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This study begins with a review of the concept of sustainability and sustainability indicators in the context of the pig and poultry industries in Santa Catarina State (SC), in Southern Brazil, and proposes an approach to the development of sustainability indicators for these industries. A review of the background and current situation of the pig and poultry industries in SC revealed that they are well organised into vertically integrated production systems and are regarded as being very competitive in world markets from technical and economic points of view. In 2002, SC produced 24% of total pork and 20% of total chicken production in Brazil in 2002, but this State has an area of only 95,000 km2, which amounts to just 1.1% of the country. SC also contributed 66% of pork exports and 54% of poultry exports from Brazil in 2002. So far the pig and poultry industries in SC have developed successfully, but recent changes towards more intensive production methods have resulted in much concern being expressed by the community, as the environmental impact of waste produced in the region has increased. The review of literature showed that in order to be sustainable, the pig and poultry industries in SC should acknowledge the concept of the “triple bottom line” and the principles of ecologically sustainable development. These include (i) biophysical or environmental sustainability, (ii) economic viability and (iii) social sustainability as criteria to guide industry development. The sustainability of the pig and poultry industries is influenced by local, regional, national and global factors which operate on several scales, and which in turn, indicate the need to use a multi-dimensional approach, combining environmental, economic, and social attributes. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and was completed in four phases. In the first phase, an electronic survey of 205 stakeholders (complemented by 60 interviews with farmers) was undertaken to identify their views and perceptions of what sustainability meant to them. The survey was also designed to obtain stakeholders’ views on a suggested list of sustainability indicators. In Phase 2, the findings of the e-survey were discussed with panels of key industry stakeholders in 4 focus group discussions with of 47 participants to develop the list of indicators. In the third phase, a streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was conducted, to quantify the flows of materials, energy and of natural resource uses and to assess environmental impact. Finally, in Phase 4, stakeholder feedback was sought in 9 meetings to discuss and refine preliminary results and conclusions from the previous three phases of work. In the LCA the environmental burdens produced by typical intensive pig and poultry production systems were quantified and the contribution to each of nine selected environmental effects was estimated. The functional units (FU) were 1 tonne of live weight (LW) of pigs and 1 tonne of LW of chickens delivered to the gate of the abattoir. The boundaries of the systems analysed included the processes of producing fertilisers, feed products (maize and soybeans), energy, fuel, pesticides, production of rations, production of pigs and chickens and transportation required during all stages until the pigs and chickens are delivered to the abattoir. Data were collected from a variety of sources, including pig and poultry industry operators, research institutions, and agribusiness analysts from SC, as well as publicly available databases. Identified environmental hotspots in pig production were greenhouse gas emissions, acidification, and eutrophication, particularly from ration production and waste management. Environmental hotspots for poultry production reflect the high use of energy and pesticides, particularly associated with ration production from soybeans. The study concluded that although economic performance is competitive in world markets, most producers were operating outside the boundaries of sustainability because of inadequate waste management and excessive waste produced in a small geographical area, beyond the assimilation capacity of the local environment. This also causes other environmental effects (such as offensive odours, and increased numbers of blackflies, and houseflies), which were not quantified in the LCA study, but which were regarded as very important issues by stakeholders in the survey and focus group discussions. While comparing the overall environmental impact of producing 1 FU of pigs and poultry, this study concluded that under current production systems, pigs cause 68% greater impact than chickens. The key indicators proposed to assess the sustainability of the pig and poultry industries in SC were grouped into physical or environmental, economic, and social indicators. For physical and environmental indicators, monitoring the natural resource condition is the key indicator and requires measurement of attributes such as manure load per area of land and nutrient balance (P and K), soil condition, water use and water quality, agricultural plant species diversity, impact on native vegetation, and chemical residues in products. Among the economic indicators, long-term real net farm income and the industries’ overall competitiveness in national and international markets are key indicators. Attributes to measure these indicators are real net farm income, cost of production, farmer’s terms of trade, total factor productivity, and disposable income per farm household. Other farm level technical indicators which influence the economic outcome, such as feed conversion and productivity indices for pigs and poultry, also need to be monitored. For social indicators, the age structure and gender balance of the agricultural workforce, farmers’ managerial skills and level of training, as well as access to basic services, such as health, education, communications, and electricity in rural communities, are the key sustainability indicators. This study made four main contributions to knowledge: (a) the views and perceptions about sustainability among pig and poultry stakeholders were identified; (b) the environmental impacts of pig and poultry production were quantified and compared; (c) a set of key sustainability indicators for the pig and poultry industries was developed and validated; and (d) a framework for change towards sustainability and policy guidelines were suggested. The overall conclusion of the study is that, to be sustainable, the pig and poultry industries need to adjust their management practices, policies, and development strategies to incorporate the principles of ecologically sustainable development. Feeding strategies and methods of grain production have much influence on the key points of environmental impact, such as global warming, pesticides, and energy consumption. Waste management, however, has the greatest local impact, because of water and soil pollution and reduction in the quality of life due to offensive odours, blackflies, and houseflies. Sustainability indicators can thus assist to drive the industries to adopt improvements in the production systems to achieve better environmental performance. Although the findings of this study are confined to SC, the principles are generally applicable to other similar livestock industries in other places. The main justification for conducting this study rests on the increasing demands by the government, community and industry stakeholders for initiatives to reduce the impact of the pig and poultry production on the environment, while maintaining and enhancing its economic competitiveness in global markets and continuing to deliver important social benefits.

[Truncated abstract] The mammalian inner ear is innervated by the efferent olivocochlear system which is divided into medial and lateral systems. In anaesthetised animals, medial olivocochlear (MOC) axons can be electrically stimulated at the floor of the IVth ventricle. MOC stimulation suppresses the spontaneous activity and sound-evoked responses of primary afferents by its actions on outer hair cells. Effects of MOC stimulation have been also reported on responses of neurons in the cochlear nucleus, the first central auditory center receiving cochlear input. However, very little is known about the net results of MOC effects in higher order neurons. This issue was investigated by electrically stimulating MOC axons at the IVth ventricle and recording extracellular single unit activities in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC) of anaesthetised guinea pigs. For the first part of the study, anatomical and neurophysiological studies were carried out to establish that the focal midline MOC stimulation can selectively stimulate MOC axons without any current spread to adjacent ascending fibers. The MOC stimulation and CNIC recordings were then carried out in a series of experiments that included normal hearing animals, animals treated acutely with gentamicin (in which the acetylcholine-mediated peripheral suppression of the olivocochlear efferents is selectively eliminated) and partially deafened animals. ... However, in other CNIC neurons, effects could not be so explained, showing either additional suppression or even marked excitatory effects. (4) MOC stimulation also suppressed the spontaneous activity of CNIC neurons in normal hearing animals. When similar efferent stimulation was carried out in partially deafened animals, the abnormally high spontaneous activity of some CNIC neurons in the deafened frequency regions was also transiently suppressed by MOC shocks. The results from this study clearly demonstrate that the MOC system can modulate the responses of midbrain neurons in a more complex manner compared to the effects seen in the periphery. The more complex effects seen for responses to tones in quiet and in noisy background are likely to result from a complex interplay between altered afferent input in the cochlea and central circuitry. In addition, the ability of MOC efferents in suppressing the normal and abnormal spontaneous activity in the midbrain also could have implications for the role of the descending system in the pathophysiology and treatment of tinnitus.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2007.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this document was to realize two studies to evaluate the digestibility of diets and metabolism of pigs fed with diets containing mycotoxins and organoaluminosilicate. In the first study it evaluated the diets and metabolic balance of piglets fed with diets containing 800 μg kg-1 of aflatoxins (AFLs). The experimental design utilized was completely randomized whit two treatments (control diet and control + 800 μg kg-1 AFLs), with four replications each, the animal was the experimental unit. The experimental period was 10 days. The digestibility coefficient of dry matter, protein and crude energy were not affected (P>0.05) by inclusion of 800 μg kg-1AFLs. The energy metabolization decreased 6% (P<0.05) on animals fed with diet containing aflatoxins. In N balance the N losses in urine increased 52% and the retention in relation the absorption reduced in 31% on animals fed with diet containing aflatoxins. Concerning the energy balance, the gross energy intake was not influenced (P>0.05) by the addition of AFLs in the diet. Energy losses in urine increased (P<0.05) 52% in the pigs fed diets containing aflatoxins. The presence of 800 μg kg-1 of AFLs in the diet did not affect the digestibility, but it altered the protein and energy metabolism of weaned piglets. In the second study it evaluated the digestibility of diets and metabolism of piglets fed with diets containing zearalenone (ZEA) with or without addition of organoaluminosilicate (OA). A completely randomized design was utilized whit three treatments (control, control + 2 mg kg-1 ZEA and control + 2 mg kg-1 ZEA with addition of 0,3% OA in diet), and four replications, the animal was the experimental unit. The experimental period was 16 days. The ZEA and the OA did not affect (P>0.05) the dry matter intake, dry matter and gross energy digestibility, metabolizable energy, energy and protein digestible. The N balance was not modified (P>0.05) by ZEA and organoaluminosilicate. However, it influenced (P<0.05) the fecal excretion of phosphorus. In diets containing ZEA and ZEA+OA the fecal excretion of P decreased 15 and 10% than control group. The ZEA and the OA did not affect (P>0.05) the P absorption in relation to the ingestion. The intake of 2 mg kg-1 of ZEA with or without addition of 0,3% OA in diet does not affect the diets digestibility and the pigs metabolism. / O objetivo desta dissertação foi realizar dois estudos para avaliar a digestibilidade de dietas e metabolismo de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo micotoxinas e organoaluminosilicato. No primeiro foram avaliados a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de leitões alimentados com dietas contendo 800 μg kg-1 de aflatoxinas (AFLs). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (dieta controle e controle + 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs) e quatro repetições, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 10 dias. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e energia bruta não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela adição de 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs na dieta. A metabolização da energia bruta reduziu 6% (P<0,05) nos animais alimentados com dietas contendo aflatoxinas. A excreção urinária de N aumentou (P<0,05) em 52% e a retenção relativa à absorção diminuiu (P<0,05) em 31% nos animais alimentados com a dieta contendo aflatoxinas. No balanço energético, a energia bruta ingerida não foi influenciada (P>0,05) pela adição de aflatoxinas. A excreção urinária de energia aumentou (P<0,05) 52% nos animais alimentados com a dieta contendo aflatoxinas. Conclui-se que a presença de 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs na dieta não afeta a digestibilidade, mas altera o metabolismo protéico e energético de leitões. No segundo estudo foram avaliados a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de leitoas alimentados com dietas contendo zearalenona (ZEA) com ou sem adição de organoaluminosilicato (OA). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (controle, controle + 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA e controle + 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA com adição de 0,3% de OA na dieta) e quatro repetições, em que o animal foi a unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 16 dias. A ZEA e o OA não influenciaram (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e energia bruta, metabolização da energia, proteína digestível e energias digestível e metabolizável das dietas. O balanço do N não foi alterado (P>0,05) pela ZEA e o organoaluminosilicato. No entanto, modificaram (P>0,05) a excreção fecal de fósforo. Nas dietas contendo ZEA e ZEA+OA os animais excretaram 15 e 10% menos P nas fezes comparado ao grupo controle. A ZEA e o OA não alteraram (P>0,05) a absorção de P em função da ingestão. O consumo de 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA com ou sem adição de 0,3% de OA não interfere na digestibilidade das dietas e no metabolismo dos suínos.O objetivo desta dissertação foi realizar dois estudos para avaliar a digestibilidade de dietas e metabolismo de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo micotoxinas e organoaluminosilicato. No primeiro foram avaliados a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de leitões alimentados com dietas contendo 800 μg kg-1 de aflatoxinas (AFLs). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (dieta controle e controle + 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs) e quatro repetições, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 10 dias. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e energia bruta não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela adição de 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs na dieta. A metabolização da energia bruta reduziu 6% (P<0,05) nos animais alimentados com dietas contendo aflatoxinas. A excreção urinária de N aumentou (P<0,05) em 52% e a retenção relativa à absorção diminuiu (P<0,05) em 31% nos animais alimentados com a dieta contendo aflatoxinas. No balanço energético, a energia bruta ingerida não foi influenciada (P>0,05) pela adição de aflatoxinas. A excreção urinária de energia aumentou (P<0,05) 52% nos animais alimentados com a dieta contendo aflatoxinas. Conclui-se que a presença de 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs na dieta não afeta a digestibilidade, mas altera o metabolismo protéico e energético de leitões. No segundo estudo foram avaliados a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de leitoas alimentados com dietas contendo zearalenona (ZEA) com ou sem adição de organoaluminosilicato (OA). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (controle, controle + 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA e controle + 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA com adição de 0,3% de OA na dieta) e quatro repetições, em que o animal foi a unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 16 dias. A ZEA e o OA não influenciaram (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e energia bruta, metabolização da energia, proteína digestível e energias digestível e metabolizável das dietas. O balanço do N não foi alterado (P>0,05) pela ZEA e o organoaluminosilicato. No entanto, modificaram (P>0,05) a excreção fecal de fósforo. Nas dietas contendo ZEA e ZEA+OA os animais excretaram 15 e 10% menos P nas fezes comparado ao grupo controle. A ZEA e o OA não alteraram (P>0,05) a absorção de P em função da ingestão. O consumo de 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA com ou sem adição de 0,3% de OA não interfere na digestibilidade das dietas e no metabolismo dos suínos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 muniz_mhb_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 171267 bytes, checksum: e98902db756ea075489458c1c37abacb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Foram utilizados 54 leitões de genética comercial, desmamados com idade média de 24 dias e peso médio de 7,35 kg, num delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com dois tratamentos, nove repetições e três animais por parcela. Os tratamentos foram rações suplementadas com minerais de fontes orgânicas e inorgânicas (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn e Se) nas fases pré- inicial, inicial I e inicial II. Foram avaliados os dados médios de consumo diário de ração, ganho diário de peso e conversão alimentar nos períodos de 24 a 28, 24 a 50 e 24 a 57 dias de idade, bem como a incidência de diarréia nos primeiros 14 dias do período experimental. Após a última pesagem foi coletada uma amostra de sangue de cada animal para avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos e em seguida os leitões foram abatidos para avaliação da deposição de minerais em tecidos e órgãos. As fontes orgânicas de minerais nas rações fornecidas dos 24 aos 57 dias de idade dos melhoraram o ganho diário de peso (P = 0,06), a conversão alimentar (P = 0,05) e aumentaram o número de hemácias (P = 0,10), contudo, não influenciaram a incidência de diarréia ou a deposição de minerais no músculo masseter, fígado, coração, baço e rim. Portanto, o uso de suplemento de minerais de fontes orgânicas pode ser recomendado nas rações por ter sido mais eficiente para leitões na fase de creche. / This experiment used 54 piglets from a commercial line, which were weaned at the mean age of 24 days and mean weight of 7.35 kg, in a randomized block design having two treatments, nine replicates and three animals per replicate. The treatments consisted of rations supplemented with either organic or inorganic mineral sources (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se) during the pre-initial, initial I and initial II phases. Daily ration intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion were computed for three periods: 24-28, 24-50 and 24-57 days of age. Also diarrhea incidence during the first 14 days of the experimental period was evaluated. After the last weighing a blood sample was collected from each animal to evaluate hematological parameters, and then all piglets were slaughtered to evaluate mineral deposition in tissues and organs. The organic mineral sources fed from 24 to 57 days of age improved daily weight gain (P = 0.06) and feed conversion (P = 0.05) and also raised red blood cell count (P = 0.10); however, no evidence was found of any effect on diarrhea incidence or on mineral deposition in the masseter muscle, liver, heart, spleen or kidneys. Therefore, organic mineral supplements can be recommended, as they proved more effective than inorganic sources for nursery piglets.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4537549 bytes, checksum: 620653542527fa7feaefde5219b6a878 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-20 / The main contribution of molecular genetics to the benefit of applied genetic breeding is the direct use of the DNA data in genomic selection, allowing high selective efficiency and speed in the acquisition of genetic gains in selection and low costs. A practical and consistent way of analyzing the productive efficiency of beef animals subjected to selection is through the study of growth curves, as these represent a longitudinal trajectory of the weights of the animals in function of time. Thus, firstly, growth models (non-linear models) are adjusted to the weight-age data of each animal submitted to selection and the parameters estimated as phenotypes are considered. This procedure permits to determine genetic parameter estimates for any growth trajectory point, and to understand the genetic architecture of the entire trajectory, since all the weighing information is condensed by these few biologically interpretable parameters. The parameters estimated from the growth models are used to predict the Genomic Breeding Value (GBV) by means of specific statistical methods for the Genome Wide Selection (GWS). The general objective of this work was to apply statistical methods used in the Genome Wide Selection, mainly RRBLUP/ GWS and the Bayesian LASSO on the study of animal growth curves, considering as phenotypic variables the estimates of the parameters of non-linear regression models. The specific objectives were: to estimate the genomic breeding values for each individual evaluated; to estimate the effect of SNP markers and to identify those with the greatest effects; to select, via grouping techniques, groups of individuals genetically superior, in relation to the growth curve; and to validate all the methodology used via simulation study and apply it to real data of an F2 population of swine originated from the cross of two males from the naturalized Brazilian race Piau with 18 females of a commercial line (Landrace × Large White × Pietrain).The results indicated that the Genome Wide Selection statistical methods were efficient in studying the growth curves, considering simulated and real swine weight-age data. GWS presented high accuracy in the selection of the growth curve trajectory, allowing the detection of the QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) for the curve parameters of the individuals studied. In the absence of genes of significant effect, the methods RR-BLUP/GWS and Bayesian LASSO showed similar results but the latter showed more efficiency when the halothane gene, characterized as of significant effect, was included as a marker in the analyses. / O principal atrativo da genética molecular em benefício do melhoramento genético aplicado é a utilização direta das informações do DNA na seleção genômica, de modo a permitir alta eficiência seletiva, rapidez na obtenção de ganhos genéticos com a seleção e baixo custo. Uma forma prática e consistente de analisar a eficiência produtiva de animais de corte sujeitos à seleção é por meio dos estudos de curvas de crescimento, pois estas representam uma trajetória longitudinal dos pesos dos animais em função do tempo. Para isso, primeiramente ajustam-se modelos de crescimento (modelos não lineares) aos dados de peso-idade de cada animal submetido à seleção e consideram-se os parâmetros estimados como fenótipos. Este procedimento permite a obtenção de estimativas de parâmetros genéticos para qualquer ponto da trajetória de crescimento e possibilita a compreensão da arquitetura genética de toda a trajetória, uma vez que as informações de todas as pesagens são condensadas por esses poucos parâmetros interpretáveis biologicamente. Em seguida, os parâmetros estimados dos modelos de crescimento são utilizados para predizer os Valores Genéticos Genômicos (Genomic Breeding Value &#8211; GBV) por meio de métodos estatísticos específicos para a Seleção Genômica ix Ampla (Genome Wide Selection &#8211; GWS). O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi empregar métodos estatísticos usados na Seleção Genômica Ampla, especificamente o RR-BLUP/GWS e o LASSO Bayesiano, no estudo de curvas de crescimento animal, considerando como variáveis fenotípicas as estimativas dos parâmetros de modelos de regressão não linear. Os objetivos específicos foram: estimar valores genéticos genômicos para cada indivíduo avaliado; estimar efeitos de marcadores SNPs e identificar os de maiores efeitos; selecionar, via técnicas de agrupamento, grupos de indivíduos geneticamente superiores em relação à curva de crescimento; e validar toda metodologia utilizada via estudo de simulação e aplicá-la a dados reais de uma população F2 de suínos proveniente do cruzamento de dois varrões da raça naturalizada brasileira Piau com 18 fêmeas de linhagem comercial (Landrace × Large White × Pietrain). Os resultados indicaram que os métodos estatísticos na Seleção Genômica Ampla foram eficientes no estudo de curvas de crescimento, considerando dados simulados e dados reais de peso-idade de suínos. A GWS apresentou alta acurácia na seleção para a trajetória das curvas de crescimento e possibilitou a detecção de QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) para os parâmetros da curva dos indivíduos considerados. Na ausência de genes de grande efeito, os métodos RRBLUP/ GWS e LASSO Bayesiano produziram resultados semelhantes, no entanto o método LASSO Bayesiano apresentou maior eficiência quando o gene halotano, caracterizado como de grande efeito, foi incluído como marcador nas análises.

Submitted by Felipe dos Santos Gomes (felipesantosg@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-06-05T14:18:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Felipe dos Santos Gomes.pdf: 1189458 bytes, checksum: 7917af6743501bdde9a3c3a0112e23aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-06-05T18:53:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_fs_me_jabo.pdf: 1233173 bytes, checksum: 9619264fd2c88aa95c12e3757010eed9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T18:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_fs_me_jabo.pdf: 1233173 bytes, checksum: 9619264fd2c88aa95c12e3757010eed9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A infecção persistente ao vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) pode viabilizar a disseminação do vírus no rebanho, assim como interferir no controle da infecção. Ao mesmo tempo, em suínos, a presença de soropositivos para BVDV pode causar transtornos aos inquéritos sorológicos para a peste suína clássica (PSC). Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a condição de persistentemente infectado em leitões nascidos de porcas infectadas experimentalmente pelo vírus da diarreia viral bovina. Foram selecionadas seis porcas prenhes para este estudo que foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo um grupo inoculado com BVDV-2 (G1; n=4) aos 45 dias de gestação, e um grupo controle (G2; n=2). Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas nas porcas diariamente. Os neonatos foram monitorados durante 35 dias, em que foram realizadas avaliações clínicas rotineiras e colheita de suabes nasal dos leitões e de amostras de sangue venoso das porcas e dos leitões para obtenção de sangue total e soro a cada 72 horas. Foram realizados testes de RT-PCR para diagnóstico direto, e virusneutralização para avaliação sorológica. As porcas apresentaram soroconversão entre o 17ºdia pós-infecção (dpi) e o 22ºdpi, mas não foi detectada viremia. Nenhum leitão apresentou títulos de anticorpos ou viremia ao nascimento. Não ocorreu a transmissão transplacentária do vírus, portanto, não foi possível observar animais PI. / The persistently infection to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can enable the spread of virus in the herd, as well as interfere in the control of infection. Concurrently, the presence of seropositive pigs may interfere with serological surveys for classical swine fever (CSF). This project aimed to determine the condition of persistently infected in piglets born from gilts infected with bovine viral diarrhea. BVDV-2 was inoculated in four pregnant gilts (G1; n=4), and a placebo was administered in two gilts, which were the control group (G2; n=2). Clinical evaluations were daily performed in the gilts. The newborns were monitored during 35 days, with clinical evaluation and whole blood, serum and nasal swabs sampling every 72 hours. RT-PCR and virus neutralization tests (VN) were performed. The gilts presented seroconversion between 17º dpi and 22ºdpi, but no viremia was detected. No piglets presented antibody titers or viremia at birth. Transplacental transmission of the virus did not occur, therefore, PI animals could not be observed. / FAPESP: 16/214212

Devido à limitação do uso de antimicrobianos, alternativas que seguem a linha de controle biológico, como os bacteriófagos líticos e probióticos, vêm sendo propostos para o controle de Salmonella sp. em animais de produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da administração oral de probiótico e bacteriófagos líticos sobre a ocorrência de infecção e excreção fecal de Salmonella sp. em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. O experimento foi realizado em dois períodos (blocos), com duração de 49 dias, em suínos com 43 dias de idade. Estes animais foram divididos em três tratamentos: T1 (controle), T2 (bacteriófagos) e T3 (probiótico), com 12 animais em cada tratamento e 10 animais controle. Após duas semanas de alojamento, os suínos foram inoculados com Salmonella Typhimurium (dia 0 P.I.). Os animais receberam uma suspensão de bacteriófagos líticos (CNPSA1, CNPSA3 e CNPSA4) por oito dias consecutivos, quatro dias antes e quatro dias após inoculação. O probiótico foi fornecido pela via oral nos dois primeiros dias de alojamento (108 Unidade Formadora de Colônia-UFC/ g), posteriormente o produto (107 UFC/g) foi fornecido diariamente na ração na concentração de 1%. Foram realizadas colheitas de sangue (-14, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 PI) para pesquisa de IgG anti- Salmonella, e de fezes (-14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28) para pesquisa e quantificação de Salmonella, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus e coliformes totais. No dia 35PI os animais foram eutanasiados e fragmentos de órgãos foram coletados para pesquisa de Salmonella. Foram coletados segmentos do intestino delgado para análise de morfometria e pesquisa de IgA de mucosa. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento de suínos na fase de crescimento não foi capaz de impedir a infecção dos animais, e a soroconversão ocorreu a partir do dia 7PI. Não foi observada menor excreção de Salmonella nos grupos tratados. Não houve efeito sobre a população de Lactobacillus, Enterococcus e coliformes totais, nem diferença na morfometria de vilosidades entre grupos. O grupo tratado com probiótico apresentou uma tendência a maiores densidades óticas no teste de ELISA para pesquisa de IgA anti-Salmonella na mucosa intestinal. A partir disso, conclui-se que o tratamento com probiótico e fagos líticos testados de acordo com o protocolo proposto no presente estudo não influenciam a infecção e excreção de Salmonella sp. em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. / Due to the limited use of antimicrobial, alternatives that follow the line of biological control, as lytic bacteriophages and probiotics, have been proposed for the control of Salmonella sp. animal production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of probiotic and lytic bacteriophages on the occurrence of infection and fecal excretion of Salmonella sp. in growing pigs. The experiment was conducted in two periods (blocks), lasting 49 days, in 43 days old pigs. These animals were divided into three treatments: T1 (control), T2 (bacteriophages) and T3 (probiotic), with 12 animals in each treatment and 10 control animals. After two weeks of accommodation, the pigs were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (day 0 PI). The animals received a suspension of lytic bacteriophages (CNPSA1, CNPSA3 and CNPSA4) for eight consecutive days, four days before and four days after inoculation. The probiotic was given orally in the first two days of lodging (108 of Colony Forming Units-CFU / g), then the product (107 CFU / g) was supplied daily in the diet at a concentration of 1%. Were collected blood (-14, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 PI) for the detection of IgG anti-Salmonella, and feces (-14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28) for research and quantification of Salmonella, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Coliforms. On 35PI the animals were euthanized and samples of organs were collected for Salmonella. We collected small intestinal segments for morphometric analysis and research of mucosal IgA. The results indicate that treatment of pigs in the growing phase was not able to prevent infection of animals, and seroconversion occurred on the day 7PI. There was no lower excretion of Salmonella in the treated groups. There was no effect on the population of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Coliforms, and no difference in the morphology of villi between groups. The group treated with probiotic showed a trend to higher optical densities in ELISA for the detection of IgA anti-Salmonella in the intestinal mucosa. From this, it is concluded that treatment with probiotic and lytic phages tested in accordance with the protocol proposed in this study did not influence the infection and excretion of Salmonella sp. in growing pigs.