<p>Across the world, physical inactivity was found to be associated with cardiovascular and chronic diseases of lifestyle which often leads to an increased rate of various physical disabilities andpremature death. To combat these high incidences of chronic diseases of lifestyle, WHO strongly encourages people to become physically active on a daily basis to reduce the risk of&nbsp / premature death. Running has thus become the preferred choice of physical activity by thousands of people to help improve their overall health and wellbeing. Apart from the health benefits&nbsp / that running provides, it can also predispose the runner to potential injury especially when runners follow an inappropriate training programme and have inadequate knowledge about factors causing injury. Therefore, baseline data about the prevalence, incidence of injury and the identification of the aetiological factors associated with running injuries are needed to develop and&nbsp / implement preventative programmes to allow runners to optimally perform in training and races without injury. In South Africa, there is limited research available on the incidence of injury in runners yet there is an annual increase in participation in races such as Two Oceans and Comrades marathon which could lead to an increase in the number of running injuries.Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of injuries and identify the various risk factors that are associated with injuries in road runners at a local athletic club. Methods: A prospective cohort study design over a 16 week period using quantitative research methods was used. A sample of 50 runners had consented to participate in the study. The participants had to complete a self-administered questionnaire and clinical measurements of BMI, Q-angle, leglength, muscle strength of lower leg and ROM of hip and knee were recorded. The participants had&nbsp / to complete an injury report form to record any new injuries sustained over the 16 week period of the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 and software SAS v9 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for data capturing and analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done to summarize the data and was expressed as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Injury prevalence and cumulative incidence was calculated as a proportion rate along with 95% confidence interval. The Poisson regression model was used to analyse the association between running injury and the independent variables of interest such as demographics, anthropometric measurements, training methods, running experience and&nbsp / previous injury. The alpha level was set as p&lt / 0.05. Results: The study found that the majority (92%) of the participants (n=46) sustained running injuries in the past prior to the study. A total of 16 participants sustained a number of 50 new injuries over the 16 week study period. Thus the prevalence rate of injuries was 32%. The incidence rate of injuries for this study was 0.67 per&nbsp / 1000km run at a 95% confidence interval of 0.41, 1.08. Furthermore, the most common location of new injuries reported were the calf (20%) and the second most common location was the&nbsp / knee (18%). PFPS was the most common type of knee injury diagnosed, followed by lumbar joint sprain. The results showed that none of the identified factors (running distance, stretching, age, Q-angle, BMI, running experience, leg-length discrepancy and previous running injuries) were directly associated with running injuries. However, a marginal significance was found for&nbsp / running distance (p = 0.08) and leg length discrepancy (p = 0.06). Conclusions: The study found a high prevalence and incidence rate of injury thus the need for preventative programmes have been highlighted. There was no statistical significance found between the identified factors and risk of injury however, there was clinical relevance found between factors identified. One major&nbsp / limitation was the small sample of participants and the short duration of study period. Thus, future research is needed to further determine possible factors associated with running injuries over a longer period and including a larger sample. The results of the study will be made available to all the stakeholders (runners, coaches and medical team) to implement in athletic club. </p>

<p>Physical inactivity has become a global health concern and is among the 10 leading causes of death and disability. This has led to increased concern for chronic diseases of lifestyle (CDL).&nbsp / Studies have revealed that regular physical activity is effective in combating several CDL such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and obesity. Physiotherapists are in a&nbsp / position to combat inactivity and effectively promote physical activity to their clients. Studies however have shown that participation in physical activity among physiotherapists could have an&nbsp / impact on the promotion of physical activity and their health practices. This study therefore sought to establish the relationship between physical activity levels of physiotherapists and their&nbsp / physical&nbsp / activity promotion strategies and barriers to promoting physical activity. Sequential Mixed Method Design was used in this study. Data was collected by means of a self administered&nbsp / questionnaire and a total of 92 physiotherapists voluntarily answered the questionnaire. A focus group discussion comprising of 10 purposively selected physiotherapists was conducted. The&nbsp / questionnaire assessed physical activity levels&nbsp / and physical activity promoting strategies of the participants while the focus groupdiscussion looked at the barriers to promoting physical&nbsp / activity. The Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 was used for data capturing and analysis. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize demographic information&nbsp / as means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics (chi-square) was used to test the associations between different categorical variables (p&lt / 0.05). For the qualitative data, focus group discussions were used to collect data. Tape recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, field notes typed, sorting and arranging data was done and themes&nbsp / &nbsp / were generated. Thematic analysis was then done under the generated themes. Ethical issues pertaining to informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality and the right to withdraw from the&nbsp / study were respected in this current study. The findings in the current study revealed that a big number of the participants were physical active both at work and recreation domains. However,&nbsp / there was no statistically significant association between physical activity and the demographicvariables. The results in this study revealed that the majority of participants were good&nbsp / physical activity promoting practices, although there was no significant association between physical activity levels and the physical activity promoting practices. The finding in this study revealed that discussing physical&nbsp / activity and giving out information regarding physical activity to their clients were the most common methods used in promoting physical activity. However, participants also highlighted barriers they&nbsp / ace in promotion of physical activity such as policies on physical activity, cultural influence, nature of work, time management as well as environmental barriers. The study demonstrates the&nbsp / need for all stakeholders to come up with solutions to break the barriers to promotion of physical activity. In return it will bring about enormous health&nbsp / benefits to the general population.</p>

Introdução: Inatividade física é fator de risco para doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs). Dentre essas, destaca-se que a obesidade (central e adiposidade na região da cintura) é fator de risco independente para mortalidade. O International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) tem sido utilizado para investigar a epidemiologia da atividade física, com o objetivo de padronizar a investigação. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de atividade física segundo diferentes critérios e a associação com obesidade na população adulta de Porto Alegre/RS. Método: Este é um estudo transversal de base populacional, representativo da população adulta (18 a 90 anos) de Porto Alegre. É parte do estudo de Síndrome de Obesidade e Fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular (SOFT Study). Atividade física foi avaliada utilizando o IPAQ versão curta. Características demográficas e socioeconômicas foram investigadas. Obesidade foi determinada por índice de massa corporal P30 kg/m2 e adiposidade central pela circunferência da cintura. Características demográficas (cor da pele - auto-referida e categorizada em branca ou não-branca; idade - calculada a partir das datas de nascimento e entrevista), socioeconômicas (escolaridade - avaliada pelo número de anos completados na escola; ter trabalhado no mês precedente à entrevista, e status marital – categorizado em solteiro, separado ou viúvo, e casado ou com companheiro) e características de estilo de vida (consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas – definido para mulheres que consumiram P15 gramas/dia ou homens que consumiam P30 gramas/dia 12, tabagismo – categorizado em fumante atual, ex-fumante e não tabagistas. O módulo de amostras complexas foi utilizado para considerar o efeito do desenho, c2 de Pearson para analisar a relação entre exposição de interesse e obesidade. Taxas de prevalência e intervalo de confiança (IC 95%) foram calculados com o modelo de Regressão de Cox com tempo igual a um. Resultados: Entre os critérios de baixo nível de atividade física, dos 1858 adultos 30,5% eram insuficientemente ativos conforme o protocolo do IPAQ, 25,5% realizavam menos do que 150 minutos por semana, 38,6% despendiam menos do que 1000 kcal por semana e 34,5% passavam seis horas ou mais sentados por semana. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os sexos, com maior prevalência entre os homens, foram detectadas para atividades vigorosas P150 min/sem (26,9% vs. 14,2%), deslocamento P150 min/sem (51,1% vs. 43,8%), prática por tempo igual ou superior a 1000 minutos por semana (18,9% vs. 14,2%) e permanência sentado por semana maior ou igual a seis horas/dia (37,4% vs. 32,4%). A relação inversa com idade foi confirmada em todos os critérios de atividade física para as mulheres e na maior parte dos critérios para os homens. Exceção constitui comportamento sedentário, associado à idade apenas entre os homens e com maior prevalência entre os mais jovens. Ao analisar a associação de alto nível de atividade física com obesidade, identificou-se na amostra que 25% eram muito ativos, 21% eram obesos e 29% tinham obesidade central. Homens e mulheres, respectivamente, apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à prevalência de obesidade (17,5 vs. 23,5%, p=0,006), obesidade central (17,5 vs. 37,3%, p<0,001), mas não em relação a alto nível de atividade física (26,3 vs. 24,7%, p=0,5). A relação inversa de alto nível de atividade física com idade foi confirmada para homens (p<0,001) e mulheres (p<0,001), mas associação independente de alto nível de atividade física com menor risco de obesidade só foi caracterizada para mulheres (p=0,01). Conclusão: As prevalências de atividade física variam com a definição, mas os critérios do IPAQ e a duração maior ou igual a 150 minutos/semana se assemelham. As prevalências identificadas pelo IPAQ em Porto Alegre são semelhantes as descritas para o Brasil. A atividade física de alto nível é menos propensa a viés de aferição. E a associação com obesidade deve reproduzir a realidade. Na população de Porto Alegre a associação entre atividade física de alto nível e obesidade não foi confirmada para homens. Entre as mulheres, a associação foi significativa e independente de outros fatores de confusão. / Introduction: Physical inactivity is a risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCD). Among them, central obesity and waist adiposity stand out as an independent risk factor for mortality. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) has been used to assess physical activity epidemiology, aiming to standardize the investigation. Objective: To assess the prevalence of physical activity according to different criteria and its association with obesity in adults in the city of Porto Alegre, south Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional population-based study, representative of the adult population (18-90years old) of Porto Alegre. It is part of the Study of Obesity and Risk Factors (SOFT study). Physical activity was assessed using the short version of IPAQ. Obesity was determined by body-mass index P 30kg/m2, and central adiposity by waist circumference. Demographic (skin color, self referred and categorized in white or non-white; age, calculated from birth and interview dates), socioeconomic (education, defined as number of years in scholl; working during the month prior to the interview; marital status, categorized in single, divorced or widowed, and married), and life style (abusive alcohol consumption, defined as P15g/day for women and P 30g/day for men; smoking, categorized in current smokers, non-smokers, and ex-smokers) characteristics were investigated. The SPSS complex samples module was used to consider the design effect. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to analyze the relation among obesity and the variables of interest. Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Cox regression with time set to 1. Results: Using the different criteria for low physical activity, 30.5% of 1858 adults were insufficiently active according to the IPAQ protocol, 25.5% performed less than 150 minutes of physical activity per week, 38.6% spent less than 1000kcal per week, and 34.5% spent six hours or more sitting per week. Statistically significant differences were detected between men and women, with a higher prevalence for men, for P150min/week of vigorous activities (26.9 vs. 14.2%), P 150min/week of walking (51.1 vs. 43.8%), P 1000min/week of practice (18.9 vs. 14.2%), and P 6h/day sitting (37.4 vs. 32.4%). Inverse correlation with age was confirmed in al criteria of physical activity for women, and on most criteria for men. An exception was sedentary behavior, associated to age only among men and with higher prevalence among young individuals. Analyzing the association of high level of physical activity with obesity, we identified that 25% of the sample were very active, 21% were obese and 29% ha central obesity. Men and women had significant differences regarding obesity (17.5 vs. 23.5%, p= 0.006) and central obesity (17.5 vs. 37.3%, p<0.001) prevalence, but not regarding high level of physical activity (26.3 vs. 24.7%, p=0.5). The inverse association of high physical activity level with age was confirmed for men (p<0.001) and women (p<0.001), but association independent of high physical activity level with less risk of obesity was only confirmed for women (p=0.01). Conclusion: Prevalence of physical activity varies according to definition, but IPAQ criteria and duration P 150min/week are similar. The prevalences identified by IPAQ in Porto Alegre are similar to those described in Brazil. High level physical activity is less prone to reporting bias, and its association with obesity should reproduce reality. In the population of Porto Alegre the associations between high level physical activity and obesity was not confirmed for men. Among women, the association was positive and independent of other confusion factors.

A significant problem of the 21st century, across different countries, is currently insufficient physical activity and a large increase in obesity . Influence of physical impairment on the prevalence of obesity is proven. At this time the physical activity is not sufficient for biological needs of man and as a result of this is a threat to the human species. With the alarming rise of health problems, which results from improper lifestyle , against all the progress in medical science, these conditions are a reality of modern civilization. Physical activity with its health benefits is one of the key topics of health education. In this thesis, the state of physical activity among female students of The Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, both day and part-time bachelor's and master's degree program is monitored by using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The theoretical part deals with concepts such as physical activity and a summary of the activities practiced out in a unit of time and definition and classification of them. Another two chapters are devoted to the health benefits of physical activity and another aspects of physical activity in relation to health. The practical part of this thesis analyzes in detail the results of the standardized questionnaire IPAQ, which monitors the activity of the individual within seven days. Female Students responded to 27 questions , which were divided into four part evaluation exercise. A separate part of the evaluation was the time spent sitting and personal anamnesis of the respondent. The evaluation was processed using simple statistical method and recorded in a bar graph.

Introdução: Inatividade física é fator de risco para doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs). Dentre essas, destaca-se que a obesidade (central e adiposidade na região da cintura) é fator de risco independente para mortalidade. O International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) tem sido utilizado para investigar a epidemiologia da atividade física, com o objetivo de padronizar a investigação. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de atividade física segundo diferentes critérios e a associação com obesidade na população adulta de Porto Alegre/RS. Método: Este é um estudo transversal de base populacional, representativo da população adulta (18 a 90 anos) de Porto Alegre. É parte do estudo de Síndrome de Obesidade e Fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular (SOFT Study). Atividade física foi avaliada utilizando o IPAQ versão curta. Características demográficas e socioeconômicas foram investigadas. Obesidade foi determinada por índice de massa corporal P30 kg/m2 e adiposidade central pela circunferência da cintura. Características demográficas (cor da pele - auto-referida e categorizada em branca ou não-branca; idade - calculada a partir das datas de nascimento e entrevista), socioeconômicas (escolaridade - avaliada pelo número de anos completados na escola; ter trabalhado no mês precedente à entrevista, e status marital – categorizado em solteiro, separado ou viúvo, e casado ou com companheiro) e características de estilo de vida (consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas – definido para mulheres que consumiram P15 gramas/dia ou homens que consumiam P30 gramas/dia 12, tabagismo – categorizado em fumante atual, ex-fumante e não tabagistas. O módulo de amostras complexas foi utilizado para considerar o efeito do desenho, c2 de Pearson para analisar a relação entre exposição de interesse e obesidade. Taxas de prevalência e intervalo de confiança (IC 95%) foram calculados com o modelo de Regressão de Cox com tempo igual a um. Resultados: Entre os critérios de baixo nível de atividade física, dos 1858 adultos 30,5% eram insuficientemente ativos conforme o protocolo do IPAQ, 25,5% realizavam menos do que 150 minutos por semana, 38,6% despendiam menos do que 1000 kcal por semana e 34,5% passavam seis horas ou mais sentados por semana. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os sexos, com maior prevalência entre os homens, foram detectadas para atividades vigorosas P150 min/sem (26,9% vs. 14,2%), deslocamento P150 min/sem (51,1% vs. 43,8%), prática por tempo igual ou superior a 1000 minutos por semana (18,9% vs. 14,2%) e permanência sentado por semana maior ou igual a seis horas/dia (37,4% vs. 32,4%). A relação inversa com idade foi confirmada em todos os critérios de atividade física para as mulheres e na maior parte dos critérios para os homens. Exceção constitui comportamento sedentário, associado à idade apenas entre os homens e com maior prevalência entre os mais jovens. Ao analisar a associação de alto nível de atividade física com obesidade, identificou-se na amostra que 25% eram muito ativos, 21% eram obesos e 29% tinham obesidade central. Homens e mulheres, respectivamente, apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à prevalência de obesidade (17,5 vs. 23,5%, p=0,006), obesidade central (17,5 vs. 37,3%, p<0,001), mas não em relação a alto nível de atividade física (26,3 vs. 24,7%, p=0,5). A relação inversa de alto nível de atividade física com idade foi confirmada para homens (p<0,001) e mulheres (p<0,001), mas associação independente de alto nível de atividade física com menor risco de obesidade só foi caracterizada para mulheres (p=0,01). Conclusão: As prevalências de atividade física variam com a definição, mas os critérios do IPAQ e a duração maior ou igual a 150 minutos/semana se assemelham. As prevalências identificadas pelo IPAQ em Porto Alegre são semelhantes as descritas para o Brasil. A atividade física de alto nível é menos propensa a viés de aferição. E a associação com obesidade deve reproduzir a realidade. Na população de Porto Alegre a associação entre atividade física de alto nível e obesidade não foi confirmada para homens. Entre as mulheres, a associação foi significativa e independente de outros fatores de confusão. / Introduction: Physical inactivity is a risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCD). Among them, central obesity and waist adiposity stand out as an independent risk factor for mortality. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) has been used to assess physical activity epidemiology, aiming to standardize the investigation. Objective: To assess the prevalence of physical activity according to different criteria and its association with obesity in adults in the city of Porto Alegre, south Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional population-based study, representative of the adult population (18-90years old) of Porto Alegre. It is part of the Study of Obesity and Risk Factors (SOFT study). Physical activity was assessed using the short version of IPAQ. Obesity was determined by body-mass index P 30kg/m2, and central adiposity by waist circumference. Demographic (skin color, self referred and categorized in white or non-white; age, calculated from birth and interview dates), socioeconomic (education, defined as number of years in scholl; working during the month prior to the interview; marital status, categorized in single, divorced or widowed, and married), and life style (abusive alcohol consumption, defined as P15g/day for women and P 30g/day for men; smoking, categorized in current smokers, non-smokers, and ex-smokers) characteristics were investigated. The SPSS complex samples module was used to consider the design effect. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to analyze the relation among obesity and the variables of interest. Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Cox regression with time set to 1. Results: Using the different criteria for low physical activity, 30.5% of 1858 adults were insufficiently active according to the IPAQ protocol, 25.5% performed less than 150 minutes of physical activity per week, 38.6% spent less than 1000kcal per week, and 34.5% spent six hours or more sitting per week. Statistically significant differences were detected between men and women, with a higher prevalence for men, for P150min/week of vigorous activities (26.9 vs. 14.2%), P 150min/week of walking (51.1 vs. 43.8%), P 1000min/week of practice (18.9 vs. 14.2%), and P 6h/day sitting (37.4 vs. 32.4%). Inverse correlation with age was confirmed in al criteria of physical activity for women, and on most criteria for men. An exception was sedentary behavior, associated to age only among men and with higher prevalence among young individuals. Analyzing the association of high level of physical activity with obesity, we identified that 25% of the sample were very active, 21% were obese and 29% ha central obesity. Men and women had significant differences regarding obesity (17.5 vs. 23.5%, p= 0.006) and central obesity (17.5 vs. 37.3%, p<0.001) prevalence, but not regarding high level of physical activity (26.3 vs. 24.7%, p=0.5). The inverse association of high physical activity level with age was confirmed for men (p<0.001) and women (p<0.001), but association independent of high physical activity level with less risk of obesity was only confirmed for women (p=0.01). Conclusion: Prevalence of physical activity varies according to definition, but IPAQ criteria and duration P 150min/week are similar. The prevalences identified by IPAQ in Porto Alegre are similar to those described in Brazil. High level physical activity is less prone to reporting bias, and its association with obesity should reproduce reality. In the population of Porto Alegre the associations between high level physical activity and obesity was not confirmed for men. Among women, the association was positive and independent of other confusion factors.

Relatively little is known regarding trait anxiety and its relationship with negative health risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption and physical inactivity in adults. This study aimed to examine whether negative health risk behaviors differ by sex and whether trait anxiety is associated with the negative health risk behaviors above and beyond sociodemographic factors and depression. Data used in the present study came from a published dataset from the Midlife in the United States 2 (MIDUS 2) study and include a sample of 1,054 adults whose age range from 34 to 84 years. There were significant sex differences in alcohol consumption, but not in physical inactivity. Age, sex, BMI, and depression were significantly associated with alcohol consumption or physical inactivity, whereas trait anxiety was not. These results suggest that sociodemographic variables and depression should be taken into consideration when studying negative health risk behaviors. / Det finns relativt lite kunskap om ångest och dess förhållande till negativa hälsobeteenden som alkoholkonsumtion och fysisk inaktivitet hos vuxna individer. Denna studie avsåg undersöka om negativa hälsobeteenden varierade beroende på kön och om ångest har en relation till negativa hälsobeteenden utöver sociodemografiska faktorer och depression. De data som användes i denna studie kommer från ett offentligt data-set från the Midlife in the United States 2-studien (MIDUS 2) som omfattar 1054 vuxna deltagare med en ålder mellan 34 och 84 år. Det påfanns signifikanta könsskillnader inom alkoholkonsumtion men inte inom fysisk inaktivitet. Variablerna ålder, kön, BMI och depression hade en signifikant koppling till alkoholkonsumtion och fysisk inaktivitet, men ett liknande samband kunde inte påfinnas mellan ångest och de två hälsobeteendena. Detta indikerar således att man bör studera sociodemografiska variabler och depression i relation till negativa hälsobeteenden då det verkar finnas en tydlig koppling.

Orientador: André Fattori / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T02:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_ZeliaVieirade_M.pdf: 2183425 bytes, checksum: 4404a3b0fb6ea373f7f9f5b2941e39b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Objetivos: Investigar relações entre indicadores de fragilidade, anemia e parâmetros hematimétricos (HGB, HTC, VCM, RDW, RETabs) em idosos de 65 anos e mais, recrutados na comunidade, segmentados por gênero e idade. Métodos: Os idosos foram recrutados em domicilio, em 35 setores censitários urbanos de Campinas selecionados por critério de conveniência dentre os 88 que integraram a amostra casualizada de um estudo populacional sobre fragilidade Em sessão única realizada em local publico, realizada coleta de sangue (hemograma e reticulocitos) e levantados dados sócio-demográficos, antropométricos, de saúde entre eles medidas de fragilidade, de acordo com os critérios definidos por Fried e col.(2001). Resultados: Participaram 255 idosos (68% mulheres), idade media = 73,12 anos (±5,98), escolaridade media = 4,39 anos ±4,21 anos; 25% analfabetos), e renda familiar media = 2,23 salários mínimos mensais ±2,74. A prevalência de fragilidade foi de 7,06% e de anemia, 9,8%. As mulheres frágeis apresentaram valores menores de HGB (p: 0,017/12,46 ±1,09) e maiores de RDW (p: 0,24/14,24 ± 1,43); menores valores de HGB associaram-se significativamente com baixa forca preensão e lentidão da marcha. Na amostra total, anemia (HGB <12g/dL para mulheres e < 13 g/dL para homens) associou-se com fragilidade e com perda de peso não intencional; RETabs e HGB associaram-se com idade; os valores de HGB e RETabs correlacionaram-se positiva e significativamente. Conclusões: Embora tenham sido atingidos valores no limite inferior da normalidade, em nenhum deles a média de HGB foi inferior a 12g/dL. As alterações hematimétricas estiveram mais correlacionadas com fragilidade entre as mulheres que entre os homens. Os dados sugerem a oportunidade de se buscar ativamente critérios diagnósticos mais exigentes para anemia e de empreender o rastreio sistemático dessa condição e de seus precursores na população idosa / Abstract: Objectives: To investigate relationships between indicators of fragility, anemia, and hematological parameters (HGB, HTC, MCV, RDW, RetAbs) in the elderly age 65 and over, recruited from the community, segmented by gender and age. Methods: Subjects were recruited at home, in 35 urban census tracts of Campinas selected by criteria of convenience among the 88 that made up the random sample of a population study on frailty in a single session held in a public place, was collected blood sample (blood count and reticulocytes) and collected sociodemographic, anthropometric, health, including measures of fragility, according to the criteria defined by Fried et al. (2001). Results: Participants were 255 elderly (68% women), mean age = 73.12 years ( ± .5,98), educational mean = 4.39 years ± 4.21 years, 25% illiterate), and median family income = 2 , 23 ± 2.74 times the minimum wage. The prevalence of frailty was 7.06% and anemia, 9.8%. Women showed lower values of fragile HGB (p: 0.017 / 12.46 ± 1.09) and higher RDW (p: 0.24 / 14.24 ± 1.43), lower values of HGB were significantly associated with low grip strength and slowness of gait. In the total sample, anemia (HGB <12 g / dL for women and <13 g / dL for men) was associated with frailty and with weight loss; RetAbs and HGB were associated with age, the values of HGB and RetAbs correlated positively and significantly. Conclusions: Although values have been reached at the lower limit of normal, none of them the average of HGB was less than 12 g / dL. Hematological alterations most closely correlated with weakness among women than among men. The data suggest the opportunity to actively seek more stringent diagnostic criteria for anemia and to undertake systematic screening of this condition and its precursors in the elderly / Mestrado / Mestre em Gerontologia

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Physiotherapy) / Across the world, physical inactivity was found to be associated with cardiovascular and chronic diseases of lifestyle which often leads to an increased rate of various physical disabilities and premature death. To combat these high incidences of chronic diseases of lifestyle, WHO strongly encourages people to become physically active on a daily basis to reduce the risk of premature death. Running has thus become the preferred choice of physical activity by thousands of people to help improve their overall health and wellbeing. Apart from the health benefits&nbsp; that running provides, it can also predispose the runner to potential injury especially when runners follow an inappropriate training programme and have inadequate knowledge about factors causing injury. Therefore, baseline data about the prevalence, incidence of injury and the identification of the aetiological factors associated with running injuries are needed to develop and implement preventative programmes to allow runners to optimally perform in training and races without injury. In South Africa, there is limited research available on the incidence of injury in runners yet there is an annual increase in participation in races such as Two Oceans and Comrades marathon which could lead to an increase in the number of running injuries.Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of injuries and identify the various risk factors that are associated with injuries in road runners at a local athletic club. Methods: A prospective cohort study design over a 16 week period using quantitative research methods was used. A sample of 50 runners had consented to participate in the study. The participants had to complete a self-administered questionnaire and clinical measurements of BMI, Q-angle, leglength, muscle strength of lower leg and ROM of hip and knee were recorded. The participants had to complete an injury report form to record any new injuries sustained over the 16 week period of the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 and software SAS v9 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for data capturing and analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done to summarize the data and was expressed as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Injury prevalence and cumulative incidence was calculated as a proportion rate along with 95% confidence interval. The Poisson regression model was used to analyse the association between running injury and the independent variables of interest such as demographics, anthropometric measurements, training methods, running experience and previous injury. The alpha level was set as p< 0.05. Results: The study found that the majority (92%) of the participants (n=46) sustained running injuries in the past prior to the study. A total of 16 participants sustained a number of 50 new injuries over the 16 week study period. Thus the prevalence rate of injuries was 32%. The incidence rate of injuries for this study was 0.67 per 1000km run at a 95% confidence interval of 0.41, 1.08. Furthermore, the most common location of new injuries reported were the calf (20%) and the second most common location was the knee (18%). PFPS was the most common type of knee injury diagnosed, followed by lumbar joint sprain. The results showed that none of the identified factors (running distance, stretching, age, Q-angle, BMI, running experience, leg-length discrepancy and previous running injuries) were directly associated with running injuries. However, a marginal significance was found for running distance (p = 0.08) and leg length discrepancy (p = 0.06). Conclusions: The study found a high prevalence and incidence rate of injury thus the need for preventative programmes have been highlighted. There was no statistical significance found between the identified factors and risk of injury however, there was clinical relevance found between factors identified. One major limitation was the small sample of participants and the short duration of study period. Thus, future research is needed to further determine possible factors associated with running injuries over a longer period and including a larger sample. The results of the study will be made available to all the stakeholders (runners, coaches and medical team) to implement in athletic club. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Physical inactivity has become a global health concern and is among the 10 leading causes of death and disability. This has led to increased concern for chronic diseases of lifestyle (CDL). Studies have revealed that regular physical activity is effective in combating several CDL such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and obesity. Physiotherapists are in a position to combat inactivity and effectively promote physical activity to their clients. Studies however have shown that participation in physical activity among physiotherapists could have an impact on the promotion of physical activity and their health practices. This study therefore sought to establish the relationship between physical activity levels of physiotherapists and their physical activity promotion strategies and barriers to promoting physical activity. Sequential Mixed Method Design was used in this study. Data was collected by means of a self administered questionnaire and a total of 92 physiotherapists voluntarily answered the questionnaire. A focus group discussion comprising of 10 purposively selected physiotherapists was conducted. The questionnaire assessed physical activity levels and physical activity promoting strategies of the participants while the focus groupdiscussion looked at the barriers to promoting physical activity. The Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 was used for data capturing and analysis. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize demographic information as means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics (chi-square) was used to test the associations between different categorical variables (p<0.05). For the qualitative data, focus group discussions were used to collect data. Tape recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, field notes typed, sorting and arranging data was done and themes were generated. Thematic analysis was then done under the generated themes. Ethical issues pertaining to informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality and the right to withdraw from the study were respected in this current study. The findings in the current study revealed that a big number of the participants were physical active both at work and recreation domains. However, there was no statistically significant association between physical activity and the demographicvariables. The results in this study revealed that the majority of participants were good physical activity promoting practices, although there was no significant association between physical activity levels and the physical activity promoting practices. The finding in this study revealed that discussing physical activity and giving out information regarding physical activity to their clients were the most common methods used in promoting physical activity. However, participants also highlighted barriers they ace in promotion of physical activity such as policies on physical activity, cultural influence, nature of work, time management as well as environmental barriers. The study demonstrates the need for all stakeholders to come up with solutions to break the barriers to promotion of physical activity. In return it will bring about enormous health&nbsp; benefits to the general population. / South Africa

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