Although bond-normal stresses have been shown to be responsible for the failure of most laboratory adhesive joint geometries, the measurement of these stresses has been accomplished only through the use of very sophisticated optical techniques. In order to develop a more versatile measurement technique, poly(vinylidene fluoride) film was used to develop piezoelectric stress sensors. The sensitivities of the film to normal stresses in the three principal material directions of the orthotropic film were accurately measured using a charge amplifier and a storage oscilloscope. These measured sensitivities comprised the calibration constants of the film. In order to reduce the detrimental effect on bond strength caused by embedding the low surface energy film into adhesive bondlines, surface treatment methods were investigated using contact angle studies, XPS analysis and 1800 peel and tapered double cantilever beam adhesion specimens. An acid etch using a mixture of acetic, phosphoric and nitric acids was found to greatly improve the bond strengths to an epoxy adhesive without reducing the piezoelectric activity of the film. The bond-normal stresses in both the elastomeric butt joint and the single lap shear joint were measured using the developed stress sensors. Comparison of the measured stresses with calculated values obtained from closed-form analytical solutions and finite element analysis for the stresses was excellent. The piezoelectric sensors do have several important limitations. The piezoelectric activity of the film is lost at temperatures above 100°C (210°F). Also, the sensors are only sensitive to dynamic loads. Nonetheless, the sensors provide an accurate means of measuring peel stresses in many adhesive joints of practical interest. / Ph. D.

This work examines a novel concept and design of simultaneous energy harvesting and vibration control on the same host structure. The motivating application is a multifunctional composite sandwich wing spar for a small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with the goal of providing self-contained gust alleviation. The basic idea is that the wing itself is able to harvest energy from the ambient vibrations along with available sunlight during normal flight. If the wing experiences any strong wind gust, it will sense the increased vibration levels and provide vibration control to maintain its stability. This work holds promise for improving performance of small UAVs in wind gusts. The proposed multifunctional wing spar integrates a flexible solar cell array, flexible piezoelectric wafers, a thin film battery and an electronic module into a composite sandwich structure. The basic design factors are discussed for a beam-like multifunctional wing spar with load-bearing energy harvesting, strain sensing and self-controlling functions. Three-point bending tests are performed on the composite sandwich structure for bending strength analysis and bending stiffness prediction under a given safety factor. Additional design factors such as the configuration, location and actuation type of each piezoelectric transducer are investigated for optimal power generation. The equivalent electromechanical representations of a multifunctional wing spar is derived theoretically, simulated numerically and validated experimentally. Special attention is given to the development of a reduced energy control (REC) law, aiming to minimize the actuation energy and the dissipated heat. The REC law integrates a nonlinear switching algorithm with a positive strain feedback controller, and is represented by a positive feedback operation amplifier (op-amp) and a voltage buffer op-amp for each mode. Experimental results exhibit that the use of nonlinear REC law requires 67.3 % less power than a conventional nonlinear controller to have the same settling time under free vibrations. Nonlinearity in the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric transducer is also observed, arising from the piezoelectric hysteresis in the constitutive equations coupling the strain field and the electric field. If a constant and voltage-independent electromechanical coupling coefficient is assumed, this nonlinearity results in considerable discrepancies between experimental measurements and simulation results. The voltage-dependent coupling coefficient function is identified experimentally, and a real time adaptive control algorithm is developed to account for the nonlinear coupling behavior, allowing for more accurate numerical simulations. Experimental validations build upon recent advances in harvester, sensor and actuator technology that have resulted in thin, light-weight multilayered composite sandwich wing spars. These multifunctional wing spars are designed and validated to able to alleviate wind gust of small UAVs using the harvested energy. Experimental results are presented for cantilever wing spars with micro-fiber composite transducers controlled by reduced energy controllers with a focus on two vibration modes. A reduction of 11dB and 7dB is obtained for the first and the second mode using the harvested ambient energy. This work demonstrates the use of reduced energy control laws for solving gust alleviation problems in small UAVs, provides the experimental verification details, and focuses on applications to autonomous light-weight aerospace systems. / Ph. D.

Detection, characterization and prognosis of damage in civil, aerospace and mechanical structures, known as structural health monitoring (SHM), have been a growing area of research over the last few decades. As several in-service civil, mechanical and aerospace structures are approaching or even exceeding their design life, the implementation of SHM systems is becoming a necessity. SHM is the key for transforming schedule-driven inspection and maintenance into condition-based maintenance, which promises enhanced safety and overall life-cycle cost reduction. While damage detection and characterization can be achieved, among other techniques, by analyzing the dynamic response of the structure under test, damage prognosis requires the additional knowledge of loading patterns acting on the structure. Accurate, nondestructive, and reference-free measurement of the state-of-stress in structural components has been a long standing challenge without a fully-satisfactory outcome. In light of this, the main goal of this research effort is to advance the current state of the art of structural health and loading monitoring, with focus being cast on impedance-based SHM and acoustoelastic-based stress measurement techniques. While impedance-based SHM has been successfully implemented as a damage detection technique, the utilization of electromechanical impedance measurements for damage characterization imposes several challenges. These challenges are mainly stemming from the high-frequency nature of impedance measurements. Current acoustoelastic-based practices, on the other hand, are hindered by their poor sensitivity and the need for calibration at a known state of stress. Addressing these challenges by developing and integrating theoretical models, numerical algorithms and experimental techniques defines the main objectives of this work. A key enabler for both health and loading monitoring techniques is the utilization of piezoelectric transducers to excite the structure and measure its response. For this purpose, a new three-layer spectral element for piezoelectric-structure interaction has been developed in this work, where the adhesive bonding layer has been explicitly modeled. Using this model, the dynamic response of piezoelectric-augmented structures has been investigated. A thorough parametric study has been conducted to provide a better understanding of bonding layer impact on the response of the coupled structure. A procedure for piezoelectric material characterization utilizing its free electromechanical impedance signature has been also developed. Furthermore, impedance-based damage characterization has been investigated, where a novel optimization-based damage identification approach has been developed. This approach exploits the capabilities of spectral element method, along with the periodic nature of impedance peaks shifts with respect to damage location, to solve the ill-posed damage identification problem in a computationally efficient manner. The second part of this work investigates acoustoelastic-based stress measurements, where model-based technique that is capable of analyzing dispersive waves to calculate the state of stress has been developed. A criterion for optimal selection of excitation waveforms has been proposed in this work, taking into consideration the sensitivity to the state of stress, the robustness against material and geometric uncertainties, and the ability to obtain a reflections-free response at desired measurement locations. The impact of material- and geometry-related uncertainties on the performance of the stress measurement algorithm has also been investigated through a comprehensive sensitivity analysis. The developed technique has been experimentally validated, where true reference-free, uncalibrated, acoustoelastic-based stress measurements have been successfully conducted. Finally, the applicability of the aforementioned health and loading monitoring techniques to railroad track components has been investigated. Extensive in-lab experiments have been carried out to evaluate the performance of these techniques on lab-scale and full-scale rail joints. Furthermore, in-field experiments have been conducted, in collaboration with Norfolk Southern and the Transportation Technology Center Inc., to further investigate the performance of these techniques under real life operating and environmental conditions. / Ph. D. / Structural health monitoring (SMH) addresses the problem of damage detection and identification in civil, aerospace and mechanical structures. As several in-service structure are approaching or even exceeding their design life, the implementation of SMH systems is becoming a necessity. Besides Damage identification, a complete assessment of the structure under test requires the knowledge of loading patterns acting on it. Accurate, nondestructive, and reference-free measurement of the state-of-stress in structural components has been a long-standing challenge without a fully satisfactory outcome. This research effort aims to advance the current state-of-the-art of structural health and loading monitoring with the focus being cast on impedance-based SHM and acoustoelastic-based stress measurement techniques. Theoretical models and numerical algorithms have been developed as a part of this work to facilitate impedance-based damage identification and provide a better understanding of a number of factors affecting the perfomance of this technique. A new acoustoelastic-based stress measurement technique has also been developed and experimentally validated. Using the technique, true reference-free, uncalibrated stress measurements have been successfully conducted for the first time. The applicability of the aforementioned techniques to the railroad industry has been investigated, where their perfomance is evaluated under real-life operating and environmental conditions.

Orientador : Vicente Lopes Júnior / Banca: João Carlos Mendes Carvalho / Banca: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Resumo: A proposta deste trabalho é a obtenção de uma metodologia robusta para identificação de falhas estruturais combinando as vantagens de duas metodologias, que não são baseadas em modelos matemáticos, ou seja: impedância elétrica obtida com atuador e sensor piezocerâmico(materiais inteligentes) e redes neurais artificiais. O termo materiais inteligentes (smart materials) conhecido também por material ativo é dado a uma classe de material que exibe propriedades não encontradas em materiais convencionais. Alguns destes materiais são: compostos de materiais piezelétricos, eletrorresistivo e magnetorresistivo, fluidos e sólidos electro-reológicos, e outros. Uma das principais características do PZT (Titanato Zirconato de Chumbo), que permite utilizá-lo como sensor e atuador, é o efeito piezelétrico, ou seja, a aplicação de um campo elétrico resulta em deformação do material (efeito inverso), enquanto, a aplicação de tensão mecânica resulta no surgimento de um campo elétrico (efeito direto). Estas características associadas ao conceito de impedância elétrica e ao conceito de falha métrica permitem a localização e o monitoramento da falha. Esta técnica utiliza altas freqüências e excita os modos locais, proporcionando, assim, o monitoramento de qualquer mudança da impedância mecânica estrutural na região de influência do PZT. Redes neurais artificiais (RNA) fazem parte de um amplo conceito chamado inteligência artificial. Redes neurais têm sua base associada ao funcionamento do cérebro humano, que após treinamento possuem a capacidade de "aprender". Esta ciência é objeto de estudo em diversos centros de pesquisa e, embora já tenha grande aplicabilidade, o sucesso de sua utilização depende do caso em que está sendo aplicada e de certa sutileza do projetista, uma vez que o processo ainda é empírico e teorias ainda... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The proposal of this work is the obtaining of a robust methodology for identification of structural faults combining the advantages of two methodologies, which are not based on mathematical models. The methodology applies electric impedance technique, obtained with actuator and sensor piezoceramic (smart materials), and artificial neural networks. The term "smart materials" is given for a material class that not exhibits properties found in conventional materials. Some of these materials are: composed of piezoelectric material, electrostrictive and magnetostrictive, electrorheological fluids and solids shape memory alloys, and others. One of the main characteristics of PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate), that allows to use it as sensor and actuator, is the piezoelectric effect, where the application of an electric field results in deformation of the material (inverse effect), while the application of mechanical tension results in the appearance of an electric field (direct effect). These characteristics associated to the concept of electric impedance and the concept of metric fault allow the location and the monitoring of the fault. This technique uses high frequencies and low voltage and it excites local modes, providing, the monitoring of any change on the structural mechanical impedance in the area of influence of the PZT. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are part of a wide concept called artificial intelligence. Neural networks has its base associated to the operation of the human brain, that after training possess the capacity "to learn". This science is a study object in several research centers and, although it already has great application. The success of its use depends of the case and planner's certain keenness, once the process is still empiric and theories are still being formulated. Several conceptions of neural networks... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

Submitted by FABRICIO MARQUI SANCHES null (fabriciosmf@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-05T12:05:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-Fabricio_Marqui_Sanches.pdf: 2162339 bytes, checksum: 257059fa1be635fc6245b0168ddbebc4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-06T17:34:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sanches_fm_me_ilha.pdf: 2162339 bytes, checksum: 257059fa1be635fc6245b0168ddbebc4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-06T17:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sanches_fm_me_ilha.pdf: 2162339 bytes, checksum: 257059fa1be635fc6245b0168ddbebc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho é investigada a viabilidade energética do emprego de buzzers piezelétricos, circuito retificador de onda completa e conversor DC-DC elevador em um sistemas de power harvesting submetido a esforços mecânicos causados pelo tráfego de veículos e/ou caminhar de pedestres, demonstrando a possibilidade de reutilização dessa energia no carregamento de baterias para alimentação de circuitos autônomos de monitoramento, indicação, iluminação, etc., em locais remotos, eliminando ou estendendo os intervalos necessário entre as recargas desses dispositivos. O gerador piezelétrico é analisado mediante a excitação realizada por um cilindro pneumático simulador de impactos controlado eletronicamente com frequência de 0,5 Hz e 1 Hz, contendo diferentes quantidades de PZTs (2, 4 e 8) e configuração de ligação (série ou paralelo). Os resultados extraídos são referentes à tensão elétrica, corrente, potência e energia armazenada em função do tempo, sendo ainda feitas relações dessas grandezas com diferentes números de PZTs, área que ocupam, força e pressão aplicada sobre os mesmos. Ao final pode-se concluir a viabilidade da utilização de dispositivos simples em sistemas de power harvesting para geração de energia através de excitações na forma pulsada e em baixas frequências, sendo os maiores valores na saída do circuito em termos de potência e corrente para tensão de 5 volts, 108 µW e 21,5 µA (0,53 Kg e 0,83 N/cm2), bem como 118,8 µW e 23,6 µA para (2,13 Kg e 3,33 N/cm2), obtidos com 8 PZTs, conectados em paralelo e excitados a 1 Hz. / This paper investigated the energy viability of the use of piezoelectric buzzers, rectifier circuit full-wave and DC-DC-converter in a power harvesting systems subjected to mechanical stress caused by the traffic of vehicles and / or walk for pedestrians, demonstrating the possibility of re-use of energy in charging batteries to power autonomous monitoring circuits, display, illumination, etc., in remote locations, eliminating or extending the intervals needed between charges these devices. The piezoelectric generator is analyzed through excitation carried out by a pneumatic cylinder simulator electronically controlled impacts with a frequency of 0.5 Hz and 1 Hz, containing different amounts of PZTs (2, 4, 8) and connection configuration (parallel or serial) . The extracted results are related to the voltage, current, power and energy stored in function of time, still being made relations of these quantities for the number of PZTs, area they occupy, force and pressure applied on them. At the end we can conclude the feasibility of using simple devices in power harvesting systems to generate energy through excitations in pulsed manner and at low frequencies, with higher values in the circuit output in terms of power and current to voltage 5 volts, 108 µW and 21,5 µA (0,53 Kg and 0,83 N/cm2), just like 118,8 µW and 23,6 µA to (2,13 Kg e 3,33 N/cm2), obtained with 8 PZTs, connected in parallel and excited to 1 Hz.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:57:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2159894 bytes, checksum: 0afcf73fa1c2d4c1bf3a43ee27852d53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Currently possible solutions for alternative electric power generation have been the subject of interest of many researchers. Many of these studies focus on the use of natural resources, theoretically inexhaustible, to preserve exhaustible sources of energy. More recently, it has been studied the possibility of generating low power electricity, but enough to meet the demand of some electronic systems. Systems such as wireless sensors or remote communication which has low power consumption can be benefited. Among various technologies for producing alternative electricity, the use of vibratory energy and deformation of structures can be used to generate electricity. This conversion has the piezoelectric materials that convert mechanical strain energy into electrical energy. Thus, this work presents the characterization study of a piezoelectric material, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), with the purpose of generating electricity. For the characterization experiment, we used a cylindrical PZT subjected to compression in a cyclic manner in the axial direction. An experimental apparatus was designed and instrumented to capture the force, acceleration, voltage and electric power generated due to piezoelectric cell. Initially simulations were developed in order to guide the experimental set of actions. From the experimental results with a piezoelectric cell a piezoelectric generator was designed with three cells and characterized. Results of the physical parameters related to characterization are presented. / Atualmente tem sido alvo de interesse de muitos pesquisadores estudos que apresentem possíveis soluções para geração de energia elétrica alternativa. Muitas dessas pesquisas se concentram na utilização de recursos naturais, teoricamente inesgotáveis, para preservar outras fontes de energias esgotáveis. Mais recentemente, tem sido estudada a possibilidade de geração de energia elétrica de baixa potência, mas que seja suficiente para suprir a demanda de alguns sistemas eletrônicos. Sistemas como sensores sem fio ou comunicação remota que tem baixo consumo de potência podem ser beneficiados. Dentre as várias tecnologias de produção de energia elétrica alternativa, o uso da energia vibratória e de deformação de estruturas pode ser utilizada para gerar energia elétrica. Para essa conversão se tem os materiais piezoelétricos que convertem a energia de deformação mecânica em energia elétrica. Assim, neste trabalho, é apresentado o estudo de caracterização de um material piezoelétrico de Titanato Zirconato de Chumbo (PZT) com o objetivo de geração de energia elétrica. Para a caracterização experimental foi utilizado um PZT com geometria cilíndrica tubular, submetido a uma compressão de forma cíclica no sentido axial. Um aparato experimental foi criado e instrumentado para a captação da força, aceleração, tensão e potência elétrica gerada devido a célula piezoelétrica. Inicialmente simulações foram desenvolvidas no sentido de nortear o conjunto de ações experimentais. A partir dos resultados experimentais com uma célula piezoelétrica foi elaborado um gerador piezoelétrico com três células e caracterizado. Resultados dos parâmetros físicos relacionados às caracterizações são apresentados.

Orientador: Milton Dias Júnior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:49:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_TeoLenquistda_D.pdf: 5484630 bytes, checksum: 40d5122ff01ee4077957ffbc79369379 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Ruído em um veículo é geralmente causado pela vibração de vários componentes. Por exemplo, vibrações causadas pelo motor podem causar vibração de um painel levando a ruído no interior da cabine. O controle de tal ruído e vibração pode ser conseguido através da aplicação de uma manta visco-elástica ou de outro material de amortecimento adequado sobre o componente do automóvel; no entanto, materiais de amortecimento convencional geralmente têm uma alta densidade, que pode conduzir a um aumento significativo na massa total do sistema de isolamento acústico. Uma alternativa para redução de peso emprega pastilhas piezocerâmicas ligadas em série a um circuito Resistor - Indutor ( RL ), funcionando como um amortecedor de vibração sintonizado; daí o termo ressoador piezoelétrico é utilizado. No presente trabalho, a capacidade de amortecimento de ressonadores piezoelétricos é comparada a tratamentos convencionais de amortecimento em uma sequência de três experimentos. Investigações iniciais são realizadas em uma chapa de aço instalada entre câmaras reverberante e anecóica para permitir medições de transmissão do som através da placa. Uma abordagem integrada utilizando análise modal e técnicas de visualização de campo acústico é utilizada para identificar os modos mais relevantes para a propagação do ruído. Na sequência, simulação por elementos finitos e análise teórica são utilizados para auxiliar na escolha dos valores dos componentes elétricos e no posicionamento dos resonadores piezoelétricos para atuação maximizada. Medições de Perda de Transmissão Sonora e Funções de Resposta em Frequência são realizadas para demonstrar o controle de vibração estrutural e o isolamento acústico resultante. Na sequência, os elementos de projeto deste experimento são replicados no painel de instrumentos de um veículo. Com o painel de instrumentos instalado entre salas reverberante e anecóica, a contribuição dos ressonadores piezoelétricos sobre a perda de transmissão sonora é demonstrada em uma estrutura complexa. Finalmente, ressonadores piezoeléctricos são utilizados para atenuar a vibração induzida pelo funcionamento de motor no painel traseiro de um veículo. Nesta aplicação prática, o efeito do controle de vibração e da atenuação de ruído interno são avaliados em condições operacionais. O trabalho é concluído com uma discussão sobre os resultados alcançados e os benefícios de redução de massa proporcionados pela técnica de amortecimento proposta / Abstract: Noise in a vehicle is generally caused by the vibration of various automotive components, such as the dash board, door panels, roof, or the like. For example, vibrations caused by the engine may cause a dash panel to vibrate leading to noise inside the cabin. The control of such noise and vibration may be achieved by placing a viscoelastic or other suitable damping material on the automotive component; however, conventional damping materials usually have a high density, which can lead to significant increases in the overall mass of the sound insulation system. A lightweight alternative employs piezoceramic patches connected in series to a Resistor-Inductor (R-L) circuit, performing as a tuned vibration absorber; hence the term piezoelectric resonator is used. In the present work, the damping capacity of piezoelectric resonators is compared to conventional damping treatments in a sequence of three experiments. Initial investigations are carried out in a steel plate installed between reverberant and anechoic rooms, to enable measurements of sound transmission through the plate. An integrated approach using component modal analyses and assessments of sound pressured distribution is employed to identify the most relevant modes to the noise propagation. In sequence, FE simulation and theoretical analysis are used to support the choice of the electrical components values and the placement of piezoelectric patches for maximized actuation. Measurements of Sound Transmission Loss (STL) and Frequency Response Function (FRF) are conducted to demonstrate the structural vibration control and its resulting sound insulation. Furthermore, design elements of this experiment are replicated into a vehicle dash panel. With the dash panel installed between reverberant and anechoic rooms, the contribution of piezoelectric resonators on the sound transmission loss is proven to be effective in a complex structure. Finally, piezoelectric resonators are employed to attenuate the vibration induced by powertrain excitation in the back panel of a vehicle. In this practical application, the effect of structural vibration control and interior noise attenuation are evaluated in operational conditions. The work is concluded with a discussion on the achieved results and mass saving benefits of the proposed lightweight damping technique / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Le contrôle de la propagation des ondes acoustiques connait ces dernières années des applications potentielles notamment en réalisation de filtres électriques, mais aussi dans le contrôle de la vibration des structures mécaniques et l’isolation sonore. Le principe général de ce contrôle est d’attribuer aux ondes acoustiques des propriétés de propagation pouvant être modulées par une action extérieure. Dans ce contexte, l’étude menée au cours de cette thèse porte sur la possibilité de contrôler la propagation des ondes acoustiques en utilisant des matériaux piézoélectriques . Ces matériaux présentent des propriétés élastiques qui sont couplées aux grandeurs électriques à l’issu de leur processus de fabrication. La vibration d’une couche piézoélectrique est affectée par les conditions aux limites électriques imposées au niveau de ses électrodes. Un moyen simple d’imposer des conditions aux limites électriques à ce type de matériau est de connecter une impédance de charge (capacité positive, capacité négative, inductance) à ses électrodes. Les fréquences de résonnances caractéristiques de la couche piézoélectrique sont alors affectées selon la nature de cette charge. Une capacité positive permet de diminuer la fréquence de résonnance parallèle d’une couche piézoélectrique pour atteindre sa fréquence de résonnance série. En revanche, une capacité négative donne la possibilité d’augmenter la fréquence de résonnance parallèle de la couche piézoélectrique loin de la fréquence fondamentale de son mode en épaisseur. Le ca particulier d’un charge inductive offre une large possibilité de contrôler la propagation des ondes acoustiques à travers le cp piézoélectrique. Il permet d’ouvrir un gap d’hybridation dans une structure piézoélectrique unidimensionnelle, de contrôler sa position en fréquence pour provoquer l’ouverture d’une bande passante au sein du gap de Bragg, d’atténuer les ondes acoustiques dans une bande passante notamment en basses fréquences. / The ability to control the propagation of acoustic waves knows in recent years potential applications especially on the manufacture of electrical filter, but also in controlling the mechanical vibration of structures and sound insulation. To achieve this control, the properties of propagations can be changed by external load. The aim of this work is to achieve the control of acoustic waves in phononic crystal using piezoelectric materials. These materials have elastic properties coupled to the electrical properties resulting from their manufacturing process. The vibration of a piezoelectric layer is affected by the electrical boundary conditions imposed on its electrodes. A simple way to consider an electrical boundary condition on piezoelectrical material is to connect an external impedance load (positive capacitance, negative capacitance, inductance) to its electrodes. The resonance frequencies of the piezoelectric layer are then affected differently according the nature of external electric load. The positive capacitance allows to reduce the parallel resonance frequency. A negative capacitance makes it possible to increase the parallel resonance frequency of the piezoelectric layer, giving the ability to use the piezoelectric material away from away from its fundamental resonance frequency. The particular case of an inductive load has a wide possibility to control the propagation of acoustic waves through a piezoelectric pc. We demonstrate that the use of this inductive load opens a hybridization gap in a one-dimensional piezoelectric structure and enable to control the frequency position of this gap. As a result, the hybridization gap causes the opening of a bandwidth within the gap Bragg. The hybridization gap can also cause a high attenuation of acoustic waves in a pass band especially at low frequencies.

No description available.

Orientadores: Niederauer Mastelari, Carlos Alberto Cimini Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:21:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AguiarRibeiro_AndreLuizde_M.pdf: 1696181 bytes, checksum: 0e5d5c8b94f2e38b7abbbc10c62ab120 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A utilização de materiais compósitos na indústria tem crescido cada vez mais e se firmou como uma tendência para os próximos anos. Seja nos ramos automotivo, náutico, aeroespacial ou de defesa, as aplicações são as mais diversas, tendo em comum o usufruto da excelente relação de resistência por peso oferecida por este tipo de material. Em certos ramos, entretanto, como o aeroespacial, a utilização de materiais compósitos requer atenção especial, por ser característico destes materiais a ocorrência de tipos de falha próprios como delaminações, rupturas de fibra e de matriz, descolamentos, perfuração parcial ou total, alguns dos quais não observáveis a olho nu. O presente trabalho se debruça sobre esta problemática, visando o desenvolvimento de um método de apoio a técnicas de monitoramento de integridade estrutural por meio da localização de impactos com uso de sensores piezelétricos, implantado em peças sobretudo da indústria aeroespacial, permita catalogar regiões que hajam sofrido impactos importantes e possam apresentar falhas. Para conduzir o presente trabalho, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica de técnicas de localização de impactos ou falhas em placas presentes no estado da arte, com análise e proposta de um método que se preste a este mesmo propósito inclusive para placas anisotrópicas. Foi estudado e desenvolvido um método a base de funções de erro, associando através de uma função pertinente cada ponto do domínio da placa a um valor de erro tanto menor quanto sua distância ao ponto de impacto real. O local de impacto estará associado ao ponto de menor erro. O método proposto, que já havia sido testado em simulações e experimentalmente em placas isotrópicas, forneceu resultados promissores também em placas anisotrópicas, apresentando estimativas com erro médio inferior a 2,0 cm / Abstract: The use of composite materials in industry has been increasing and establishing itself as a tendency for the next years. Be it in automotive, nautical, aerospace or defense, applications are many, all of which have in common taking advantage of the excellent relationship amongst resistance and weight offered by this kind of material. In certain areas, however, such as in aerospace, use of composite materials demands special attention, due to being characteristic of these materials the occurrence of certain proper types of damage such as delamination, fiber or matrix ruptures, debondings or partial or total perforation, some of which aren't even observable to naked eye. The present works focus in these problematics, aiming to develop a structural health monitoring supportive method via impact localization with low cost piezoelectric sensors that, embedded in parts primarily from the aerospace industry, allows to catalogue regions that have suffered significant impact and may have been damaged. In order to conduct the present work, a bibliographic revision was made of current state-of-the-art impact and damage localization techniques, with analysis and proposal of an innovative method for the same purpose. With that in mind, an error function method was studied and developed that associates through a pertinent function to each point in the plate an error value that is as small as its distance to real point of impact. This way, the point of impact will be related to the point of smaller error. The proposed method, which has already been tested in simulations and isotropic plates, presented interesting results also in anisotropic plates, with average estimative errors of less than 2.0 cm / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica