The purpose of this study was to explore how facial attractiveness of female job applicants influences the decision-making regarding a hypothetical employment evaluation in China. The study examined the effects of raters’ gender, job applicants’ facial attractiveness, and job applicants’ professional qualifications (education attainment and the years of work experience) on the interview selection, hiring, and salary decisions in a hypothetical situation. To examine the research hypotheses, a laboratory or “controlled” experiment was conducted in this quantitative study. There were two stages in this study. In Stage I, participants were recruited to rate 20 female facial photos, and based on the rating, the researcher selected two attractive photos and two unattractive photos to use in Stage II. In Stage II, college students of Human Resource Management (HRM) were recruited to evaluate six female job applications for an administrative assistant position in a hypothetical situation. Each application included one resume (high professional qualification or low professional qualification) and a photo indicator (an attractive photo, unattractive photo or no photo). Both Stage I and Stage II were within-subjects designs, also known as “repeated measures” designs. The study concluded that lookism or attractiveness bias existed in the hypothetical employment evaluations for the female applicants. Attaching an attractive photo on the resume was a benefit for the female applicants applying for the administration assistant position. Both male and female raters were more likely to interview, hire, and offer a higher salary to applicants with an attractive photo than the ones with an unattractive photo or without a photo in all of the hypothetical situations. However, male raters were more sensitive to the physical attractiveness of applicants than the female raters. Therefore, the issues of lookism or attractiveness bias in the workplace should be addressed. The author suggested that an application system should be designed and implemented which could prevent lookism at the early stages of the hiring process. Also, clarifying the definition of physical appearance discrimination and establishing legislation specific to physical appearance discrimination would be helpful to reduce the issues of lookism. Diversity training should be provided to employers and employees in the workplace to increase awareness of employment lookism. In future studies, the actual human resource (HR) professionals could be included to explore the effect of facial attractiveness on their employment decisions in the actual workplaces across different occupations and different cultures. In addition, future research could include several potential variables to control for a potentially significant aspect, such as rater’s attractiveness, rater’s age, years of rater in their professional field, or applicant’s gender.

Body image refers to how individuals experience and perceive their bodies and can be affected by many factors, including peers and family members. Adolescence is a time when body image concerns are emphasized due to the bodily changes of puberty as well as increased internalization of cultural ideals and pressure to adhere to those ideals. Appearance-related teasing is one particular sociocultural factor that is gaining attention in the research field due to the emphasis placed on appearance during adolescence. The current study examined how appearance-related teasing by peers, parents, and siblings affected young adolescents' body image both directly and indirectly via social comparison. Further, because body image is a multidimensional construct and can include body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity, the present study examined both of these constructs separately. I collected self-report questionnaires from 73 adolescent girls and 67 boys in middle school. I used Pearson correlations, linear regression, and mediation analyses to examine these hypotheses. First, I hypothesized that adolescents who were teased about their appearance by at least one of their parents would also have siblings who teased them. I found significant correlations between both fathers' and mothers' teasing and siblings' teasing, suggesting that parents are modeling teasing behaviors to their children. Second, I hypothesized that appearance-related teasing by fathers, mothers, peers, and siblings would each be associated with body dissatisfaction for girls and drive for muscularity for boys. My findings indicated that mothers', fathers', peers', and siblings' teasing predicted girls' body dissatisfaction and that mothers' and fathers' teasing predicted boys' drive for muscularity. Therefore, appearance-related teasing appears to be detrimental behavior that negatively influences adolescents' body image. Third, I hypothesized that appearance-related social comparison would mediate the relationship between appearance-related teasing from all sources and body dissatisfaction among girls and drive for muscularity among boys. Appearance-related social comparison fully mediated the relationship between fathers' teasing and girls' body dissatisfaction and the relationship between mothers' teasing and boys drive for muscularity. My findings suggest that boys and girls who were teased about their appearance were more likely to engage in social comparison, which negatively impacted their body image. Therapists need to be aware of the role family members' and peers' appearance-related teasing play in the development of adolescents' body image in order to address the occurrence and negative effects of teasing. In addition, researchers will need to conduct future studies further investigating appearance-related teasing by family members and peers and design intervention and prevention programs to address teasing and social comparison among the family and peer contexts.

The investigator had the following purposes in developing the study: 1. To determine the social and personal qualities that should be developed in women major students in the health, physical education, and recreation department of North Texas State College. 2. To organize topics centering around the selected social and personal qualities for presentation in the Teaching Guide of this study. 3. To set up for each topic a suggested teaching plan by outlining contents and suggested activities related to each topic to be used as a guide for physical education teachers in promoting the development of personal and social qualities in the women major students. 4. To construct the Teaching Guide.

Of the many systems of social organization which members of US society use to categorize other members, gender is one of the most important. The gender system operates to place members of US society into categories, and then allocate labor and resources to those members on the basis of their category membership. In order to better understand the gender system, this study examines the methods by which members of US society use the gender system to place other members into a gender category. First, full facial photographs were taken of a group of participants of varying gender, race, ethnicity, and age. Then, parts of each participant's face were isolated digitally and shown to a second group of participants. This second group was asked to identify the sex and/or gender of the individual in the image, indicate how confident they were in this identification, and then write a brief explanation for why they identified the individual in the image as they did. The analysis conducted by this study supports three findings. First, though the gender categories "male" and "female" are still widely predominant, other categories such as "genderqueer" are seeing use as well. Second, the mouth and lips tend to be seen as more important indicators of gender than other facial features. Finally, while the race and gender category membership of the member doing the categorizing has little or no interaction with the gender categorization process, the race and gender category membership of the member being categorized does have a significant interaction.

No description available.

In today's society a beauty ideal exists in America, which attempts to define female beauty as fitting into a certain mold. Certain characteristics have been deemed the most attractive when it comes to female physical attractiveness, and an ideal image of beauty has been presented by the media. This research focuses on whether or not everyone buys into that beauty ideal, and examines the impact that a person's sex and race has on the physical characteristics which that individual defines as the most appealing. Surveys were administered to 300 UCF students age 18-35. Participants were asked about ten different physical characteristics relating to women, and were asked to choose the characteristic among each group that they found the most physically attractive or beautiful. The study showed that both sex and racial differences do exist, and that there are variations in what different people consider beautiful. Not everyone has the same opinion on what is attractive in regards to the physical appearance of women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether picture presentation influenced men’s experienced body shame or Muscle Dysmorphia symptomatology, and whether there was a relationship between body shame and Muscle Dysmorphia. Participants were 112 men attending Western Kentucky University. Participants completed the Body Shame Questionnaire and Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory. Participants were randomly assigned to either view eight photographs of average men or eight photographs of muscular men. After viewing the photographs, the participants completed the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale and the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale. Although there was a trend, results indicate that men who view photographs of muscular men do not experience more body shame than those who view photographs of average men. In the sample, 63.5% reported that they were dissatisfied with their bodies, 69% with their chest size, 69% with their own body build, 65% with their arms, and 63% were dissatisfied with their own abdomen. Results indicate that viewing photographs of muscular men does not increase one’s symptomatology of MD. However, there was a positive correlation between body shame and muscle dysmorphia symptoms for both men who viewed photographs of muscular men and those who viewed photographs of average men.

<p>Children's internalization of parental values is differentially influenced by discipline and parent-child relationship quality. Beyond simply affecting values, parents can influence the development of underlying belief structures children use to make sense of behaviors and attributes. Parental values might lead children to experience domains as differentially important and then use this structure when building and judging the content of their self-concept. The intergenerational transmission of values may therefore also differentially influence appraisals of the self. Crocker and colleagues (e.g. Crocker, Sommers, & Luhtanen, 2002) present a model of self-esteem that emphasizes "contingencies of self-worth", which are domains on which individuals stake self-esteem. Although the existence of contingencies of self-worth (CSW) has been supported, their origin has not been addressed. This dissertation is a preliminary investigation into the origins of CSW. It is proposed that early adolescents' CSW will reflect parents' values in domains that carry a 'moral' weight due to parental socialization. The domains of physical appearance and academic achievements were of particular interest. Participants were 127 early adolescents (51% female) and their parents (102 mothers, 62 fathers) recruited from three populations in an effort to sample individuals for whom appearance and academics are differentially salient. Youth and parents each completed questionnaires addressing self-concept/self-esteem, CSW, parenting style, parent-child relationship, and domain-specific beliefs and behaviors. Results indicated that more negative ratings of transgressions in traditionally moral domains (kindness and honesty) as well as the non-traditional domain of academics were associated with higher ratings for these domains on the CSW. Parental discipline moderated the association between parents' and adolescents' ratings of transgressions in kindness, honesty, and academics, and parenting style and parent-child relationship quality moderated the association between parents' domain values and adolescents' domain ratings on the CSW. This suggests that the internalization of moral standards influences developing self-structure and that a domain that is not traditionally considered 'moral' can be raised to a 'moral' level. The results also indicate that parental socialization influences the importance adolescents' place on given domains when evaluating self worth and developmental theories regarding socialization of traditional values can also be used to understand the transmission of non-traditional values.</p> / Dissertation

This study analyzes the users&rsquo / expectations from automobile interface in terms of their subjective assessments and middle class automotive design. The factors that affect the users&rsquo / impressions in both physical and psychological manner are presented. The importance of subjective users&rsquo / expectations and the issue of usability, which is handled from the traditional definition through the pleasure in use context, are discussed. The correlations between the physical appearance and psychological and behavioral responses are examined since the aesthetic properties affect the consumer satisfaction in both physically and psychologically. Automobile interface is identified under the considerations of user expectations. Factors that affect the drivers&rsquo / perception of interior and the decision making process are mentioned regarding with physical and psychological expectations of users. The case study is performed to clarify design criteria of the dashboards that belong to middle class segment under the consideration of Turkish drivers&rsquo / subjective evaluations. The study provides the chance of understanding the consumers&rsquo / attitudes toward the instrument panel elements through their design properties. This study examines and proposes Turkish users&rsquo / preferences and tastes in terms of physical and psychological expectations in the field of automobile interior design. It also provides techniques and results about users&rsquo / subjective evaluations that could be taken into account while designing an automobile belongs to a specific car segment with visual and functional properties of dashboard.

L'apparence physique joue un rôle considérable dans la relation à l'autre comme dans la construction de soi. Le droit n'est pas sans ignorer ce phénomène, mais il s'en saisit par des règles dispersées n'ayant fait l'objet d'aucune réflexion d'ensemble: droit à l'image, autorisation de la chirurgie esthétique, liberté vestimentaire, prohibition des discriminations, encadrement de l'identification civile et pénale des personnes en sont autant d'illustrations. Un tel éparpillement nuit tant à la lisibilité qu'à la cohérence du droit positif. Pour y remédier et remettre de l'ordre dans le traitement juridique de l'apparence, la reconnaissance d'une liberté sur l'apparence physique apparaît nécessaire; elle érigerait en principe la possibilité pour la personne physique de définir et d'exprimer son identité par son aspect extérieur, tout en permettant de limiter ses pouvoirs lorsque les intérêts d'autrui sont en cause. Aussi, les règles juridiques actuelles qui privent la personne d'agir à sa guise sur sa propre apparence physique en dehors de toute idée de sauvegarde des intérêts d'autrui devraient être rejetées. Il en irait ainsi de la condition de diagnostic psychiatrique pour accéder aux opérations d'assignation sexuelle ou encore de l'interdiction de la dissimulation du visage. La reconnaissance de cette liberté impose néanmoins d'interroger les modalités de son intégration dans le paysage juridique actuel. Il faudra alors rechercher, notamment parmi les règles relatives à la protection de la vie privée et du corps humain, les moyens de garantir tant l'efficacité que la pérennité de la liberté sur l'apparence physique. / Physical appearance is an important consideration in self-construction as well as in interpersonal relations. Law does not ignore this phenomenon but takes it into consideration through dispersed rules such as image reproduction right, aesthetical surgery, free clothing, ban on discriminations or civil and penal identification rules. But this scattering harms the readibility and consistency of positive law. To admit a persona! freedom over physical appearance would be an efficient remedy. Such a new freedom would acknowledge that free choice over persona! appearance is the principle and limitations the exception. As for any liberty, limitations would be allowed only if they aim to protect others interests. The current mies that limit persona) choices over physical appearance without being protective of others interest should then be deleted. Thereby the condition of psychiatrie diagnosis to access sex reassignment surgery should be removed as well as the anti-Burqa act. However, admitting the freedom over physical appearance would necessarily question the means of its integration in substantive law. In this perspective, a reflexion interrogating the ability of privacy right and human body protection to be the base of this new liberty and yet to ensure its longevity needs to be led.