The gym has become an increasingly popular place for citizens to visit, when exercise and health areprioritized higher than before. Previous research indicates that the main reasons for training at thegym is the desire to become stronger, and because it is healthy. The overreaching aim of this study wasto examine various motives that individuals’ in middle age enter into their training, and also how thetraining looks in relation to the stated objectives. To fulfill the aim of this study the focused was put onthe members' ambition with the training and how the training affected their health. This was answeredby collecting qualitative data such as interviews and observations of the nine middle-aged people whotrained at IKSU. The results of the study showed that the main reason for training is wellbeing andthat the logic that characterized the participants to perform training was experience and exercise. Theconclusions were that the exercise is a contributing factor to better health among participants.

The high incidence rate of type II diabetes mellitus (type II DM) among Mexican American families in the South Texas region has contributed to disproportionately high medical costs, early death, and high comorbidity with depression. Certain factors have been previously associated with depression and type II DM. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate and describe whether selected variables contribute to Mexican American risk for depression when diagnosed with type II DM. Based on the theory of planned behavior, this exploratory study investigated whether acculturation, health behavioral belief, diet, and/or physical exercise adequately predicted depression among Mexican Americans who were diagnosed with type II DM (n = 103). The data were obtained from surveys completed by participants. The construct of acculturation was measured by the Short Acculturation Scale, health behavioral belief was measured by the Diabetes Health Belief Scale, diet and physical exercise was measured by a summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities, and depression was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory - II. An exploratory stepwise multiple regression was used to generate an initial predictive equation based on the statistical contribution of one or more of the predictor variables. The findings revealed lack of physical exercise as a significant predictor of depression among participants. The social implications of this study are that it may help improve understanding of the psychiatric challenges that accompany type II DM and provide a better understanding among Mexican Americans of the connection between physical exercise and depression when screening and treating patients with type II DM. Subsequently, patients may receive more targeted screenings and holistic care, which will contribute to better medical care treatment and management.

Respiratory and metabolic patterns in response to variations in exercise workload (WL) and pedal frequency (RPM) were examined in 10 healthy males. Each subject performed WLs of low (L), moderate (M) and high (H) intensity, equivalent to 25%, 50% and 75% V02 m a x at 7 pedal frequencies (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 RPM). ANOVA ( 3 X 7 design) indicated that WL and RPM had independent and significant effects on all respiratory and metabolic measures; i.e., the greater the WL and RPM, the higher the HR, V02, VC02, Ve, Fb, Vt, Vt/Ti, Vt/Te and Ti/TtQt and the lower the Ti and Te. However, analysis of the interaction effect revealed different response patterns for Fb, Vt, Ti, Vt/Ti, Vt/Te and Ve among the WLs. During L-WL, increases in RPM produced increases in Ve which were due to progressive increases in both Fb and Vt. However, during M-WL and H-WL, increases in RPM produced increases in Ve which were accomplished by a constant Vt and a progressive increase in Fb. My findings suggest that during low WLs, the signal for Vt is dependent on rate of contraction, while during M-WL and H-WL, the signal for Vt appears to depend on force of contraction and is independent of increasing RPM. When comparing the L-WL and M-WL, alterations in Ve, Fb, Vt/Ti and Vt/Te in relation to increases in pedal frequency were additive. However, when these two lower WLs were compared to the H-WL, the interaction between pedal frequency and Ve, Fb, Vt/Ti and Vt/Te was multiplicative. In addition, the interaction between WL and RPM on Vt and Ti was additive when comparing the M-WL and H-WL and multiplicative when these two lower WLs were compared to the H-WL. Correlation analysis indicated that for all WLs, Te was more highly related to Fb than was Ti, while Vt/Te was more highly related to Ve than was Vt/Ti. Our findings suggest that during M-WL and H-WL, increases in Ve are accomplished by progressive increases in Fb and decreases in Te, while during L-WL, increases in Ve are achieved by progressive increases in both Fb and Vt.

Male Fischer rats (n=43) were used in a diet-diet/ exercise design to investigate the apparent protein sparing effects of exercise. The animals were divided into five groups: INITIAL (baseline), SEDENTARY (control), DIET, DIET/EXERCISE, and EXERCISE. Carcasses were analyzed for body composition, the blood for plasma alanine concentration and the urine for urea nitrogen concentration. The results showed no significant differences between groups in urinary urea nitrogen, plasma alanine, body weight, or carcass weights. The EXERCISE group had a significant increase in percent protein and a significant decrease in percent fat and grams of fat when compared to all other groups (p <.05).

presente trabalho objetiva analisar a influência da inserção de conteúdos conceituais e procedimentais, em um programa de condicionamento físico, sobre a prática autônoma de exercícios físicos. A metodologia foi o estudo de dois grupos: um realizou apenas exercícios e outro também recebeu orientação conceitual. Foi aplicado um questionário de conhecimentos e realizada autoaferição da frequência cardíaca, pré e pós-intervenção. Utilizou-se ANOVA não paramétrica para medidas repetidas com nível de significância de 5%. Foram realizadas entrevistas através de grupo focal e individualmente. Como resultado, tem-se que os grupos eram semelhantes inicialmente, após o programa foi observado aumento significante no número de acertos no questionário de conhecimentos no grupo intervenção. Conclui-se que o programa se mostrou adequado para a aquisição de conteúdos sobre exercícios físicos. Contudo, é importante que estratégias de adesão e superação de barreiras sejam incluídas em programas que visem à prática de exercícios físicos de maneira autônoma / The autonomous practice of physical exercises requires knowledge related to the topic. Objective: To analyze the influence of the inclusion of conceptual and procedural contents in a fitness program on independent practice of physical exercises. Methods: Two groups were studied: one performed only physical exercises and the other also received conceptual orientation. A knowledge questionnaire was applied and the subjects were asked to measure heart rate before and after the intervention. Nonparametric ANOVA for repeated measures was applied with significance level of 5%. Focus group and individual interviews were conducted. Results: The groups were similar initially. After the program, the intervention group significantly increased the number of correct answers on the questionnaire. Conclusion: The program proved to be suitable for the acquisition of contents related to physical exercises. However, overcoming barriers and adherence strategies have to be considered in programs that aim to promote self-efficacy and regular physical exercise practices

INTRODUÇÃO: As contrações musculares decorrentes do exercício de força podem causar dano à estrutura muscular com consequente lesão. Quando a lesão ocorre, há sinalização local que favorece a chegada de linfócitos, neutrófilos e macrófagos para que haja reparação tecidual e com isso, ocorre inflamação local. Se o tecido não for reparado rapidamente e for continuamente lesionado, esta inflamação local pode se tornar sistêmica. Em conjunto com a resposta inflamatória, ocorre a ativação de sistemas citoprotetores do organismo, como as heat shock proteins (HSP) e a sirtuina 1 (SIRT-1). Ambas tem ação similar em um dos fatores de transcrição inflamatórios mais conhecidos, o NF-kB. Tanto as HSP quanto a SIRT-1 sofrem influência positiva da glutamina. A produção corporal de glutamina durante o exercício intenso não é suficiente para suprir a demanda. Sendo assim, a procura por formas eficazes de suplementação deste aminoácido aumenta a cada dia, pois sua utilização na sua forma livre tem baixa eficácia. Novos estudos vêm demonstrando que a suplementação do dipeptídeo L-alanil-L-glutamina tanto quanto a suplementação com L-alanina e L-glutamina ambos na sua forma livre, em solução, podem ser alternativas eficazes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação crônica com L-glutamina e L-alanina, nas suas formas livres ou conjugadas, sobre a via inflamatória do NF-kB e as possíveis inibições desta via, decorrente da citoproteção conferida pela ativação das HSP e SIRT-1 no fígado de ratos submetidos a treinamento de força. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos adultos da linhagem Wistar distribuídos em cinco grupos experimentais: sedentário (SED), animais não-treinados que receberam apenas água filtrada; controle (CTRL), animais treinados que receberam apenas água filtrada; alanina (ALA), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanina na sua forma livre a 4%; Glutamina + Alanina (GLN+ALA), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanina e L-glutamina, ambos na sua forma livre, em solução a 4%; e dipeptídeo (DIP), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanil-L-glutamina a 4%. Os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de subida em escada com carga progressiva durante oito semanas e receberam a suplementação nos últimos 21 dias de experimento. RESULTADOS: Os grupos CTRL, GLN+ALA e DIP apresentaram ganho de peso menor (p=0.00001 vs. SED). Não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo SED e o grupo ALA. O grupo SED apresentou ganho de peso significativo quando comparados aos animais dos outros grupos (p=0.03). Os animais suplementados apresentaram menor consumo (p<0.05 vs. SED). Grupo DIP apresentou atividade reduzida da atividade de ligação do NF-kB ao DNA quando comparado aos outros grupos (p=0.005). A suplementação com GLN+ALA foi mais eficaz em restaurar a glutaminemia hepática (p<0.003 vs. CTRL e ALA). Os animais que foram suplementados com dipeptídeo apresentaram aumento no estoque de glutamina quando comparados com o grupo ALA (p<0.003). O grupo DIP apresentou aumento significativo de SIRT-1 (p<0.05), quando comparado com os outros grupos. As intervenções nutricionais foram capazes de aumentar os estoques de HSP70 no fígado(p<0.05 vs. CTRL). O grupo ALA apresentou maior expressão da enzima glutamina sintetase (p<0.05). As enzimas hepáticas AST, ALT e LDH não apresentaram diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício de força, com o protocolo utilizado neste experimento, não foi suficiente para causar inflamação sistêmica e, isto pode ter ocorrido por conta da eficácia da suplementação em atenuar os parâmetros inflamatórios a nível local, no tecido muscular. A suplementação com glutamina e alanina na sua forma livre ou como dipeptídeo foi eficaz em diminuir a atividade de ligação do NF-kB ao DNA, aumentar os níveis de glutamina no fígado, aumentar os estoques de HSP70 e de SIRT-1 no tecido hepático. / INTRODUCTION: Muscle intense contractions caused by resistance exercise can promote muscle damage, which favors the arrival of lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages to tissular repair and occurs local inflammation. If the tissue is not quickly repaired and is continuously injured, an acute-phase inflammatory response. In conjunction with the inflammatory response there is activation of cytoprotective system, such as heat shock proteins (HSP) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Both have similar action in one of the most known inflammatory transcription factors, NF-kB and act preventing the phosphorylation of IkB&#945; protein, which is complexed to NF-kB. Both HSP as SIRT1 suffer positive influence of glutamine. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body, classified as conditionally essential in stressful situations such as intense exercise, because body\'s production is not enough to meet demand. Thus, the search for effective ways of this amino acid supplementation increases every day, as it is widely known that supplementation of this single amino acid in its free form has low efficiency, since more than 50% is ingested is retained in the enterocyte . Further studies have shown that supplementation of the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine as well as L-alanine and L-glutamine supplementation both in free form in solution may be effective alternatives. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of chronic supplementation of L-glutamine and L-alanine, in its free form or as dipeptide, in the inflammatory pathway of NF-kB and possible inhibition of this pathway, resulting from cytoprotection afforded by the activation of HSP and SIRT1 in the liver of rats with resistance training. METHODS: 40 adult male rats of the Wistar strain were used. The animals were divided into five groups: sedentary (SED), non-trained animals that received only filtered water; control (CTRL), trained animals that received only filtered water; alanine (ALA), trained animals receiving supplementation with L-alanine in its free form at 4%; Glutamine + Alanine (GLN + ALA), trained animals receiving L-alanine and L-glutamine supplementation both in its free form in a solution at 4%; and dipeptide (DIP) trained animals receiving supplementation of L-alanyl-L-glutamine at 4%. The animals were submitted to climb a ladder protocol for eight weeks with progressive load and receive supplementation in the last 21 days of the experiment. RESULTS: CTRL, GLN+ALA and DIP groups presented lower weight gain (p=0.00001 vs. SED). SED group showed significant weight gain compared to animals of other groups(p=0.03). Supplemented animals presented lower consumption (p<0.05 vs. SED). DIP group showed lower Total DNA-binding activity of NF-kB p65, when compared with other groups (p=0.005). Supplementation with GLN+ALA It was more effective in restoring liver glutaminemia (p<0.003 vs. CTRL e ALA). Animals were supplemented with dipeptide showed an increase in glutamine stores when compared with ALA group (p<0.003). DIP group showed a significant increase of SIRT -1 (p<0.05), when compared with other. Nutritional interventions were able to increase HSP70 stores in liver (p<0.05 vs. CTRL). ALA group had higher expression of enzyme glutamine synthetase(p<0.05). CONCLUSÃO: Resistance exercise with protocol used in this experiment , it was not enough to cause systemic inflammation , and this may have occurred due to the effectiveness of supplementation in attenuating the inflammatory parameters locally in the muscle tissue. Supplementation of glutamine and alanine in free form or as dipeptide was effective in decreasing the binding activity of NF- kB DNA , increased levels of glutamine in the liver , increase HSP70 stocks and SIRT -1 in liver tissue.

A literatura especializada tem estudado a célula muscular extensivamente. De fato, existem muitos dados descrevendo alterações na concentração de substâncias, atividade enzimática e síntese (ou degradação) de moléculas durante e após o exercício físico. Entretanto, o uso de referenciais teóricos, que torna essas informações significativas, é parco. O pesquisador, por sua vez, não consegue fazer previsões de fenômenos relacionados ao exercício físico acima do nível óbvio. Para tanto, ele deve encontrar meios de análise que possibilitem a interação entre as partes analisadas e aquelas encontradas em níveis de análise mais abrangentes. No caso do músculo esquelético, células satélites podem ser o nível preferencial de escolha, já que constituem o único meio de perpetuação desse tecido. As células satélites são, portanto, o agente que concretizará a atividade muscular e a relação com outros tecidos que compõem o ser vivo. Assim, torna-se importante saber como o exercício físico pode influenciar o comportamento das diferentes populações de células satélites, algo possível mediante o emprego de modelos teóricos. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar o papel das teorias relacionadas à complexidade e organização / The especialized literature has studied muscle cell extensively. In fact, there are most data describing alterations in the concentration of substances, enzymatic activity, and synthesis (or degradation) of molecules during and after the physical exercise. However, it is scant the utilization of theoretical frameworks that turn these informations into relevant information. The researcher, in turn, do not obtain forecasts of phenomena related to physical exercise above a obvious level. In this way, he must look for means of analysis that enable the interactions among analysed parts and those found in levels os analysis more abrangent. In the case of muscle cell, satellite cells can be the preferential level of choice, since constitute the one mean of perpetuation of this tissue. The satellite cells are, therefore, the agent that will concretize the muscular activity and the relatioship with other tissues which compose the being. Thus, it is important to know as physical exercise can influentiate the behaviour of different populations of satellite cells, somewhat possible by the utilization of theoretical models. Therefore, the objective this study is characterize the role of theories and perspectives related to complexity and organization

My aim for this literature review is to present and discuss a possible relationship between physical exercise and different kinds of cognitive functions. With the increasing interest on the topic, more studies have been conducted and the results from the studies have been a little ambiguous. The most part of the studies has been showing that exercise has a positive effect on cognitive functions. The evidence from the studies also says that exercise can help the brain to regulate the production of new neurons and to increase brain volume in the prefrontal and temporal areas. That can be very beneficial for elderly people with dementia, Alzheimer's disease or other cognitive declines. Evidence of exercise combined with the right nutrition can enhance cognitive performance even more but to establish this more research is needed.

The problem investigated was to compare the effects of orders of presentation and anchors on the ratings of perceived exertion obtained during bicycle ergometry. Based on the statistical analysis of the data, the following findings were apparent: 1. It was found that there were no significant differences in mean scores of perceived exertion obtained among the orders of presentation, ascending, descending, and random. 2. It was found that the light anchor mean score was significantly greater than those of the heavy or identical anchor. 3. It was found that there were significant differences among the ratings of perceived exertion that may be attributed to changes in work loads. 4. It was found that there were significant differences among the mean scores of ratings of perceived exertion that may be attributed to the interaction of the main effects. As a result of the findings, the following conclusions were deemed appropriate within the limitations of the study: 1. Ratings of perceived exertion in ascending and random order increased proportionately in value as the work load increases. 2. Contrast effects are present in ratings of perceived exertion obtained during bicycle ergometry. 3. The majority of previous findings agree with the present research with respect to anchors and orders of presentation. 4. Light anchors and ascending orders of presentation make work appear to be more strenuous than what it actually is. 5. Heavy anchors and descending orders of presentation make work appear to be less strenuous than what it actually is.

INTRODUÇÃO: As contrações musculares decorrentes do exercício de força podem causar dano à estrutura muscular com consequente lesão. Quando a lesão ocorre, há sinalização local que favorece a chegada de linfócitos, neutrófilos e macrófagos para que haja reparação tecidual e com isso, ocorre inflamação local. Se o tecido não for reparado rapidamente e for continuamente lesionado, esta inflamação local pode se tornar sistêmica. Em conjunto com a resposta inflamatória, ocorre a ativação de sistemas citoprotetores do organismo, como as heat shock proteins (HSP) e a sirtuina 1 (SIRT-1). Ambas tem ação similar em um dos fatores de transcrição inflamatórios mais conhecidos, o NF-kB. Tanto as HSP quanto a SIRT-1 sofrem influência positiva da glutamina. A produção corporal de glutamina durante o exercício intenso não é suficiente para suprir a demanda. Sendo assim, a procura por formas eficazes de suplementação deste aminoácido aumenta a cada dia, pois sua utilização na sua forma livre tem baixa eficácia. Novos estudos vêm demonstrando que a suplementação do dipeptídeo L-alanil-L-glutamina tanto quanto a suplementação com L-alanina e L-glutamina ambos na sua forma livre, em solução, podem ser alternativas eficazes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação crônica com L-glutamina e L-alanina, nas suas formas livres ou conjugadas, sobre a via inflamatória do NF-kB e as possíveis inibições desta via, decorrente da citoproteção conferida pela ativação das HSP e SIRT-1 no fígado de ratos submetidos a treinamento de força. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos adultos da linhagem Wistar distribuídos em cinco grupos experimentais: sedentário (SED), animais não-treinados que receberam apenas água filtrada; controle (CTRL), animais treinados que receberam apenas água filtrada; alanina (ALA), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanina na sua forma livre a 4%; Glutamina + Alanina (GLN+ALA), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanina e L-glutamina, ambos na sua forma livre, em solução a 4%; e dipeptídeo (DIP), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanil-L-glutamina a 4%. Os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de subida em escada com carga progressiva durante oito semanas e receberam a suplementação nos últimos 21 dias de experimento. RESULTADOS: Os grupos CTRL, GLN+ALA e DIP apresentaram ganho de peso menor (p=0.00001 vs. SED). Não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo SED e o grupo ALA. O grupo SED apresentou ganho de peso significativo quando comparados aos animais dos outros grupos (p=0.03). Os animais suplementados apresentaram menor consumo (p<0.05 vs. SED). Grupo DIP apresentou atividade reduzida da atividade de ligação do NF-kB ao DNA quando comparado aos outros grupos (p=0.005). A suplementação com GLN+ALA foi mais eficaz em restaurar a glutaminemia hepática (p<0.003 vs. CTRL e ALA). Os animais que foram suplementados com dipeptídeo apresentaram aumento no estoque de glutamina quando comparados com o grupo ALA (p<0.003). O grupo DIP apresentou aumento significativo de SIRT-1 (p<0.05), quando comparado com os outros grupos. As intervenções nutricionais foram capazes de aumentar os estoques de HSP70 no fígado(p<0.05 vs. CTRL). O grupo ALA apresentou maior expressão da enzima glutamina sintetase (p<0.05). As enzimas hepáticas AST, ALT e LDH não apresentaram diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício de força, com o protocolo utilizado neste experimento, não foi suficiente para causar inflamação sistêmica e, isto pode ter ocorrido por conta da eficácia da suplementação em atenuar os parâmetros inflamatórios a nível local, no tecido muscular. A suplementação com glutamina e alanina na sua forma livre ou como dipeptídeo foi eficaz em diminuir a atividade de ligação do NF-kB ao DNA, aumentar os níveis de glutamina no fígado, aumentar os estoques de HSP70 e de SIRT-1 no tecido hepático. / INTRODUCTION: Muscle intense contractions caused by resistance exercise can promote muscle damage, which favors the arrival of lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages to tissular repair and occurs local inflammation. If the tissue is not quickly repaired and is continuously injured, an acute-phase inflammatory response. In conjunction with the inflammatory response there is activation of cytoprotective system, such as heat shock proteins (HSP) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Both have similar action in one of the most known inflammatory transcription factors, NF-kB and act preventing the phosphorylation of IkB&#945; protein, which is complexed to NF-kB. Both HSP as SIRT1 suffer positive influence of glutamine. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body, classified as conditionally essential in stressful situations such as intense exercise, because body\'s production is not enough to meet demand. Thus, the search for effective ways of this amino acid supplementation increases every day, as it is widely known that supplementation of this single amino acid in its free form has low efficiency, since more than 50% is ingested is retained in the enterocyte . Further studies have shown that supplementation of the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine as well as L-alanine and L-glutamine supplementation both in free form in solution may be effective alternatives. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of chronic supplementation of L-glutamine and L-alanine, in its free form or as dipeptide, in the inflammatory pathway of NF-kB and possible inhibition of this pathway, resulting from cytoprotection afforded by the activation of HSP and SIRT1 in the liver of rats with resistance training. METHODS: 40 adult male rats of the Wistar strain were used. The animals were divided into five groups: sedentary (SED), non-trained animals that received only filtered water; control (CTRL), trained animals that received only filtered water; alanine (ALA), trained animals receiving supplementation with L-alanine in its free form at 4%; Glutamine + Alanine (GLN + ALA), trained animals receiving L-alanine and L-glutamine supplementation both in its free form in a solution at 4%; and dipeptide (DIP) trained animals receiving supplementation of L-alanyl-L-glutamine at 4%. The animals were submitted to climb a ladder protocol for eight weeks with progressive load and receive supplementation in the last 21 days of the experiment. RESULTS: CTRL, GLN+ALA and DIP groups presented lower weight gain (p=0.00001 vs. SED). SED group showed significant weight gain compared to animals of other groups(p=0.03). Supplemented animals presented lower consumption (p<0.05 vs. SED). DIP group showed lower Total DNA-binding activity of NF-kB p65, when compared with other groups (p=0.005). Supplementation with GLN+ALA It was more effective in restoring liver glutaminemia (p<0.003 vs. CTRL e ALA). Animals were supplemented with dipeptide showed an increase in glutamine stores when compared with ALA group (p<0.003). DIP group showed a significant increase of SIRT -1 (p<0.05), when compared with other. Nutritional interventions were able to increase HSP70 stores in liver (p<0.05 vs. CTRL). ALA group had higher expression of enzyme glutamine synthetase(p<0.05). CONCLUSÃO: Resistance exercise with protocol used in this experiment , it was not enough to cause systemic inflammation , and this may have occurred due to the effectiveness of supplementation in attenuating the inflammatory parameters locally in the muscle tissue. Supplementation of glutamine and alanine in free form or as dipeptide was effective in decreasing the binding activity of NF- kB DNA , increased levels of glutamine in the liver , increase HSP70 stocks and SIRT -1 in liver tissue.