entire group of conversational participants that it's raining. If this proposal is accepted by the other participants, then the group will have established that their knowledge states are aligned in a particular way. I introduce the core semantic and pragmatic proposals in Chapter 2, focusing on epistemic modals, predicates of personal taste, and belief reports. / (cont.) In Chapter 3, I extend the analysis to indicative conditionals, showing that this solves longstanding puzzles involving the relationship between conditionals and disjunction. In Chapter 4, I extend the approach to certain control constructions, with a special emphasis on capturing their de se interpretation. In Chapter 5, I look at two puzzles related to Moore's paradox, with special attention to the meaning of imagine. / by Tamina C. Stephenson. / Ph.D.

Thesis ( M.A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2011

Thesis (M.A.) --University of Limpopo, 2012 / The study dealt with enrichment of Tshivenḓa language through adoption of words from other languages such as English, Afrikaans, Sotho, Tsonga, Zulu and many more. The study discovered that no language can remain static forever and this applies to Tshivenḓa as well. Every successive generation makes its own small contribution to language change and when sufficient time has elapsed the impact of these changes becomes more obvious. It however cautions that borrowing of words should not be overdone as this may lead to the disappearance of Tshivenḓa as we know it.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la synthèse de parole à partir du texte. Elle traite plus précisément du procédé de création de voix en synthèse par sélection d'unités. L'état de l'art repose pour cela sur l'enregistrement d'un locuteur pendant une à deux semaines, suivant un script de lecture de plusieurs dizaines de milliers de mots. Les 5 à 10 heures de parole collectées sont généralement révisées par des opérateurs humains, pour en vérifier la segmentation phonétique et ainsi améliorer la qualité finale de la voix de synthèse.La lourdeur générale de ce procédé freine considérablement la diversification des voix de synthèse ; aussi en proposons-nous ici une rationalisation. Nous introduisons une nouvelle unité, appelée "sandwich vocalique", pour l'optimisation de la couverture des scripts de lecture. Sur le plan phonétique, cette unité offre une meilleure prise en compte des limites segmentales de la synthèse par sélection que les unités traditionnelles (diphones, triphones, syllabes, mots, etc.). Sur le plan linguistique, un nouvel enrichissement contextuel nous permet de mieux focaliser la couverture, sans négliger les aspects prosodiques. Nous proposons des moyens d'accroître le contrôle sur les phrases du script lecture, tant dans leur longueur que dans leur pertinence phonétique et prosodique, afin de mieux anticiper le contenu du corpus de parole final et de rendre automatisable la tâche de segmentation. Nous introduisons également une alternative à la stratégie classique de condensation de corpus en mettant au point un algorithme semi-automatique de création de phrases, grâce auquel nous accroissons de 30 à 40% la densité linguistique du script de lecture.Ces nouveaux outils nous permettent d'établir un procédé très efficace de création de voix de synthèse, procédé que nous validons à travers la création et l'évaluation subjective de nombreuses voix. Des scores perceptifs comparables à l'approche traditionnelle sont ainsi atteints dès 40 minutes de parole (une demi-journée d'enregistrement) et sans post-traitement manuel. Enfin, nous mettons à profit ce résultat pour enrichir nos voix de synthèse de diverses composantes expressives, multi-expressives et paralinguistiques.

La Génération Automatique de Texte (GAT) est le champ de recherche de la linguistique informatique qui étudie la possibilité d'attribuer à une machine la faculté de produire du texte intelligible. Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons une proposition de système de GAT reposant exclusivement sur des méthodes statistiques. Son originalité est d'exploiter un corpus en tant que ressource de formation de phrases. Cette méthode offre plusieurs avantages : elle simplifie l'implémentation d'un système de GAT en plusieurs langues et améliore les capacités d'adaptations d'un système de génération à un domaine sémantique particulier. La production, d'après un corpus d'apprentissage, des modèles de phrases finement étiquetées requises par notre générateur de texte nous a conduit à mener des recherches approfondies dans le domaine de l'extraction d'information et de la classification. Nous décrivons le système d'étiquetage et de classification de contenus encyclopédique mis au point à cette fin. Dans les étapes finales du processus de génération, les modèles de phrases sont exploités par un module de génération de texte multilingue. Ce module exploite des algorithmes de recherche d'information pour extraire du modèle une phrase pré-existante, utilisable en tant que support sémantique et syntaxique de l'intention à communiquer. Plusieurs méthodes sont proposées pour générer une phrase, choisies en fonction de la complexité du contenu sémantique à exprimer. Nous présentons notamment parmi ces méthodes une proposition originale de génération de phrases complexes par agrégation de proto-phrases de type Sujet, Verbe, Objet. Nous envisageons dans nos conclusions que cette méthode particulière de génération puisse ouvrir des voies d'investigations prometteuses sur la nature du processus de formation de phrases

The aim of this paper is to show that Swahili has several strategies to resolve verbal agreement with conjoined noun phrases. In section 2, I give a brief summary of the situation as depicted in grammatical descriptions of Swahili. I then present a number of examples - mainly taken from Muhammed Said Abdulla`s (1976) novel Mwana wa Yungi hulewa - illustrating different strategies of agreement with conjoined NPs. In section 4, I present an analysis of one of the strategies discussed and argue that the choice of different strategies is not only based on dialect or speaker variation, but rather can be related to information structure and the dynamics of interpretation.