Objectives The purpose of this research was to describe the physical growth status, bone mineral content, areal bone mineral density, body composition, and metabolic risk level of children of Sudanese immigrant families, and to determine the relationship between these outcome measures and exposure to an adverse environment. Exposure was defined as the time spent in Sudan or neighboring countries and timing was defined as the age a child arrived in the USA. Two major modifying factors were considered; current nutritional status (food quality and food security) and current physical activity levels. Study Design and Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted between July 2011 and April 2012. Subjects were recruited from the Iowa City, Iowa metropolitan area. The sample included 64 children between the ages of five and eighteen; 33 females and 31 males. Physical growth measures included weight, height, and BMI. Bone growth measures (body bone mineral content and areal bone mass density at the hip and spine) and body composition measures (lean mass, fat mass, and body fat percent) were measured using DXA. Metabolic risk factors included fasting blood glucose, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol, triglyceride, and C Reactive Protein (CRP) levels, and Homeostasis Model of Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Physical activity was measured by self-report physical activity questionnaire for children and adolescents (modified PAQ-A and PAQ-C) and by direct measure using Omron Pedometers (HJ-720 IT). Other collected data included food quality, food security, food frequency, and pubertal development using a puberty developmental scale. Results The mean age for all children was 10.1 ± 3.3 years. More than half of the children (n=33, 51.6%) were born in the USA, 14 children (21.9%) were born in Sudan, and the other children were born in other countries. The majority of the children (63.6%) lived in low income households reporting annual income less than USD $19,000. Over one quarter (26.5%) of the children were overweight or obese as defined by BMI percentile and when categorized by BF%, 35.5% of the girls and 27.3% of the boys were identified as obese. Height stunting was noted with 4.7% severely stunted (more than 2 sd below the mean) and 9.4% moderately stunted (more than 1 sd below the mean). The mean Z score for FMI and LMI were -0.57 ± 1.51 and 0.49 ± 0.75, respectively, and neither was normally distributed. Around half of the children had FMIZ (53.1%) and LMIZ (47%) scores more than 1 SD below the mean. Median Z scores for all bone measures were negative; BMC, -0.71, hip aBMD, -0.53, and Spine aBMD, -0.13. Around one-third of the children fell more than 1sd below the mean for BMC (38%) and hip aBMD (33%). Metabolic risk factors were elevated in some subjects; high total cholesterol, 23.4%; high triglycerides, 32.8%; low HDL, 19%; high HOMA-IR and CRP levels, 15.6 %. Forty percent of participating families reported some level of food insecurity, and 31% reported skipping or cutting the size of meals due to inadequate food supplies. Both self-reported questionnaires and data collected from pedometers showed that the majority of study participants were inactive, Wednesday & Thursday were identified as the most active days with activity levels of 52.6% and 50.9%, respectively, and 40% of the study subjects were inactive on weekends. More than half (56.9%) of the subjects reported watching TV more than two hours per day. Children born in the USA had higher rates of height and weight stunting and obesity as compared to children born outside the USA (24%, 37.5%, 32.26%; 3.12%, 25%, 21.21%, respectively). Children born in the USA had lower Z scores in all bone and body composition measures. Using GEE analysis, longer residence in Sudan was associated with lower WAZ scores (β =-0.16, p= 0.07), and lower LMIZ scores (β =-0.05, p= 0.06). Children with longer residence in Sudan or neighboring countries had higher LDL and HOMA-IR levels (β =2.997, p= 0.0005), and (β =0.03, p= 0.08). Adjusting for gender, girls who spent more time in Sudan had higher triglyceride and CRP levels β =11.9, p=0.027) and (β =0.5, p=0.03), respectively. Children who were older when they entered the USA had higher HAZ scores (β =0.06, p=0.05). Adjusting for gender, Girls who arrived in the USA at a younger age had lower WAZ scores (β =-0.42, p=0.01), while girls who entered the USA at an older age had higher HOMA-IR, triglyceride, and CRP levels (β =0.29, p=0.005), (β =0.14, p= 0.05) and (β =0.5, p=0.05), respectively. Adjusting for number of years spent in the USA and physical activity levels, longer residence in Sudan was associated with poorer LMIZ (β =-0.06, p=0.001) and hip aBMD Z scores (β =0.11, p= 0.01). In addition, children who arrived in the USA at a younger age had higher height for age Z scores (β=0.094, p=0.005) and lower LMIZ scores (β =-0.09, p=0.04), respectively. Conclusion Sudanese children in the Iowa City metropolitan area, particularly those born in the USA, have low Z scores for physical growth, bone growth, and body composition measures. A significant percent of the children had high triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. The majority of Sudanese children were physically inactive and food insecurity was common.

Orientador: Antonio de Azevedo Barros Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rochelle_MartaCeciliaSoliAlves_D.pdf: 3279293 bytes, checksum: 064bf6778ee137a2325f1165ac903e25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, o aumento da participação de crianças e jovens em esportes competitivos tem preocupado profissionais da área da saúde, uma vez que eles são expostos a uma alta carga de estresse físico e mental. Se de um lado, o envolvimento com atividades dessa magnitude pode reduzir o sedentarismo e as doenças associadas, de outro, ainda não é evidente se atividades físicas intensas podem comprometer ou potencializar o seu processo de crescimento físico. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as possíveis alterações nos indicadores de crescimento físico, estado nutricional e de composição corporal, entre nadadores adolescentes. Para tanto, 106 nadadores de elite do interior paulista (72 rapazes e 34 moças), com idade entre nove e 19 anos, foram avaliados no momento inicial e final do estudo, totalizando 32 semanas de acompanhamento e de treinamento. Medidas antropométricas da massa corporal (MC), estatura, circunferências do braço (CB) e da perna (CP), dobras cutâneas do tríceps (DTR), abdominal (DAB), subescapular (DSE) e panturrilha (DPT) foram coletadas. Com base nessas informações foram calculados: o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a área muscular (AMB) e a área gorda (AGB) do braço. Adotaram-se como indicadores de gordura na região do tronco (SDT), a somatória das pregas DSE e DAB, e a somatória de DTR e DPT como indicador de gordura nos membros superiores e inferiores (S MSI). Para classificação do estado nutricional, usaram-se os valores de referência das curvas propostas pelo NCHS 2000. Para o tratamento dos dados utilizou-se: a estatística descritiva, o teste t de Student para amostras dependentes e o índice Kappa. Os resultados apontaram um efeito positivo nos indicadores de crescimento, em 5,9% na MC e 3,2% na estatura, entre os rapazes, bem como, 7,9% na MC, 2,6% na estatura e 3,5% no IMC, para as moças. No início do estudo, 37,5% dos rapazes classificavam-se acima do P75 para MC e 36,1% para estatura, valores que ainda ficaram maiores no final (39,1% e 38,1% respectivamente). As meninas tiveram comportamento inverso: no início, 35,3% estavam abaixo do P25 para MC e 38,2% para estatura, mas após as 32 semanas de atenção nutricional, apenas 21,4% para MC e 25% para estatura, permaneceram abaixo do P25. Ao classificar os nadadores nos indicadores de crescimento em categorias baixo, médio e alto, verificou-se que a concordância foi moderada pelo índice Kappa, com poucas mudanças de classe, mas para a MC e o IMC foram da baixa para média, enquanto para a estatura, da média para alta. Quanto à composição corporal, observou-se que as dobras: abdominal e tricipital reduziram 19% e 18% respectivamente entre os rapazes, bem como 12,6% na SDT e 15,8% na AGB (p<0,05), entre o início e o final do estudo. As meninas tiveram aumentos variando de 18,1% a 32% em todas as dobras estudadas, além de serem as únicas a terem aumento de 5% no IMC (p<0,004). Quanto aos indicadores de massa muscular, os rapazes tiveram aumentos significativos de 2,9% na CB, 2,4% na CP e 13,6% na AMB. As atletas também apresentaram aumentos nas CB (4,3%) e CP (4,9%), mas não na AMB, apontando que esses incrementos nas circunferências ocorreram por aumento das pregas de gordura. Os indicadores de adiposidade nas moças também resultaram em aumentos: 29,2% para SMSI, 21,5% para SDT e 23,5% para AGB (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que programas intensos de treinamento não pareceram comprometer o crescimento, estado nutricional e composição corporal de jovens atletas, ressaltando-se, entretanto, que durante todo o período do estudo, os mesmos tiveram acompanhamento nutricional individual, consumindo dietas adequadas às suas necessidades biológicas e esportivas, o que pode ter contribuído para o resultado de certa potencialização no crescimento e adequação no estado nutricional e composição corporal / Abstract: In the last years, the increase of children and young people¿s participation in competitive sports have called the attention of many health professionals, since they are exposed to a high load of physical and mental stress. Although practicing activities in such a load can reduce sedentary and the associated diseases, one does not know whether intense physical activities can compromise or enhance the physical growth process of these young people. The aim of this study was to identify the possible alterations in physical growth indexes and body composition among adolescent swimmers. With this aim, 106 elite swimmers of Sao Paulo hinterland (72 boys and 34 girls) with ages between 9 and 19 years were evaluated at beginning and after 32 weeks of study. Anthropometric measures of corporal mass (CM), stature, arm (AC) and leg (LC) circumference, and tricipital skin (TCF), abdominal (AF), to sub scapular (SEF) and calf muscle (CMF) folds were collected. On the basis of this information the body mass index (BMI) and the muscular area (MAA) and fat area (FAA) of the arm were calculated. As indicator of the trunk fat mass (STF) were taken the AF + SEF, and the total values of TCF + CMF, like indicator of for the superior and inferior members total sum fat (SSIM). To study the nutritional status were used references values we adopted the curves proposed by NCHS 2000. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Student t test for dependent samples and the Kappa index. Results showed a positive effect in the growth indicators, in 5,9% in CM and 3,2% in the stature, among the boys, as well as, 7,9% in CM, 2,6% in the stature and 3,5% in BMI, for the girls. In the beginning of the study, 37,5% of the boys was above the P75 for CM and 36,1% for stature, values that were still larger in the end (39,1% and 38,1% respectively). The girls had inverse behavior: in the beginning, 35,3% were below the P25 for CM and 38,2% for stature, but after the 32 weeks of nutritional attendance, just 21,4% for CM and 25% for stature, they stayed below the P25. When classifying the swimmers in the growth indicators in categories bass, medium and high, it was verified that the agreement was moderated, with little class changes, but for CM and BMI they went of the drop to average, while for the stature, of the average for high. With relationship to the corporal composition, it was observed that the folds: abdominal and tricipital reduced 19% and 18% respectively among the boys, as well as 12,6% STF and 15,8% in FAA (p <0,05), between the beginning and the end of the study. The girls had increases varying from 18,1% to 32% in whole the studied folds, besides they are the only ones they have it increase of 5% in BMI (p<0,004). With relationship to the indicators of muscular mass, the boys had significant increases of 2,9% in AC, 2,4% in LC and 13,6% in MAA. The athletes also presented increases in AC (4,3%) and LC (4,9%), but not in MAA, pointing that those increments in the circumferences happened for increase of the fat pleats. The indicators of adiposity also resulted in increases: 29,2% SSIM; 21,5% for STF and 23,5% for FAA in the girls (p <0,05). It was ended that program intense of training they didn't seem to commit the growth, nutritional state in young athletes' corporal composition, being stood out, however, that during the whole period of the study, the same ones had accompaniment in your individual nutritional status, consuming diets adapted to its biological and sporting needs, what can have been contributing to the result of certain increasing in the growth and adaptation in your nutritional state and body composition / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Several factors can modulate the link between fetal disruptions and later-life illnesses. The main objective of this thesis was to determine, in a mouse model, the impact of prenatal stressor timing and offspring sex on prepubertal metabolic and mental health outcomes. C57BL/6 dams in the first or second trimester of pregnancy experienced a restraint stressor or were left undisturbed. Pups were weighed daily until postnatal day (PND) 21, at which time fat distribution was measured. Anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were tested on PND19-20 in open field, elevated plus maze, splash and tail suspension tests. Second trimester stressed males gained more weight and had increased fat deposits surrounding the kidneys. Although anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were not apparent in prenatally stressed offspring of either sex, females stressed in utero exhibited a hyperactive phenotype. This work is the first to show sex- and trimester-specific consequences of early pregnancy stressors in prepubertal offspring.

This diploma thesis deals with comparing the level of physical growth and basic motor skills of preschool children, their motion mode and the conditions for movement activities in two kindergartens located in different municipalities (in a city and in a town). The aim of the study was to determine the level of growth and motor performance of preschool children in relation to the motion mode at their residence. The study included 116 children aged 4-6. The level of physical growth was assessed by measuring somatic characteristics of children (height, weight, BMI). The data extracted from the study were compared to percentile charts. The level of motor performance was assessed by sensory tests. In the case of basic motor skills there was chosen 20 ms run with standing start for the testing of speed capability, for the evaluation of explosive strength abilities was selected jump from the spot with two legs reflection, the testing of explosive strength of the upper limbs was exercised by a ball throw by both right and left hand. At the same time, these tests show the level of motor performance of preschool children. To map the conditions of the motor development of preschool children, an analysis of the conditions of the two municipalities and an analysis of the conditions and the education plan of...

This study had the dual purpose of determining the anthropometric and motor development status of street children as well as to establish the effect of an intervention programme on their motor development. The first aim of the study was to determine the anthropometric and motor development status of street children. The children were selected from a sample of street children living in a state-run shelter. Twenty eight children (20 boys and 8 girls) between the ages of 7 and 14 were measured to determine their anthropometric and motor development status. The anthropometric measures included stature, mass, body-mass index (BMI), and two skin folds (subscapular and triceps). The measurements were performed according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The results of the anthropometric measurements showed that the street children are shorter, lighter and have a lower BMI and smaller skin folds than the norm for children of the same age. The sample exhibited a prevalence of malnutrition. The same subjects who were tested to determine the anthropometric composition (except for four children, who had since left the shelter) were used to determine the motor development status. The gross motor, fine motor and neuromotor functions were tested to determine the motor development status. This was determined by means of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test II of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP), the Sensory Input Screening Instrument and a section of the Quick Neurological Screening Test II. The results showed that the motor (gross motor, fine motor and neuromotor) development of the street children is below the standard norms. The second aim of the study was to determine the effect of an intervention programme on the motor development of street children. The same subjects who were tested to determine the motor development status (except for four children, who had since left the shelter) were used to determine the effect of a motor intervention programme. Seventeen boys and 7 girls between the ages of 7 and 14 years were randomly selected and divided into an experimental (n=13) and a control group (n= 11). A 10-week motor intervention programme that consisted of bi-weekly sessions of 45 minutes was implemented. The affectivity of this was evaluated by a post-test. The programme consisted of perceptual motor, sensory integration and task specific activities using the integrated method. The main components, which were addressed in the lessons, were bilateral integration, response speed, hand skills, muscle tone, motor planning, equilibrium, vestibular function and vision strengthening activities. The program was presented by a qualified kinderkineticist. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP), the Sensory Input Screening Instrument and a section of the Quick Neurological Screening Test I1 were applied to determine the effect of the intervention programme. Covariance of analysis, correcting for pre-testing differences between the groups, indicated improvement of the Bruininks-Oseretsky-Test Total as well as in fine motor skills and upper limb speed in the experimental group. Vestibular and vision functions also increased significantly in this group, which might have contributed to the improvement in fine motor development. All these improvements showed a high practical significance (ES>0.8). Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that the physical growth and motor development deficits as well as the positive effects of the intervention program, as identified in this study be brought under the attention of relevant persons in state organizations and private institutions, which are involved with street children. / Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

This study had the dual purpose of determining the anthropometric and motor development status of street children as well as to establish the effect of an intervention programme on their motor development. The first aim of the study was to determine the anthropometric and motor development status of street children. The children were selected from a sample of street children living in a state-run shelter. Twenty eight children (20 boys and 8 girls) between the ages of 7 and 14 were measured to determine their anthropometric and motor development status. The anthropometric measures included stature, mass, body-mass index (BMI), and two skin folds (subscapular and triceps). The measurements were performed according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The results of the anthropometric measurements showed that the street children are shorter, lighter and have a lower BMI and smaller skin folds than the norm for children of the same age. The sample exhibited a prevalence of malnutrition. The same subjects who were tested to determine the anthropometric composition (except for four children, who had since left the shelter) were used to determine the motor development status. The gross motor, fine motor and neuromotor functions were tested to determine the motor development status. This was determined by means of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test II of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP), the Sensory Input Screening Instrument and a section of the Quick Neurological Screening Test II. The results showed that the motor (gross motor, fine motor and neuromotor) development of the street children is below the standard norms. The second aim of the study was to determine the effect of an intervention programme on the motor development of street children. The same subjects who were tested to determine the motor development status (except for four children, who had since left the shelter) were used to determine the effect of a motor intervention programme. Seventeen boys and 7 girls between the ages of 7 and 14 years were randomly selected and divided into an experimental (n=13) and a control group (n= 11). A 10-week motor intervention programme that consisted of bi-weekly sessions of 45 minutes was implemented. The affectivity of this was evaluated by a post-test. The programme consisted of perceptual motor, sensory integration and task specific activities using the integrated method. The main components, which were addressed in the lessons, were bilateral integration, response speed, hand skills, muscle tone, motor planning, equilibrium, vestibular function and vision strengthening activities. The program was presented by a qualified kinderkineticist. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP), the Sensory Input Screening Instrument and a section of the Quick Neurological Screening Test I1 were applied to determine the effect of the intervention programme. Covariance of analysis, correcting for pre-testing differences between the groups, indicated improvement of the Bruininks-Oseretsky-Test Total as well as in fine motor skills and upper limb speed in the experimental group. Vestibular and vision functions also increased significantly in this group, which might have contributed to the improvement in fine motor development. All these improvements showed a high practical significance (ES>0.8). Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that the physical growth and motor development deficits as well as the positive effects of the intervention program, as identified in this study be brought under the attention of relevant persons in state organizations and private institutions, which are involved with street children. / Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The study was a randomized clinical tria! involving two cohorts (12 and 18 months) of nutritionally at risk Jndonesian children and three types of supplementary feeding: high energy and micronutrients; skimmed milk and micronutrients; and skimmed milk. The hypothesis of the study was that high energy and micronutrient supplements given early to children could delay on physical growing and mental development. The results showed that a combined energy and micronutrient supplement given for ayear to the 12-month-old children had wide range beneficia! effects. The same supplement given to the 18-month-old had only a modest effect. This suggests that if such an intervention is to he effective it needs to begin early in life. / El estudio fue un ensayo clínico aleatorio en el que participaron dos cohortes de niños (12 y 18 meses) indonesios en riesgo nutricional; hubo tres suplementos dietéticos: energía alta y micronutrientes; leche descremada y micronutrientes; y leche descremada. Se puso a prueba la hipótesis de que un suplemento de energía y micronutrientes administrado tempranamente, previene el retardo en el crecimiento físico y el desarrollo mental. Se obtuvo que el efecto de la suplementación con energía y micronutrientes en los bebés de 12 meses fue superior al efecto producido por la suplementación con micronutrientes y leche descremada. Los efectos en el grupo que comenzó a los 18 meses fueron menores. Hubo una interacción entre los efectos. Los resultados sugieren que este tipo de intervención en niños desnutridos debe iniciarse durante el primer año de vida.