Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Timothy G. Rozell / Malnourished piglets that suffer from periweaning failure to thrive syndrome (PFTS) may show no signs of respiratory or enteric diseases but may have decreased feed intake and become debilitated after weaning. Euthanasia is a necessary component of swine production as it is sometimes the only option to alleviate suffering of piglets that are born with congenital defects or suffer from PFTS. Fifty-eight nursery-aged piglets were utilized in two experiments to evaluate blood parameter differences between healthy and unthrifty piglets and to compare euthanasia methods. Piglets were categorized into two health groups: healthy or unthrifty. During selection, blood was collected for analysis of blood parameters. Piglets were euthanized 24-32 hours after initial blood sampling and a second sample was collected for comparison. After euthanasia, piglets were necropsied for evaluation of euthanasia on pulmonary lesions. No significant difference in number of pulmonary lesions was found between health groups (P = 0.88). Healthy piglets had higher concentrations of glucose, ionized calcium and sodium, and greater pCO₂ than unthrifty piglets (P ≤ 0.05). Unthrifty piglets showed higher concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit (P = 0.0002) than healthy piglets. Piglets were assigned to one of two euthanasia methods to compare electrophysiological and behavioral parameters of hypobaric hypoxia and carbon dioxide gas. Two piglets at a time were euthanized for each method. One animal in the pair was fitted with electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram monitoring devices during euthanasia. Behavioral parameters were also recorded. The average treatment times were 27.4 ± 6.7 minutes for HH and 13.8 ± 5.1 minutes for CO2. Piglets euthanized via CO2 reached an isoelectric state faster than piglets euthanized via HH (P = 0.009). Behavioral observations revealed gasping in 100% of CO2 euthanized piglets during the first five minutes of treatment and only 28.6% of HH euthanized piglets during the same period. During HH, 57.1% of piglets became ataxic in the first five minutes while 76.9% of CO2¬ piglets became ataxic during the same period. Results of this trial indicate that HH may be a lower stress alternative to CO₂ as it causes fewer incidences of aversive behaviors in early stages of treatment.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jim Nelssen / Six experiments using 3,659 nursery and finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soybean hulls and ingredient processing in corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal-DDGS diets on nursery and finishing performance. Experiment 1 tested increasing soybean hulls (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) and increasing soybean hulls decreased ADG and G:F. Experiment 2 evaluated increasing soybean hulls (0, 10, and 20%) in diets balanced or not for NE and showed reduced performance with increasing soybean hulls. Balancing for NE resulted in G:F similar to pigs fed the control. Experiments 3 and 4 evaluated increasing dietary soybean hulls in corn-soybean meal and corn-soybean meal-DDGS diets. Soybean hulls in either diet worsened G:F and improved caloric efficiency, suggesting current INRA (2004) values for soybean hulls underestimate their energy value. Experiment 5 evaluated 10 and 20% ground or unground soybean hulls in meal and pelleted diets. Caloric efficiency improved with high levels of soybean hulls. Pelleting improved ADG and eliminated negative effects on G:F with increasing soybean hulls, while grinding soybean hulls reduced performance. Experiment 6 tested increasing ground and unground soybean hulls (0, 7.5, and 15%). Increasing soybean hulls worsened G:F, carcass yield, and hot carcass weight. Grinding soybean hulls to finer particle sizes did not improve ADG and worsened G:F. Experiments 7 and 8 evaluated the replacement of corn with wheat and crystalline amino acids in nursery and finishing pig diets. Replacing 50% of corn with wheat did not affect growth performance in either nursery or finishing; however 100% replacement of corn with wheat reduced performance. In addition, feeding wheat improved carcass fat IV, while use of high levels of crystalline amino acids in wheat-based diets did not influence performance in either study. Experiment 9 evaluated the replacement of soybean meal with high-protein dried distiller’s grains with solubles and crystalline amino acids. High-protein DDGS and crystalline AA can replace 50% of the SBM in finishing diets without negatively affecting performance or carcass yield. Replacing 100% of SBM with high-protein DDGS reduced growth rate, but increasing crystalline AA levels can help mitigate negative effects on carcass yield and fat IV.

The aim of this work was to find out the social behaviour and interactions among the established group of guinea pigs (Cavia aperea var. porcellus) and the newly assembled groups, with each group being monitored three times, always for 24 hours. A total of 12 short-haired guinea pigs of smooth coat breed with balanced age distribution, divided into three groups, were monitored. The behaviour and activities of guinea pigs were recorded on a camcorder followed with subsequent evaluation of video recordings by means of ethograms and verbal description. Among monitored and evaluated activities were rest and sleep, feed and water intake, comfort behaviour, movement and conflict. In guinea pigs, there were proven differences in behaviour for all of the activities monitored. The individuality of individuals and their different behaviours manifested themselves, with each of them behaving a little bit differently from the others. By comparing the groups, significant differences in behaviour were found. Each individual behaved a little bit differently, but the same pattern of behaviour was not repeated among the groups. Also, it was found that the number of conflicts among guinea pigs decrease overtime for which the guinea pigs are together.

Foram realizados dois experimentos para determinar a composição química, os coeficientes de digestibilidade de nutrientes e os valores de energia e proteína digestíveis do ovo em pó (OP) e avaliar o desempenho e os componentes sanguíneos e plasmáticos de leitões recém-desmamados alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de proteína do OP em substituição à proteína do plasma sanguíneo. O Experimento I consistiu de um ensaio de digestibilidade, sendo utilizados oito leitões (quatro machos castrados e quatro fêmeas), mestiços Landrace x Large White com 15,9 kg de peso médio. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta basal e uma dieta teste (70% dieta basal + 30% OP) com quatro repetições cada. Utilizou-se a metodologia da coleta parcial de fezes com o uso de 0,5% de óxido crômico (Cr2O3) adicionado às dietas como indicador. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente do OP foram de 87,18, 80,76, 81,99 e 70, 54%, respectivamente, para a matéria seca, energia bruta, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. A partir dos coeficientes de digestibilidade determinados e os valores de proteína bruta (56,53%) e energia bruta (5.897 kcal/kg) foram calculados os valores de 43,91% de proteína digestível e 5.139 kcal/kg de energia digestível do OP para leitões em fase de creche. No Experimento II, foram utilizados 90 animais (machos castrados e fêmeas), mestiços Landrace x Large White, desmamados com 24 dias e 5,6 kg de peso médio. O período experimental compreendeu duas fases, a pré-inicial (1 a 14 dias) e inicial (15 a 28 dias pós-desmame), onde os tratamentos consistiram de cinco rações isonutritivas com níveis crescentes (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) de substituição protéica do plasma sanguíneo da dieta pelo OP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com nove repetições por tratamento e dois animais por unidade experimental (baia). Os animais e a ração foram pesados para o cálculo do ganho diário de peso (GDP), consumo diário de ração (CDR) e conversão alimentar (CA) em cada fase e período total. Ao final do ensaio de desempenho foi retirada uma amostra de sangue de cada animal para a determinação dos componentes plasmáticos (uréia, proteína total, albumina, globulina, relação albumina/globulina, triglicérides e colesterol) e sanguíneos (hematócrito e hemoglobina). Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05) para as variáveis de desempenho na fase de 1 a 14 dias pós-desmame. Para a segunda fase experimental e para o período total, foi observada uma redução linear (P < 0,01) do GDP e CDR, à medida que aumentava o nível de substituição do PS pelo OP. Para as variáveis dos componentes plasmáticos e sanguíneos não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o ovo em pó pode substituir completamente o plasma sanguíneo sem afetar o desempenho dos animais na fase de 1 a 14 dias pós-desmame, enquanto que na fase de 15 a 28 dias essa substituição prejudicou o desempenho dos animais, refletindo assim, em um pior desempenho no período total (1 a 28 dias). A inclusão crescente do ovo em pó nas dietas não alterou os componentes plasmáticos e sanguíneos. / Two experiments were carried out to determine the chemical composition, nutrients digestibility and digestible energy and protein of spray-dried egg (OP) and to study the performance and plasma and blood components of weanling pigs fed a diets containing OP. In Experiment I, eight Landrace x Large White crossbred pigs (four barrows and four gilts), averaging 15.9 kg live weight were used for digestibility assay. The animals were assigned to two treatments and four replications/treatment. The treatments consisted of the basal diet and test diet (70% of basal diet + 30% of OP) The method was the partial faeces collection, using 0.5% of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) in the diet as fecal marker. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein and crude fat were, respectivily, 87.18, 80.76, 81.99 and 70.54%. From these results of apparent digestibility coeficients and the values of crude protein (56.53%) and gross energy (5,897 kcal/kg) resulted in 43.91% of digestible protein and 5,139 kcal/kg of digestible energy for OP. In Experiment II, ninety Landrace x Large White crossbred pigs (barrows and gilts) were weaned at 24 days of age with 5,6 kg live weight. The experimental period was divided in two phases, 1 to 14 days and 15 to 28 days post-weaning. The treatments consisted of five dietary levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of substitution of plasma protein for OP protein. Pigs were alloted in a randomized block design with nine replications per treatment and two pigs per experimental unit (pen). Pigs were weighed and the data of feed intake per pen were registered every week. Pig performance data such as average daily gain (GDP), daily feed intake (CDR) and feed conversion (CA) were analyzed by polynomial regression. No treatment effects (P > 0.05) were observed on performance for 1-14 day post-weaning phase. For the 15-28 phase and for the total period, linear reductions (P < 0.01) of GDP and CDR, were observed with increased dietary OP levels. No treatment effects (P > 0.05) were observed on plasma and blood components. Therefore, it can be conclued that the spray-dried egg can completely replace plasma without affecting the performance of pigs during 1-14 day post-weaning phase. For the 15-28 day phase and total period, added OP levels showed a depressive effect on pig performance. The plasma and blood components were not affected by the inclusion of spray-dried egg.

Visando investigar a dinâmica locacional das empresas dos complexos aves e suínos estabelecidas na região Centro-Oeste brasileira, foi conduzida uma pesquisa empírica do processo de decisão locacional e dos fatores-chave na escolha do local produtivo, tendo como referencial teórico uma abordagem comportamental da Teoria da Localização. A pressuposição central deste estudo é a de que os preços mais baixos das matérias-primas básicas (em especial o milho) nos estados da região Centro-Oeste não são suficientes para explicar o desenvolvimento das atividades dos complexos de aves e suínos nessa região. O método de pesquisa empregado foi o de questionário, enviado para as 46 empresas de aves e suínos presentes no Centro-Oeste no segundo semestre de 2000, contemplando basicamente duas classes de variáveis, as de decisão e as locacionais. Pelo fato de as variáveis terem sido do tipo qualitativas, o instrumental analítico adotado foi a análise de tabelas de contingência, sendo a independência entre os pares de variáveis avaliada através de testes de hipótese. Com taxa de retorno dos questionários de aproximadamente 59%, detectou-se, dentre as principais características das empresas, que 74% instalaram-se na região na década de 90; 40% são empresas grandes, 30% médias e 30% pequenas; 64% das empresas constituíam-se em um novo negócio ou em uma expansão de uma empresa regional, sendo que 45% das primeiras tiveram empresários oriundos de regiões fora do Centro-Oeste; 83% da capacidade de abate de aves e suínos está concentrada nas empresas integradoras. Apesar de a estatística descritiva ter sugerido que as empresas grandes, integradoras e oriundas de outras regiões que não o Centro-Oeste tivessem apresentado maior esmero na pesquisa locacional - em termos da abrangência e tempo da pesquisa, das informações e estudos utilizados, da escolha ou não pela última alternativa pesquisada e da elaboração de perfil prévio da localização almejada - os testes de hipótese não significativos acarretaram na não rejeição de independência entre as variáveis. Já a característica meta do empresário, que conseguiu determinar um agrupamento prévio das empresas que as fizesse diferir em seu processo de decisão locacional, em especial entre os grupos de empresas categorizadas com as metas minimizar custos de abastecimento de matérias-primas e apenas iniciar uma atividade produtiva como outra qualquer, apresentou testes significativos. Assim, seja a empresa grande ou integradora, o fato dela ter explicitado não haver uma clara pretensão em estar iniciando, expandindo ou relocalizando sua atividade produtiva no Centro-Oeste, denota a sua pequena preocupação com a localização. Com relação aos fatores locacionais determinantes do local da escolha, foi claro o desequilíbrio entre o elevado nível de importância atribuído ao vetor matérias-primas para com os outros. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o milho de fato age como norteador das atividades de aves e suínos na região Centro-Oeste, configurando-se não somente como fator de atração às empresas, mas também como elemento naturalmente causador de atividades sinérgicas de agregação de valor a jusante da produção. / With a view to research the location dynamics for poultry and hog-raising companies in the Brazilian Midwest, an empiric survey was carried out about the location decision-making, with a behavioral approach to the Localization Theory serving as a theoretical benchmark. The core assumption in this survey is that lower prices for basic input (particularly corn) in the Midwestern states are not enough to explain the development in the poultry and hog complexes in that region. The research method employed was a questionnaire, sent to the 46 poultry and hog companies operating in Midwestern Brazil in the second half of 2000, taking into account, basically, two classes of variables - the ones relating to decision-making and the ones relating to location. Because the variables contemplated are qualitative, the analytical tool set adopted was an analysis of contingency tables, with the interdependence between pairs of variables evaluated through test hypotheses. With an approximate 59% return on questionnaires sent, it has detected, among other main traits for the corporations, that 74% of them entered the region in the 90s; 40% are big, 30% medium and 30% small companies; 64% of them were new businesses or expansions of regional companies, and 45% of the first group were commanded by businessmen from outside the Midwestern region; 83% of the slaughtering capacity for poultry and hogs is concentrated on integrators. Although descriptive statistics suggest that big, integrator companies coming from outside Midwestern Brazil have dedicated more effort to location research - in scope and research time; information and studies employed; whether the alternative selected was the last one to be considered; and the previous creation of a profile for the desired location -, the non-significant hypotheses tests denied a dependence between variables. On the other hand, the trait selected as a goal by businessmen, which has resulted in a previous grouping of companies with differences on their location selection process, particularly among companies which had as goals minimizing their raw material costs or only to begin a production activity of whatever kind, has presented significant test results. Thus, albeit the company is big or an integrator, the fact that it has explicitly claimed that it did not intend to begin, expand or relocate activities to Midwestern Brazil shows its lack of care about location. Regarding the location factors that determined a location selection, there was a clear lack of balance between the high importance attributed to the raw material vector and most any other factor. The results obtained allow to conclude that corn is in fact a defining factor for poultry and hog-raising activities in the Midwest, serving not only as an attraction factor for companies but also as en element which naturally brings synergetic value-adding activities as an accessory to production.

La pulpe dentaire est un tissu connectif innervé et vascularisé, contenu dans une structure minéralisée inextensible formée par l’émail, la dentine et le cément. Ce tissu assure l’homéostasie et la sensibilité de la dent. Il est sujet à des lésions sévères faisant suite à une carie ou à un traumatisme. La thérapeutique conventionnelle préconisée alors est le traitement endodontique, qui consiste en l’exérèse de la totalité du tissu pulpaire et le comblement de l’espace évidé par un matériau synthétique bioinerte. Malgré les résultats cliniques satisfaisants, cette thérapeutique induit une fragilisation de la dent et une plus grande susceptibilité aux infections, qui peuvent conduire à terme à la perte de la dent. En se basant sur la présence de cellules souches mésenchymateuses dans la pulpe dentaire, des stratégies de régénération alternatives au traitement endodontique traditionnel sont à l’étude, afin de permettre le maintien des fonctions de nutrition et de sensibilité de la pulpe, garantes de la pérennité de la dent sur l’arcade. Elles s’inscrivent dans deux approches: la régénération de novo, en cas de nécrose du tissu pulpaire et la régénération partielle, lorsque seul le tissu pulpaire endommagé est éliminé et régénéré. Nos travaux portent sur la faisabilité de cette dernière approche dans un modèle préclinique. En effet, dans la perspective d’un transfert vers la clinique humaine, des modèles chez le gros animal doivent être développés afin de tester la faisabilité et le succès de cette thérapie, dans des conditions proches de la clinique. Du fait de ses similitudes avec l’homme en termes d’anatomie et de physiologie, le miniporc représente un modèle de choix pour les études précliniques d’ingénierie pulpaire. L’objectif principal de cette étude est de tester la faisabilité de la régénération pulpaire partielle, en implantant des cellules pulpaires porcines (pDPCs) contenues des hydrogels injectables dans des défauts pulpaires artificiellement créés chez le miniporc. Au cours ce travail, différentes techniques d’imagerie d’évaluation du processus de régénération ont été développées. En particulier, un protocole d’angiographie tridimensionnelle in- pour la visualisation du réseau vasculaire pulpaire a été mise au point. Par ailleurs, en utilisant des paramètres morphométriques spécifiques, initialement développés pour caractériser l’os, une analyse tridimentionnelle par micro-CT des tissus minéralisés de réparation a été élaborée. En appliquant un “split mouth model”, les hydrogels injectables ensemencés ou non par des pDPCs ont été implantés dans des molaires et des prémolaires, après amputation de la pulpe camérale. À 21 jours après la chirurgie, les analyses d’imagerie, d’histologie et d’immunologie ont mis en évidence, qu’indépendamment de la présence des pDPCs, l’implantation des hydrogels a induit la formation d’un pont d’ostéodentine. La caractérisation morphométrique tridimensionnelle a montré que la microarchitecture de ce pont différait largement de la dentine native. De plus, en présence des pDPCs, le processus de réparation était modifié, avec une moins bonne étanchéité du pont. Au cours de ce travail, une technique de suivi non invasive de la régénération a tenté d’être mise au point. Une angiographie tridimensionnelle par soustraction a été réalisée avant et après la procédure de régénération pulpaire partielle. Si les angiographies ont révélé l’entière vascularisation des mâchoires et des dents à croissance continue, l’apport vasculaire des dents matures traitées, du fait de son faible flux, n’a pas pu être mis en évidence. L’absence de régénération partielle de la pulpe dans les conditions testées souligne l’importance des modèles précliniques pour identifier les facteurs promouvant un environnement favorable à la régénération, dans la perspective d’un transfert vers la clinique humaine. / The dental pulp is a connective tissue, which is highly innervated and vascularized, encapsulated in a mineralized inextensible structure formed by enamel, dentin and cementum, ensuring the homeostasis and sensibility of the tooth. The pulp is often damaged by caries and trauma, resulting in infection or necrosis. In such situations, the routine clinical treatment is a root canal therapy, which consists in the elimination of the affected tissue and filling of the endodontic canal system with bioinert synthetic materials. In spite of satisfactory clinical outcomes, none of the original functions is restored and the lack of sensitivity as well as natural defence may lead to tooth fracture and reinfection. Cell-based pulp regeneration could provide a valid alternative to traditional endodontic treatment of damaged teeth. This strategy focuses, in fact, on the preservation of the healthy pulp tissue and the regeneration of the damaged one, by combining stem cells, scaffolds and growth factors. In case of trauma or carious lesion, as the pulp inflammatory reaction is compartmentalized in first instance, such conservative approach could be indicated. Regarding non-rodent animal model, to our knowledge, only Iohara et al. (2009) reported the achievement of partial pulp regeneration in canine tooth by implantation of subfractions of autologous pulp cells; however, in the perspective of a transfer to the human clinic, larger animal models should be developed to test the feasibility and the success of the therapy mimicking the clinical conditions of pulpotomy. Due to dental anatomical and physiological similarities with human, the minipig constitutes a model of choice for preclinical pulp engineering studies. The aim of this study was to develop a preclinical model of partial dental pulp regeneration in minipig, by implanting a pulp construct, made by self-assembling nano-peptide injectable hydrogel and porcine minipig dental pulp cells (pDPCs), in artificially created pulp defects. Secondarily, in the context of this preclinical model, two different techniques of analysis of the regeneration process have been developed. In particular, an in vivo 3D subtraction angiography has been set for the visualization of dental pulp vascular network. Indeed, further developments of this modality open promising perspectives of its application for the morphometric characterization of angiogenesis process in newly formed dental tissues and bone defects. Moreover, using specific morphometric parameters, initially developed to characterize bone, a micro-CT morphometric analysis of the mineralized reparative tissues, obtained by the partial pulp regeneration protocol, has been elaborated. By split mouth model, pulp constructs made with self-assembling injectable nano-peptide hydrogel with and without porcine dental pulp cells (pDPCs) were implanted, after pulp chamber amputation in premolars and molars. At day 21 after surgery, three-dimensional morphometric characterization, Masson’s trichrome and immunolabeled for DSP and BSP were performed on treated teeth. 3D subtraction angiographies have been performed before and after partial pulp regeneration procedure. Regardless of the presence of pDPCs, the implantation of pulp construct induces the formation of an osteodentin bridge, whose microarchitecture sensibly differs from the native dentin. Furthermore, the presence of pDPCs in the construct slightly impairs this reparative process. The latter was led the remaining pulp cells, instead of the pDPCs in the scaffold. Angiographies could show entire vascularization of jaws and continuously growing teeth but blood supply of treated mature permanent teeth could not be displayed. The failure of partial pulp regeneration cell based strategy, in these near-real clinical conditions, highlights the importance of preclinical models, to identify the factors promoting a favourable regenerative environment, in the perspective of a transfer to the human clinics.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:14:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 28 / Nenhuma / Os dados do relatório do diagnóstico socioambiental realizado pela Profill Engenharia e Ambiente e pela rede de monitoramento das condições das águas da Bacia Hidrográfica dos Rios Turvo, Santa Rosa e Santo Cristo pela FEPAM, associada às ações na gestão do Comitê de Bacias, indicam que os rios da referida bacia podem estar contaminados por dejetos de suinocultura, considerado pelos órgãos de fiscalização ambiental como um dos problemas mais sérios da agropecuária moderna. Diante dessa realidade optou-se por investigar os saberes e fazeres relacionados à dimensão ambiental que foram sendo construídos pelos atores sociais da Bacia Hidrográfica dos Rios Turvo, Santa Rosa, Santo Cristo, quando numa dimensão ambiental da Educação estes estão instados a aproveitar os dejetos de suas produções para minimizar os impactos dos mesmos no ambiente. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas oficinas temáticas com estudantes do Ensino Médio; grupo de discussão com agricultores e agricultoras; entrevistas diretas com atores / The data from the report of the socioenvironmental diagnostic made by Profill Engenharia e Ambiente and by the following net of the conditions of the waters from Hydrographic Basin of Turvo, Santa Rosa and Santo Cristo Rivers by FEPAM, associated with the actions in the management from the Basin Committee, they indicate that the rivers from that basin can be contaminated by the dejections of pig farming, considered by the environmental inspection agency as one of the biggest problems from the modern farming. In face of this reality it was chosen to investigate the knowledge and the doings related to the environment dimension that were being built by the social actors from the Hydrographic Basin of Turvo, Santa Rosa and Santo Cristo Rivers, when in a environmental dimension of Education those are urged to take advantage of the dejections of their productions to minimize the impacts of them in the environment. For the data collecting were realized thematic workshops with students from High School; debating gro

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-18T13:03:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 avaliacao_desempenho.pdf: 3372119 bytes, checksum: 3a54f223c2ec1b5a1b1a0ab208290d98 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-18T13:03:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 avaliacao_desempenho.pdf: 3372119 bytes, checksum: 3a54f223c2ec1b5a1b1a0ab208290d98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A suinocultura moderna caracteriza-se pela produção intensiva de animais em unidades restritas de confinamento. Com um rebanho mundial de aproximadamente 957 milhões de cabeças, representando aproximadamente 39% do total de carne consumida, situa-se como a principal fonte de proteína animal no mundo. O Brasil é o quarto maior produtor mundial, e o Rio Grande do Sul ocupa a segunda posição no país. Esse modelo intensivo é responsável por grandes impactos ambientais em virtude da alta geração de resíduos, do elevado consumo de recursos escassos de terra e água, e pela emissão de gases poluentes na atmosfera, necessitando uma maior atenção no que diz respeito ao trato com os seus resíduos. Não existe consenso entre os técnicos em relação às alternativas tecnológicas mais adequadas a serem utilizadas no enfrentamento da questão. Assim, a suinocultura está demandando a contribuição de enfoques mais abrangentes e integrados para ser adequadamente tratada. Neste contexto, foi objetivo desta pesquisa avaliar a forma de planejamento, implantação e operação da sustentabilidade aplicada às granjas produtoras de suínos. Para tanto, se propôs um novo método de avaliação da sustentabilidade para o setor: Método SISS - Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade da Suinocultura, sendo aplicado em granjas com diferentes sistemas de manejo: esterqueiras, biodigestores, compostagem e sobre camas. O SISS demonstrou ser eficiente para o seu propósito, de fácil aplicação em campo e abrangente na avaliação de fatores relevantes para a prática da suinocultura. Verificou-se que granjas usuárias de compostagem como tratamento dos dejetos apresentaram um maior conjunto de práticas sustentáveis, colocando este sistema como o mais atrativo para a suinocultura. O sistema sobre camas obteve as piores avaliações entre as granjas pesquisadas. E para a adequação das esterqueiras em sistemas de tratamento como biodigestores ou leitos de compostagem há a necessidade de análises de viabilidade econômico-ambientais e que apresentem os melhores benefícios para a granja e região onde está localizada. Como recomendação, salienta-se a necessidade de uma intervenção conjunta entre as esferas participativas da cadeia produtiva da suinocultura no Estado, para que esta atividade econômica seja consolidada como sustentável. / Modern pig farming is characterized by the intensive production of animals in limited confinement units. With a world herd of approximately 957 million animals, representing approximately 39% of the total of meat consumed, it is the main source of animal protein worldwide. Brazil is the fourth largest in the world, and Rio Grande do Sul holds the second position in the country. This intensive model is responsible for strong environmental impacts due to the large amount of wastes generated, high consumption of scarce water and land resources, and the atmospheric emission of polluting gases which require greater attention to waste disposal. There is no consensus among the technical people as regards the more appropriate technological alternatives for adequate treatment of this issue. Thus, pig farming requires broader, more integrated approaches. In this context, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the form of planning, implementation and operation of sustainability applied to the pig-producing farms. For this purpose a new method was proposed to evaluate sustainability in this sector: the SISS Method (SISS- Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabildade da Suinocultura - System of Sustainability Indicators in Pig-farming), which is applied on farms with different management systems: manure heaps, biodigestors, composting and deep bedings. SISS proved efficient for the purpose, easy to apply in the field, with a broad evaluation of factors relevant to the practice of pig-farming. It was found that farms that used composting to treat the wastes had a greater set of sustainable practices, which makes this system most attractive for pig-farming. The deep bedings system was considered the worst among the farms surveyed. And to render the manure heaps appropriate in treatment systems such as biodigestors or composting beds, it is necessary to perform economic and environmental feasibility analyses, and they must present the best benefits for the farm and region where they are located. The outstanding recommendation is the need for a joint intervention between the participatory spheres of the production chain of pig-farming in the state, so that this economic activity will be sustainably consolidated.

Falhas reprodutivas são importante causa de prejuízos econômicos na suinocultura. Elas implicam na diminuição do número de leitões nascidos vivos e aumentam o descarte de animais e as taxas de reposição de matrizes, levando à redução da produtividade do rebanho. Embora a maioria dos casos de natimortalidade sejam associados a fatores não infecciosos, os agentes infecciosos possuem um papel importante e ainda pouco conhecido na etiologia deste quadro. Até o presente, nenhum trabalho foi realizado visando o estudo do conjunto de vírus que possam estar presentes em matrizes com eventos de natimortalidade por ocasião do parto. Em função disso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo examinar o viroma do soro de matrizes suínas com e sem casos de natimortalidade. Foram coletadas 94 amostras de soro de matrizes de seis granjas distribuídas em cinco municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. Em cada granja foram formados dois pools de soros: um composto por matrizes que pariram (um ou mais) natimortos e outro por matrizes que pariram leitegadas sem natimortos. Os pools foram submetidos à extração de ácido nucleico viral, enriquecimento e sequenciamento de alto desempenho, buscando a identificação de agentes que possam representar um fator de risco à natimortalidade em suínos Não foi possível identificar diferenças significativas nos viromas de matrizes correlacionadas à ocorrência de natimortalidade. Não obstante, foi possível identificar uma ampla variedade de genomas virais, a maioria deles correspondendo a vírus das famílias Anelloviridae. Este estudo permitiu ainda identificar 20 genomas completos de três espécies de vírus: torque teno vírus suíno 1a e 1b, circovírus suíno tipo 3 (PCV3) e vírus circulares DNA fita simples codificantes de replicase (CRESS), seis dos quais até o presente ainda não reportados em suínos. Em duas granjas, em matrizes que apresentaram natimortalidade, foram identificados genomas de PCV3, cuja participação como potencial causador de problemas reprodutivos precisa ser futuramente investigada. Não foram identificados vírus com genoma de RNA. Este estudo traz uma contribuição ao conhecimento do viroma em soros de matrizes suínas e, paralelamente, busca contribuir para o esclarecimento das possíveis causas de natimortalidade de origem infecciosa em suínos. / Reproductive failure in swine herds is an important cause of economic losses. It leads to a decrease in the number of piglets reared per sow and may imply in the need for replacement of sows, reducing the productivity in a herd. Although the majority of cases of stillbirths have been attributed to non-infectious causes, several infectious agents have been implicated in the etiology of such condition. Nevertheless, other as yet unknown agents may be involved in the pathogenesis of stillbirths. The aim of this work was to investigate the virome in sera of sows without and with one or more cases of stillbirth in the litter. Sera were collected from 94 sows of six commercial farms in five municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Two pools of sera were collected from each farm: one representative of sows that had at least on stillbirth in the last litter and another composed by sera of sows that had litters with no stillbirths. The pools were subjected to nucleic acid extraction, enrichment and high throughput sequencing. No significant differences were detected in the serum viromes of sows with or without stillbirth Nevertheless, it was possible to identify a wide variety of viral genomes, most of these representing viruses of Anelloviridae family. In addition, the present work allowed the identification of 20 complete genome sequences including torque teno sus virus 1a and 1b, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) and circular rep-encoding ssDNA viruses (CRESS), including six species not previously reported in swine. In two farms, PCV3 genomes were identified in the serum pools of sows which had cases of stillbirth. The role for this virus as a potential cause of reproductive failure needs additional investigations. No genomes of viruses with RNA genomes were identified. This study provides a contribution to the knowledge on the serum virome of pregnant sows. In addition, it is expected to aid in the identification of possible causes of stillbirth in swine.

A tecnologia da biodigestão anaeróbia tem sido comprovada como uma das mais eficientes no tratamento dos dejetos de suínos, esta tecnologia, encontra-se num crescimento tímido em Angola facilitando assim uma poluição maior dos Rios, solos e o ar atmosférico, por falta de tratamento adequado da biomassa produzida por milhares de suínos existentes neste País. O emprego do biogás como fonte de energia para o funcionamento dos equipamentos ainda encontra limitações de ordem tecnológica e por falta de informação, organização e em muitos casos apoios tecnológicos e de instituições governamentais ou Não Governamentais. Este trabalho avaliou a viabilidade técnica, na implantação de Biodigestores na Região de Icolo Bengo em Angola. Foi estudada a implantação de Biodigestores, Modelo Indiano, na fazenda Menga assim como o potencial de geração de energia elétrica existente na produção de Biogás. O tratamento anaeróbio dos resíduos de Suínos como fonte renovável de energia, dentro de um conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável e de racionalização da produção sem agressão ao Meio-Ambiente também são referenciados mostrando que esta tecnologia pode ser apropriada como estratégia de conservação e uso eficiente da energia elétrica que é muito escasso em Angola. O emprego da biodigestão anaeróbia neste caso é possível e desejável, uma vez que contribui para preservação do Meio Ambiente, viabiliza os modernos sistemas de confinamento e reduz o custo da produção assim como ajuda na produção de energia elétrica e de fertilizantes. Um sistema integrado foi proposto e será aplicado na Fazenda Menga, como um dos projetos pioneiros em Angola. / The technology of anaerobic digestion has been proven as one of the most effective in the treatment of pig slurry, In Angola this technology is growing in a shy, so faculties a greater pollution of rivers, soil and atmospheric air for lack of adequate treatment of biomass produced by thousands of pigs in this country. The uses of biogas as an energy source for the operation of the equipment still meets the technological, and for lack of information, organization and often support technological and governmental institutions or NGOs. This study evaluated the technical feasibility, for implementation of the Biodigestors in Icolo-Bengo in Angola. We studied the implementation of Biodigestors, Indian Model, at Menga farm as well as potentially generating power existing in the production of biogas. The anaerobic treatment of swine waste as a renewable source of energy, within the concept of sustainable development and rationalization of production without aggression to the Environment are also referred to showing that this technology may be appropriate as conservation and energy efficiency electricity that is not much in this country. The use of anaerobic digestion in this case is possible and desirable, as it contributes to preservation of the environment, makes possible the modern systems of containment and reduces the cost of production as well as help in the production of electricity and fertilizers. An integrated system was proposed and will be implemented at the Menga farm, as one of the pioneer projects in Angola.