Darbo tikslas – Išanalizuoti genetinių veiksnių įtaką kiaulių kraujo biocheminiams rodikliams. Darbe išanalizuota kraujo biocheminių rodiklių priklausomybė nuo kiaulių veislės ir lyties. Tiriamųjų kiaulių kraujo biocheminiai rodikliai palyginti su sveikų kiaulių kraujo biocheminių rodiklių norma. Kiaulių kraujo serumo biocheminiai tyrimai buvo atliekami naudojant automatinį biocheminį analizatorių SELECTRA Junior (Nyderlandai, 2006). Tiriamųjų kiaulių grupės suformuotos AB „Kiaulių veislininkystė― kontrolinio penėjimo tvarte. Nustatyta, kad kraujo biocheminiams rodikliams įtakos turi kiaulių veislė. Tarp eksperimentinių kiaulių grupių buvo pastebėti ţenklūs šarminės fosfotazės (ALP) bei mineralinių medţiagų koncentracijos svyramai, ypač vario, geleţies ir natrio. Taip pat nustatyta, jog kiaulių kraujo biocheminiams rodikliams įtakos turi ir jų lytis. Labai ţenkliai skyrėsi kreatinino koncentracija: ji buvo aukštesnė kiaulaičių kraujyje. Šarminės fosfotazės koncentracija kur kas didesnė kastratų kraujyje. Taip pat nustatyti ir ţymūs kai kurių mineralinių medţiagų koncentracijos pokyčiai tarp lyčių, ypač geleţies. Remiantis sveikų kaulių kraujo biocheminių rodiklų normomis, nustatyta, jog kai kurie tiriamųjų veislių kraujo biocheminiai rodikliai neatitinka normos. Viršijamos kai kurių fermentų koncentracijos kraujyje. / The aim of this research - to analyze the influence of genetic factors on blood biochemical parameters in pigs. In this work was analyzed blood biochemical parameters impact from pigs breed and gender. The blood biochemical parameters of investigative pigs was compared with norm of healthy pigs blood biochemical parameters. Biochemical research of pigs blood serum was made by using automatical biochemical analyzer SELECTRA Junior ( Netherlands , 2006). Groups of pigs was formed in barn of controlling fattening AB „Kiaulių veislininkystė―. Ascertained that breed of pigs have influence for blood biochemical parameters. Among the experimental groups of pigs were observed significant levels of alkaline phosphatase ( ALP) and mineral concentration swings , especially copper , iron and sodium . Also ascertained that gender of pigs have influence for blood biochemical parameters. Significantly different was creatinine concentration: it was higher in the blood of gilts. Alkaline phosphatase is much higher in the blood of the castrates. Also ascertained significant changes to some mineral concentration, especially iron, between genders. Based on healthy pigs blood biochemical rates ascertain that blood biochemical parameters of some investigative varieties contravene norm. Concentration of some enzymes in blood were exceeded.

El present treball analitza la morfologia espermàtica de l'ejaculat de Sus domesticus, la histologia del conducte epididimari i la qualitat de l'esperma epididimari. El material d'estudi prové de mascles reproductors porcins de les races Landrace i Pietrain, sans i sexualment madurs. La metodologia emprada es basa en l'examen al microscopi òptic (camp dar, contrast de fases i contrast interferencial) i al microscopi electrònic (de rastreig i de transmissió). Per a l'anàlisi estadística de les dades s'ha utilitzat el test de la X2 de Pearson (p<0,01). L'estudi de la morfologia espermàtica de l'ejaculat permet distingir diversos tipus de gàmetes que s'han classificat en tres grups: espermatozoides madurs, espermatozoides immadurs i espermatozoides aberrants, així com algunes cèI.lules somàtiques. L'espermatozoide madur de Sus domesticus és un gàmeta típic de mamífer (format per tres parts: cap, peça de connexió i cua) en que destaquen: la forma oval i plana del cap, el desenvolupament d'una protuberància acrosòmica apical en una de les cares del cap i la presencia dels cossos laminars en la peça de connexió. L'espermatozoide immadur es caracteritza per la presencia de la gota citoplasmàtica, el major desenvolupament de la protuberància acrosòmica apical i per la flexibilitat del cap. Els espermatozoides aberrants es descriuen i classifiquen segons la morfologia externa i la morfologia interna, distingint-se una amplia gama de malformacions que afecten les diverses parts de l'espermatozoide. Les cèl·lules somàtiques presents en l'ejaculat ofereixen les característiques pròpies d'un macròfag i se les ha observat englobant espermatozoides immadurs. L'estudi de l'estructura i la ultraestructura de les tres regions anatòmiques de l'epidídim (caput, corpus i cauda) revela que: a) l'epiteli epididimari és pseudoestratificat amb esterocilis, b) cada regió epididimària presenta uns valors característics en relació al diàmetre intern del conducte, a l'alçada de l'epiteli, a la longitud dels esterocilis i al nombre de cèl·lules somàtiques luminals, i c) l'epiteli epididimari esta format per cinc tipus cel·lulars: les cèl·lules principals, les cèl·lules basals, les cèl·lules dares, les cèl·lules estretes i les cèl·lules basòfiles. Dels resultats obtinguts es pot deduir que: a) aquests cinc tipus cel·lulars es distribueixen al llarg del conducte epididimari de forma no homogènia, b) les cèl·lules basals, les cèl·lules principals, les cèI.Iules dares i les cèl·lules estretes són diversos estadis del desenvolupament d'un mateix tipus cel·lular especialitzat en la secreció i reabsorció cel·lular, i c) les cèl·lules basòfiles són les precursores de les cèl·lules somàtiques luminals. La qualitat de l'esperma procedent de les tres regions de l'epidídim ha estat analitzada a partir dels següents paràmetres espermàtics: vitalitat, resistència osmòtica dels acrosomes, estabilitat cefàlica, morfologia, malformacions i aglutinació. La vitalitat espermàtica disminueix progressivament al llarg del conducte epididimari. La resistència osmòtica dels acrosomes s'assoleix en la regió corporal de l'epidídim. L'estabilitat cefàlica dels espermatozoides és més elevada en les dues primeres regions de l'epidídim que en la regió caudal. Cada regió de l'epidídim es caracteritza per una morfologia espermàtica específica: a) el caput es caracteritza per l'elevat percentatge d'espermatozoides immadurs amb gota citoplasmàtica proximal, b) el corpus es caracteritza per l'elevat percentatge d'espermatozoides immadurs amb gota citoplasmàtica distal, i c) el cauda es caracteritza per l'elevat percentatge d'espermatozoides madurs. S'han estudiat les següents malformacions d'origen epididimari: espermatozoides de cua doblegada per l'anell de Jensen (origen en el cauda), espermatozoides de cua enrotllada i espermatozoides de cues fusionades (origen en el corpus). Els espermatozoides perden la capacitat de doblegar la cua per la peça intermèdia a mesura que avancen pel conducte epididimari. L'aglutinació espermàtica tendeix a augmentar progressivament al llarg del conducte epididimari, si bé, no s'han observat variacions significatives en els diversos tipus d'aglutinació. La maduració epididimaria dels espermatozoides de Sus domesticus és un procés lent i complex, i la qualitat de l'ejaculat depèn de que aquesta maduració hagi estat completa. La presencia en l'esperma ejaculat de formes gamètiques pròpies de l'esperma epididimari és un signe d'una incompleta maduració dels espermatozoides; i, pot considerar-se com un paràmetre indicador d'estrés del mascle reproductor, tant més quant més s'assembli a la morfologia espermàtica de la regió cefàlica de l'epidídim. / This work analyzes the sperm morphology of the ejaculate of Sus domesticus, the histology of the epididymal duct and the quality of the epididymal sperm. The material of research comes from healthy and sexually mature boars (Landrace and Pietrain breeds). The methodology used is based on the examination by light microscopy, phase-contrast and interferential contrast microscopy and by electron microscopy (scanning and transmission). Comparisons of data of the seminal parameters observed in the three epididymal regions were made by the Pearson's X2 test at the 0.01 level of significance. The study of the sperm morphology of the ejaculate allows distinguishing different gamete forms classified into three groups: mature, immature and aberrant spermatozoa, as well as some somatic cells. The mature spermatozoon of Sus domesticus is a typical gamete of a mammal (it can be divided into three regions: head, connecting piece and tail) characterized by the following features: the oval and plain shape of the head, the development of an apical semi lunar protuberance in one of the head's sides and the presence of the laminar bodies in the connecting piece. The immature spermatozoon is characterized by the presence of the cytoplasmic droplet, by the greater development of the apical acrosome protuberance and by the head's flexibility. The aberrant spermatozoa are described and classified according to the external and internal morphology, being observed a large range of malformations which affect to different regions of the spermatozoon. The somatic cells present in the ejaculate show the characteristics of a macrophage and have been observed including immature spermatozoa. The study of the structure and ultra structure of the three anatomic regions of the epididymis (caput, corpus and caudal) reveals that: a) the epididymal epithelium is pseudo stratified with sterocilia, b) each epididymal region presents characteristic values in relation to the internal diameter of the duct, to the height of the epithelium, to the length of the stereocilia and to the number of luminal somatic cells, and c) the epididymal epithelium contains five cellular types: principal cells, basal cells, clear cells, narrow cells and basophilic cells. From the results obtained it can be deduced that: a) these five cellular types are not distributed homogeneously along the epididyrnal duct, b) the basal cells, clear cells and narrow cells are different stadia of the development of a same cellular type specialized in the cellular type specialized in the cellular secretion and resorption, and c) the basophilic cells are the precursors of the luminal somatic cells. principal eells, c1ear eells and narrow cells are different stadia of the development of a same eellular type specialized in the eellular seeretion and resorption, and el the basophilie eells are the preeursors of the luminal somatie eells. The sperm quality from the three epididymal regions has been analyzed starting from the following sperm parameters: vitality, osmotic resistance of the acrosomes, cephalic stability, morphology, malformations and agglutination. The sperm vitality decreases progressively along the epididymal duet. The osmotic resistance of the acrosomes occurs in the corporal region of the epididymis. The cephalic stability of the spermatozoa is higher in the first two epididymal regions than in the caudal region. Each epididymal region is characterized by specific sperm morphology: a) the caput is characterized by the high percent of immature spermatozoa with proximal cytoplasmic droplet, b) the corpus is characterized by the high percent of immature spermatozoa with distal cytoplasmic droplet, and c) the cauda is characterized by the high percent of mature spermatozoa. There have been studied the following malformations of epididymal origin: spermatozoa with tail folded at the Jensen's ring (cauda origin), coiled tail spermatozoa and spermatozoa with fused tails (corpus origin). The sperm agglutination tends to increase progressively along the epididymal duet, although it has not been observed significative variations in the different types of agglutination. The epididymal maturation of the spermatozoa of Sus domesticus is a slow and complex process, and the quality of the ejaculate depends on a complete maturation of the spermatozoa. The presence of gametic forms characteristic of the epididymal sperm in the ejaculated is a sign of an incomplete maturation of the spermatozoa; and, it can be considered as a stress indicative parameter of the boar, the more when they look more similar to the sperm morphology of the cephalic region of the epididymis.

This thesis presents two studies that form the basis of the Samoan Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries’ (MAF) recent efforts to enhance its animal disease surveillance capacity. The first study investigated a method of enhancing the surveillance value of veterinary case data collected by the MAF’s Animal Health Service, which provides the only veterinary service for livestock in the country, through temporal analysis of cases and syndromes by species. Threshold levels generated from 3-monthly moving averages combined over 3 years of veterinary case data were used to identify unusually high numbers of cases and the cause of these unusual events were investigated. Further, the analysis of data in the system identified gaps in the coverage of the Animal Health Service which helped identify alternative methods for conducting surveillance in these areas using the Crops Division advisory officers. The objective of the second study was to identify if the veterinary case data collected by the Animal Health Service represented pig health problems in the general population. Reproduction and mortality patterns were compared on a group of 10 holdings that were regularly attended by the veterinary staff and 13 holdings that did not utilise the Animal Health Service. The performance of these holdings, measured in liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning and post-weaning mortality were compared given their status as client or non-client of the service and their exposure to various management factors like confinement, protein supplementation, frequency of feeding, management time per sow per day, the use of improved or exotic breeds, the extent of commercial activity and, in the case of piglets their season of birth (rainy or dry season). The mean number of sows per herd was 6, producing a mean litter size of 6.1 piglets with a mean interfarrowing interval of 235 days. The median pre-weaning mortality per litter was 0 and a median of 1 piglet per litter was used for productive purposes (consumed, gifted or sold) at a median age of 153 days. It was found that the greatest influence on productivity in these holdings was nutrition. Sow productivity (in terms of liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning survival) was best in the non-client, free range herds that did not provide protein supplementation (but whose feeding was unrestricted due to their freedom to roam and scavenge) and worst in client and non-client herds that were confined and not given protein supplementation (due to restricted and underfeeding). The mortality of pigs postweaning was significantly higher if they were free roaming, due to their loss to predation, theft and being hit by car. The study showed that the health status of pigs was better on holdings that did not use the Animal Health Service compared with those that did.

This thesis presents two studies that form the basis of the Samoan Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries’ (MAF) recent efforts to enhance its animal disease surveillance capacity. The first study investigated a method of enhancing the surveillance value of veterinary case data collected by the MAF’s Animal Health Service, which provides the only veterinary service for livestock in the country, through temporal analysis of cases and syndromes by species. Threshold levels generated from 3-monthly moving averages combined over 3 years of veterinary case data were used to identify unusually high numbers of cases and the cause of these unusual events were investigated. Further, the analysis of data in the system identified gaps in the coverage of the Animal Health Service which helped identify alternative methods for conducting surveillance in these areas using the Crops Division advisory officers. The objective of the second study was to identify if the veterinary case data collected by the Animal Health Service represented pig health problems in the general population. Reproduction and mortality patterns were compared on a group of 10 holdings that were regularly attended by the veterinary staff and 13 holdings that did not utilise the Animal Health Service. The performance of these holdings, measured in liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning and post-weaning mortality were compared given their status as client or non-client of the service and their exposure to various management factors like confinement, protein supplementation, frequency of feeding, management time per sow per day, the use of improved or exotic breeds, the extent of commercial activity and, in the case of piglets their season of birth (rainy or dry season). The mean number of sows per herd was 6, producing a mean litter size of 6.1 piglets with a mean interfarrowing interval of 235 days. The median pre-weaning mortality per litter was 0 and a median of 1 piglet per litter was used for productive purposes (consumed, gifted or sold) at a median age of 153 days. It was found that the greatest influence on productivity in these holdings was nutrition. Sow productivity (in terms of liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning survival) was best in the non-client, free range herds that did not provide protein supplementation (but whose feeding was unrestricted due to their freedom to roam and scavenge) and worst in client and non-client herds that were confined and not given protein supplementation (due to restricted and underfeeding). The mortality of pigs postweaning was significantly higher if they were free roaming, due to their loss to predation, theft and being hit by car. The study showed that the health status of pigs was better on holdings that did not use the Animal Health Service compared with those that did.

This thesis presents two studies that form the basis of the Samoan Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries’ (MAF) recent efforts to enhance its animal disease surveillance capacity. The first study investigated a method of enhancing the surveillance value of veterinary case data collected by the MAF’s Animal Health Service, which provides the only veterinary service for livestock in the country, through temporal analysis of cases and syndromes by species. Threshold levels generated from 3-monthly moving averages combined over 3 years of veterinary case data were used to identify unusually high numbers of cases and the cause of these unusual events were investigated. Further, the analysis of data in the system identified gaps in the coverage of the Animal Health Service which helped identify alternative methods for conducting surveillance in these areas using the Crops Division advisory officers. The objective of the second study was to identify if the veterinary case data collected by the Animal Health Service represented pig health problems in the general population. Reproduction and mortality patterns were compared on a group of 10 holdings that were regularly attended by the veterinary staff and 13 holdings that did not utilise the Animal Health Service. The performance of these holdings, measured in liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning and post-weaning mortality were compared given their status as client or non-client of the service and their exposure to various management factors like confinement, protein supplementation, frequency of feeding, management time per sow per day, the use of improved or exotic breeds, the extent of commercial activity and, in the case of piglets their season of birth (rainy or dry season). The mean number of sows per herd was 6, producing a mean litter size of 6.1 piglets with a mean interfarrowing interval of 235 days. The median pre-weaning mortality per litter was 0 and a median of 1 piglet per litter was used for productive purposes (consumed, gifted or sold) at a median age of 153 days. It was found that the greatest influence on productivity in these holdings was nutrition. Sow productivity (in terms of liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning survival) was best in the non-client, free range herds that did not provide protein supplementation (but whose feeding was unrestricted due to their freedom to roam and scavenge) and worst in client and non-client herds that were confined and not given protein supplementation (due to restricted and underfeeding). The mortality of pigs postweaning was significantly higher if they were free roaming, due to their loss to predation, theft and being hit by car. The study showed that the health status of pigs was better on holdings that did not use the Animal Health Service compared with those that did.

This thesis presents two studies that form the basis of the Samoan Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries’ (MAF) recent efforts to enhance its animal disease surveillance capacity. The first study investigated a method of enhancing the surveillance value of veterinary case data collected by the MAF’s Animal Health Service, which provides the only veterinary service for livestock in the country, through temporal analysis of cases and syndromes by species. Threshold levels generated from 3-monthly moving averages combined over 3 years of veterinary case data were used to identify unusually high numbers of cases and the cause of these unusual events were investigated. Further, the analysis of data in the system identified gaps in the coverage of the Animal Health Service which helped identify alternative methods for conducting surveillance in these areas using the Crops Division advisory officers. The objective of the second study was to identify if the veterinary case data collected by the Animal Health Service represented pig health problems in the general population. Reproduction and mortality patterns were compared on a group of 10 holdings that were regularly attended by the veterinary staff and 13 holdings that did not utilise the Animal Health Service. The performance of these holdings, measured in liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning and post-weaning mortality were compared given their status as client or non-client of the service and their exposure to various management factors like confinement, protein supplementation, frequency of feeding, management time per sow per day, the use of improved or exotic breeds, the extent of commercial activity and, in the case of piglets their season of birth (rainy or dry season). The mean number of sows per herd was 6, producing a mean litter size of 6.1 piglets with a mean interfarrowing interval of 235 days. The median pre-weaning mortality per litter was 0 and a median of 1 piglet per litter was used for productive purposes (consumed, gifted or sold) at a median age of 153 days. It was found that the greatest influence on productivity in these holdings was nutrition. Sow productivity (in terms of liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning survival) was best in the non-client, free range herds that did not provide protein supplementation (but whose feeding was unrestricted due to their freedom to roam and scavenge) and worst in client and non-client herds that were confined and not given protein supplementation (due to restricted and underfeeding). The mortality of pigs postweaning was significantly higher if they were free roaming, due to their loss to predation, theft and being hit by car. The study showed that the health status of pigs was better on holdings that did not use the Animal Health Service compared with those that did.

This thesis presents two studies that form the basis of the Samoan Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries’ (MAF) recent efforts to enhance its animal disease surveillance capacity. The first study investigated a method of enhancing the surveillance value of veterinary case data collected by the MAF’s Animal Health Service, which provides the only veterinary service for livestock in the country, through temporal analysis of cases and syndromes by species. Threshold levels generated from 3-monthly moving averages combined over 3 years of veterinary case data were used to identify unusually high numbers of cases and the cause of these unusual events were investigated. Further, the analysis of data in the system identified gaps in the coverage of the Animal Health Service which helped identify alternative methods for conducting surveillance in these areas using the Crops Division advisory officers. The objective of the second study was to identify if the veterinary case data collected by the Animal Health Service represented pig health problems in the general population. Reproduction and mortality patterns were compared on a group of 10 holdings that were regularly attended by the veterinary staff and 13 holdings that did not utilise the Animal Health Service. The performance of these holdings, measured in liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning and post-weaning mortality were compared given their status as client or non-client of the service and their exposure to various management factors like confinement, protein supplementation, frequency of feeding, management time per sow per day, the use of improved or exotic breeds, the extent of commercial activity and, in the case of piglets their season of birth (rainy or dry season). The mean number of sows per herd was 6, producing a mean litter size of 6.1 piglets with a mean interfarrowing interval of 235 days. The median pre-weaning mortality per litter was 0 and a median of 1 piglet per litter was used for productive purposes (consumed, gifted or sold) at a median age of 153 days. It was found that the greatest influence on productivity in these holdings was nutrition. Sow productivity (in terms of liveborn piglets per sow year and pre-weaning survival) was best in the non-client, free range herds that did not provide protein supplementation (but whose feeding was unrestricted due to their freedom to roam and scavenge) and worst in client and non-client herds that were confined and not given protein supplementation (due to restricted and underfeeding). The mortality of pigs postweaning was significantly higher if they were free roaming, due to their loss to predation, theft and being hit by car. The study showed that the health status of pigs was better on holdings that did not use the Animal Health Service compared with those that did.

Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich mit verschiedenen Verhaltensparametern bei Schweinen, die in unterschiedlichen Produktionsabschnitten erfasst werden, auseinander. Die Ziele der Arbeit bestanden in der Untersuchung von Merkmalen, die zum einen das agonistische Verhalten und zum anderen mütterliches Verhalten von Schweinen charakterisieren. Des Weiteren wurde eine genetische Analyse der untersuchten Verhaltensparameter durchgeführt und damit die Möglichkeit einer züchterischen Bearbeitung dieser Merkmale evaluiert. Verhaltensparameter beim Schwein erlangen aufgrund der zurzeit stattfindenden Entwicklungen in der Schweineproduktion, wie die Gruppenhaltung von tragenden Sauen und Trends in Richtung alternativer Haltungstechniken von laktierenden Sauen, zunehmend an Bedeutung. Eine Reduzierung von Aggressionen bei Schweinen in der Gruppen¬haltung, sowie geringere Saugferkelverluste durch bessere Muttereigenschaften führen nicht nur zu einem gesteigerten Tierwohl und weniger Tierverlusten, sondern auch zu einer verbesserten Wirtschaftlichkeit der Schweine¬produktion. Im dritten Kapitel wird eine Literaturübersicht über bisher beschriebene Verhaltenstests gegeben, die genutzt wurden, um Muttereigenschaften zu erfassen. Verschiedene Testformen wurden entwickelt um das Maß an Ängstlichkeit und Aggressivität der Tiere gegenüber dem Menschen zu beurteilen. Es gibt unter anderen Tests mit denen die Kontaktfreudigkeit gegenüber Menschen gemessen wurde, sowie Tests zum Meidungsverhalten. Während der Laktation wurde die Aufmerksamkeit der Sau gegenüber ihrem Wurf mit Hilfe verschiedener Formen der Trennung von Sau und Ferkeln bonitiert. Die Empfindsamkeit der Sau gegenüber ihren Ferkeln wurde mittels eines akustischen Signals („Ferkel-Schrei-Test“) oder taktilen Stimulus überprüft. Die in der Literatur beschriebenen Verhaltenstests unterscheiden sich deutlich in ihrem Aufbau, Bewertungsschema und eingesetzten Genetiken. Zudem wurden häufig nur geringe Tierzahlen untersucht. Genetische Parameter der Verhaltenstests sind daher rar. Dennoch erscheinen Verhaltenstests dafür geeignet zu sein, um Muttereigenschaften von Sauen charakterisieren und züchterisch verbessern zu können. Über die Beziehung zwischen Mutter¬eigenschaften und anderen Verhaltensmerkmalen, sowie Produktionsparameter ist bisher wenig bekannt. Im ersten Versuch (viertes Kapitel) wurde untersucht in wie weit sich die genetischen Parameter von agonistischen Verhaltensmerkmalen unterscheiden, wenn eng miteinander verwandte Tiere unter zwei verschiedenen Haltungsumwelten untersucht werden. Es wurden Daten von insgesamt 543 Jungsauen der Linie Pietrain analysiert, 302 Tiere standen auf Betrieb A und 241 auf Betrieb B. Die untersuchten Jungsauen stammten von 96 Ebern ab, von denen 64% Nachkommen auf beiden Betrieben besaßen. Es bestanden deutliche Unterschiede in der Haltung der Jungsauen zwischen den beiden Betrieben. Das Verhalten der 214 ± 12,2 Tage alten Jungsauen wurde über eine Dauer von 30 Minuten beobachtet, nachdem Tiere aus verschiedenen Aufzuchtgruppen zusammengestallt wurden. Die Jungsauen von Betrieb A zeigten weniger unilaterale Aggressionen und bilaterale Aggressionen, wie Jungsauen von Betrieb B. Die Heritabilitäten für die Merkmale unilaterale und bilaterale Aggression lagen für Tiere auf Betrieb A auf einem niedrig Niveau (h² = 0,11 ± 0,07 bzw. h² = 0,04 ± 0,07). Auf Betrieb B konnte für das Merkmal unilaterale Aggression eine Erblichkeit von h² = 0,29 ± 0,13 und für bilaterale Aggression von h² = 0,33 ± 0,12 berechnet werden. Die genetische Korrelation zwischen den gleichen Merkmalen getestet auf Betrieb A und Betrieb B liegt auf einem hohen Niveau. Agonistisches Verhalten scheint daher in dieser Untersuchung nicht nennswert von Genotyp-Umwelt-Interaktionen beeinflusst zu werden. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich zudem ableiten, dass eine Selektion auf agonistische Verhaltensmerkmale Erfolg versprechend ist. Ziel des zweiten Versuchs (fünftes Kapitel) war die Analyse von Verhaltenstests während der Laktation, die dazu geeignet sind, das mütterliche Verhalten von Sauen zu beschreiben. Außerdem wurde deren Beziehung mit agonistischen Verhaltensparametern beim Zusammenstallen von einander unbekannten Large White Jungsauen (n = 798) berechnet. Insgesamt wurden drei verschiedene Tests hinsichtlich des Verhaltens durchgeführt. Zum einen wurde zu zwei verschiedenen Zeitpunkten in der Laktation, d.h. innerhalb der ersten zwei bis zwölf Stunden nach der Geburt (SEPD1) und um den zehnten Tag nach der Geburt (SEPD10) die Reaktion von 848 Large White Sauen auf die Trennung von ihren Ferkeln (n = 2,022 Würfe) ermittelt. Zusätzlich wurden die Merkmale unilaterale und bilaterale Aggression, beim Zusammenstallen von Jungsauen, die aus verschiedenen Aufzuchtgruppen stammen, erfasst. Weiter wurde das Geburtsverhalten der Sauen, die Aufzuchtleistung der Sauen, die Gebrauchsfähigkeit der Sauen und das Gesäuge der Sauen während der Laktation bonitiert. Für die Verhaltensmerkmale SEPD1 (h² = 0,03 ± 0,03) und SEPD10 (h² = 0,02 ± 0,03) konnten niedrige Erblichkeiten analysiert werden. Für die zusätzlichen Parameter (Geburtsverhalten, Aufzuchtleistung, Gebrauchsfähigkeit und das Gesäuge), die während der Laktation erfasst wurden, konnten niedrige bis mittlere Erblichkeiten (h² = 0,03 ± 0,02 bis h² = 0,19 ± 0,03) berechnet werden. Die Erblichkeiten für uni- und bilaterale Aggression bei Jungsauen lagen auf einem niedrigen (bilaterale Aggression) bis moderaten Niveau (unilaterale Aggression). Aufgrund von hohen Standardfehlern konnte keine Schlussfolgerung bezüglich der genetischen Beziehung zwischen mütterlichen Verhalten und agonistischen Verhaltensparametern gezogen werden. Abschließend ist zu sagen, dass eine züchterische Bearbeitung von Verhaltensmerkmalen beim Schwein machbar und erstrebenswert erscheint. Die Ansätze dieser Arbeit können genutzt werden um Verhaltensmerkmale in Zuchtprogramme beim Schwein weiter zu integrieren bzw. ihnen eine größere Gewichtung im Zuchtziel zukommen zu lassen.

A presença de Salmonella é uma das mais importantes barreiras sanitárias à exportação de alimentos. A ração contaminada representa potencial fonte de introdução de Salmonella nos rebanhos suínos, além do risco indireto de infecção ao consumidor. Um estudo transversal conduzido em quatro fábricas de ração teve como objetivos avaliar a frequência de isolamento de Salmonella e coliformes totais nestas unidades, verificar a presença desses agentes nas diversas etapas do processo de produção, correlacionar grupos clonais de Salmonella sp. obtidos pela análise de macrorestrição associada à eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE), além de avaliar a concordância entre o escore obtido na aplicação de roteiro de inspeção da Instrução Normativa (IN) 4 do Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento e os níveis de coliformes totais encontrados. De 1.269 amostras analisadas, sessenta e três (4,96%) apresentaram Salmonella sp. e 38,53% (n=489) apresentaram presença de enterobactérias. As freqüências de contaminação por Salmonella nas quatro fábricas avaliadas (A, B, C e D) foram, respectivamente, 3,5% (n=11/317), 1,7% (n=5/289), 7,1% (n=23/308) e 7% (n=25/355). Já para coliformes totais foram, respectivamente, 40,7% (129/317), 30,1% (87/289), 52,6% (162/308) e 31,3% (111/355). Nas fábricas A e D, Salmonella foi detectada em amostras de produto final. Estirpes apresentando genótipos semelhantes foram identificadas nos sorovares Orion, Montevideo, Worthington e Agona. Foi possível verificar que o sorovar Montevideo obteve o maior número de grupos clonais, apresentando pulsotipos distribuídos entre ingredientes, poeira, equipamentos e ração. O isolamento de Salmonella foi significativamente mais frequente (p =0,002) em amostras com a presença (36/489; 7,36%) do que com ausência de coliformes totais (27/780; 3,46%). As contagens logarítmicas médias encontradas de coliformes totais, considerando todas as amostras analisadas por fábrica, foram: A: 0,97 (IC 95%: 0,81-1,13); B: 0,78 (IC 95%: 0,61-0,94); C: 1,32 (IC 95%: 1,16-1,49) e D: 0,91 (IC 95%: 0,75-1,06). Constatou-se elevada variabilidade no número de coliformes totais em todos os pontos amostrados nas quatro fábricas, e não houve diferenças significativas entre os pontos amostrados e entre as fábricas (p=0,174). A regressão logística tendo como variável resposta a presença de coliformes totais apontou maiores razão de chance (OR) de isolamento no transportador (OR=3,67; IC 95%: 2,28-5,89), dosagem (OR=9,51, IC 95%: 4,43-20,41), moagem (OR=7,1; IC 95%: 3,27-15,40), mistura (OR=4,08; IC 95%: 2,04-8,17), poeira (OR=3,50; IC 95%:2,10-5,84), resíduos (OR=6,22; IC 95%: 3,88-9,95) e fábrica C (OR=2,43; IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). Da mesma forma, o transportador (OR= 4,43; IC95%: 2,43-8,09) foi o local com maior probabilidade de isolamento de Salmonella, seguidos da poeira coletada nas dependências da fábrica (OR=2,88; IC95%: 1,41-5,88). Comparadas à fábrica B, as unidades C e D apresentaram, respectivamente, 2,74 e 2,83 mais chances de isolamento de Salmonella. Ao analisar os 128 itens necessários no Roteiro de Inspeção da IN4, a fábrica B obteve o menor número de não conformidades. Nas demais fábricas, as maiores inconformidades foram encontradas quanto à estrutura da área interna e externa das fábricas. As fábricas A e D foram as que apresentaram o maior número de itens não conformes relacionados à limpeza e higienização de equipamentos. Entre os 29 itens imprescindíveis na Avaliação de Estabelecimento e Procedimentos Operacionais Padrão, oito não foram cumpridos em pelo menos uma das fábricas. A fábrica B apresentou todos os itens em conformidade, ao passo que as fábricas A e D não cumpriram os oito itens. A fábrica C apresentou três itens não conformes, relacionados à limpeza de piso e parede, recepção e armazenamento de matérias-primas. Não houve concordância entre os escores obtidos no roteiro de avaliação e a média de coliformes totais encontrada nas fábricas, demonstrando que apenas a adequação à legislação pode não garantir a inocuidade do alimento produzido. A partir disso, conclui-se que é necessário implantar programas de monitoramento e controle microbiológico ao longo da linha de produção, independente da situação da fábrica em relação à legislação vigente. A elaboração e produção de equipamentos de fácil limpeza e com mínimo acúmulo de poeira e resíduos deve ser incluída nos programas de controle de Salmonella concomitante às demais medidas de controle preconizadas. / The presence of Salmonella is one of the most important sanitary barriers to food exports. The contaminated feed is a potential source of introduction of Salmonella in pig herds, and may also represent a risk to the consumer. A cross-sectional study conducted in four feed mills was carried out to evaluate the frequency of isolation of enterobacteria and Salmonella at various stages of feed production, to identify clonal groups of Salmonella sp. Obtained by macrorestriction analysis associated with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and to verify the association between the score obtained by feed mills after the application of the checklist of the Normative 4 (IN4) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply and the mean of total coliforms found in the unit. Among 1,269 samples analysed, sixty-three (4.96%) showed the presence of Salmonella. The four feeds mills evaluated (A, B, C and D) presented, respectively, 3,5% (n=11/317), 1.7% (n=5/289), 7,1% (n=23/308), and 7% (n=25/355) of positive samples. Total coliforms were isolated from 40.7% (129/317), 30.1% (87/289), 52.6% (162/308) e 31.3% (111/355) samples taken at unit A, B, C and D, respectively. In the units A and D, Salmonella was detected in samples of feed. Strains showing similar genotypes have been identified as Serovar Orion, Montevideo, Worthington and Agona. Serovar Montevideo presented the highest number of clonal groups, with common pulsotypes distributed among ingredients, dust, equipment and feed. The isolation of Salmonella was significantly higher (p=0,002) in samples with the presence of total coliforms (36/489; 7.36%) than in the negative ones (27/780; 3.46%). The mean logarithmic counts of total coliforms considering all samples were determined for each plant: A: 0.97 (95% CI: 0.81 to 1.13), B: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.61 to 0.94), C: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.16 to 1.49) and D: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.75 to 1.06). A high variability on the number of total coliforms in all the sampled points was found in all feed mills, and there was no statistical diference between the sampling sites and units (p=0.174). The logistic regression, with isolation of total coliforms as the response variable, showed a high odds ratio (OR) of isolation from conveyors (OR = 3.67, 95% CI: 2.28 to 5.89), dosing (OR = 9.51, 95% CI: 4.43 to 20.41), grinding (OR = 7.10, 95% CI = 3.27 to 15.40), mixing (OR = 4.08, 95 % CI: 2.04 to 8.17), dust (OR = 3.50, 95% CI: 2.10 to 5.84), crusts (OR = 6.22, 95% CI: 3.88 to 9.95) and unit C (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.68 to 3.53). The conveyors (OR = 4.43, 95% CI: 2.43-8.09) were the most likely sites of isolation of Salmonella, followed by the dust collected on the premises of the plant (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.41-5.88). Feed mills C and D showed, respectively, 2.74 and 2.83 higher odds for Salmonella isolation than feed mill B. The verification of the 128 items addressed on the Guidelines for Inspection of Normative 4 (IN 4) of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply pointed out that factory B had the lowest number of nonconformities. The other three feed mills, presented most faults related to the physical structure of the facilities. Feed mills A and D presented the largest number of nonconformities related to cleaning and sanitizing of equipment. Among the 29 mandatory items in IN4, eight were not met in at least one of the factories. Feed mill B presented all items accordingly, while plants A and D did not meet any of the eight items. Feed mill C had three non-compliant items related to the floor and wall cleaning, reception and storage of raw materials. There was no association between the score obtained on the inspection checklist and the level of total coliforms found in the sampled units, demonstrating that only the compliance to the legislation cannot guarantee the safety of feed produced. It was concluded that programs for monitoring and control microbial contamination throughout the production line are needed, regardless of the status of the plant in the relation to the current legislation.The design of equipment that allow easy cleaning and with minimal accumulation of dust and debris should be added to other measures in Salmonella control programs.

AQUINO, Tércia Maia Furtado de. Farelo de arroz parboilizado em rações para leitões na fase de creche. 2012. xiv, 53 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T14:40:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_tmfaquino.pdf: 717919 bytes, checksum: 35eaaf7849604fe49e5104b1d0fe8d6c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T14:49:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_tmfaquino.pdf: 717919 bytes, checksum: 35eaaf7849604fe49e5104b1d0fe8d6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T14:49:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_tmfaquino.pdf: 717919 bytes, checksum: 35eaaf7849604fe49e5104b1d0fe8d6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Two assays were conducted to evaluate rice bran parboiled as an ingredient in piglet diets at nursery phase. In the first assay, 14 piglets of commercial lineage with 17 . 2 ± 1 . 02 kg of body weight were allotted to determine the nutritional value of rice bran parboiled on digestibility assay, using the method of total collection of feces . A complet ely randomized design, with two treatments (reference ration and test ration) and seven replicates per treatment were used , where the experimental unit consisted of one animal. The parboiled rice bran presented 2321 . 08 kcal ME/ kg and 17 .15 % of CP . In the second assay, 60 male castrated piglets , of commercial lineage, weaned at 21 days of age and average live weight of 6 . 40 ± 0 . 79 kg, were used to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of parboiled rice bran in piglet diets at nursery phase, on productive performance, d iarrhea incidence and economic viability, of 21 - 32 days of age, 21 - 42 days of age and 21 - 63 days of age. A randomized block design was used , with 5 treatments (inclusion levels of parboiled rice bran: 0; 4; 8; 12 and 16%) and 6 replicates per treatment, where the experimental unit consisted of two animals. The blocks were made using the initial weight of the animals. There was no d ifference (P>0 . 05) between treatments and control treatment with the inclusion of parboiled rice bran when compared by Dunnett's test (5%), as well as regression analysis, where no effects (P>0 . 05) were observed among the levels of inclusion parboiled rice bran in diets in any of performance variables (daily mean feed intake, daily mean weight gain and feed conversion). The results indicated that the inclusion of parboiled rice bran provided no changes in the incidence of diarrhea in animals. The economic analysis showed no significant difference among treatments. Therefore, it can be co ncluded that parboiled rice bran can be included up to 16% in diets for piglets at nursery phase. / Foram conduzidos dois ensaios para avaliar a utilização do farelo de arroz parboilizado (FAP) como ingrediente em rações para leitões na fase de creche. No primeiro ensaio foram utilizados 14 leitões machos castrados de mesma linhagem comercial, com peso inicial de 17,2±1,02 kg, para a avaliação nutricional do farelo de arroz parboilizado em ensaio de digestibilidade, utilizando o método de coleta total de fezes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo dois tratamentos (ração referência e ração teste) e sete repetições por tratamento, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por um animal. O farelo de arroz parboilizado apresentou 2321,08 kcal EM/kg e 17,15%PB. No segundo ensaio foram utilizados 60 leitões machos castrados, de linhagem comercial, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade e com peso vivo de 6,40 ± 0,79 kg, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis inclusão do farelo de arroz parboilizado sobre o desempenho zootécnico, ocorrência de diarreia e viabilidade econômica, dos 21- 32 dias de idade, 21- 42 dias de idade e 21- 63 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (0; 4; 8; 12 e 16% de inclusão do FAP), e seis repetições por tratamento, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por dois animais. A formação dos blocos foi feita através do peso inicial dos animais. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre o tratamento controle e os tratamentos que receberam a inclusão do farelo de arroz parboilizado quando comparados pelo teste de Dunnett (5%), assim como para a análise de regressão, onde não foram observados efeitos (P>0,05) entre os níveis de inclusão do farelo de arroz parboilizado nas rações para nenhuma das variáveis de desempenho zootécnico (consumo de ração médio diário, ganho de peso médio diário e conversão alimentar). A inclusão dos diferentes níveis do farelo de arroz parboilizado não proporcionou aumento na incidência de diarreia nos leitões. Para a análise econômica realizada, a inclusão do farelo de arroz parboilizado mostrou-se viável até o nível de 16%. Conclui-se que o farelo de arroz parboilizado pode ser incluído até o nível de 16% em rações para leitões na fase de creche.